A STUDY on PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES in AFRICA © 2000 Association of Africanuniversities
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A STUDY ON PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN AFRICA © 2000 Association of AfricanUniversities Association of AfricanUniversities Aviation Road Extension P.O. Box 5744 Accra-North Ghana Tel: (233-21) 774495/761588 Fax: (233-21) 774821 Email: [email protected] Website: http:llwww.aau.org ISBN: 9988-589-15-8 Printed by Qualitype Printing& Graphics, Accra, Ghana 11 The AAU Logo Constituent elements • Atraditionallamp • Aflamewith acontinuous and steadycontour • Africagraphically represented • Acircle symbolising continuity • Two interlocking rings symbolising inter-university co-operation and the strengthening ofAfricanUnity • The stylised horns emanatingfrom the rings (at their base), signifiesthe durabilityof the cooperationand uniti • Association ofAfricanUniversities writtenin English, French and Arabicwithin the circle Significance Universities by the 'light of knowledge" guide man on the road to progress and humandignity. Theshadow of ignorance is removedby this permanentlight, sustained bydurable co-operation and unity. Contents FOREWORD V INTRODUCTION vii BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1 Objectives of the Study 1 Significance of the Study 2 Assumptions of the Study 2 Methodology 3 2. ANALYSIS OF DATA 4 Summary of Responses from ResourcePersons (PublicUniversities) 24 Summary of Responses fromInterviewees 33 3. COMMENTS 39 4. SUMMARYOF FINIMNGS OF THE STUDY 42 Recommendations 45 Conclusion 47 APPENDICES: I List of Private Universities 50 II Distribution of Private Universities 59 Ill Contact Persons at Private Universities 71 IV Persons Interviewed 78 V Resource Persons for the Study 84 VI Accreditation Guide 92 VII Questionnaires 143 111 iv Foreword The subject of Private Universities in Africa is attracting the attentionof nationalgovernments, the international university community, development partners and all other stakeholders in higher education owing to the role universities playin overall nationaldevelopment andthe importance attached to the qualityof graduates and programme offerings of the universities. Of particular concern is the issue of the funding ofpublic universitieswhich nationalgovernments are increasingly findingdifficult to shoulder alone and the inability ofthe universities to absorb the growingnumber of potentially qualifiedstudents seeking university admission. In factthe study on Private Universities initself, raises four major issues in higher education namely, the problemof access tohigher education, the question of the type ofuniversities bestsuited forAfricans, the issueof who funds highereducation in the new millennium andthe issueof reform and revitalization inAfrican universities. There has been a perceived need for reform in many African universities, especially inrespect of curriculum offerings andeven in the requirements for awarding certificates and degrees. Many ofthem are still limited in their designof courses, to the physicalboundaries oftheir campuses and are yet to recognize the digital revolutionwhich enables students to take coursesof their choiceat any time and place, in accordance with their abilities. As public universities reflect on the questionof what type ofuniversities they have andwhat type of universities they need, andon how access can be expanded without sacrificing educationalquality, private universities are being establishedwith new missionsand fresh objectiveswhich seem to address some ofthe concerns of the public. The study identified80 privatehigher educationinstitutions in Africa with most of thembeing established in the 1990s. About44 percent of theseuniversities are concentrated inEast Africa and 28 percentin West Africa. The numberis expectedto grow rapidly in the nexttwo decades. Whilethe student populationin these privateinstitutions is low comparedto public instutions, the growing number of the former providesone major option in addressing the issueof access. How can a healthyrelationship between the two variants ofuniversities be attained and what should be the attitude of governments towards private V higher education especially inrelation to who pays for higher education in this century? Thereare no siiñple answersto thesequestions, butthe results of this study pointto certain directions whichuniversities, governments and all stakeholders in higher education on the continent may want to look, as theyface the challange ofhigher education development in Africa inthe new millennium. This study is only abeginning in oursearch to know more aboutthe private provision of higher education in Africa. It provides the basis for further studies particularly in the areas of typology, characteristics of types, similarities anddifferences and the issueof how they are fundedand can be sustained. Weare indeed grateful tothe International Development Research Centre for funding the study, and for their interest in higher education in Africa. The AAU will continueto update this report to make it as relevant as possible. We are equallygrateful to Prof. ChrisNwamuo, SeniorProgramme Officer at the AAU, who conductedthe researchand to all those who in one way or the other contributedto the success of the study. Prof. Francois RAJAOSON Secretaiy-General vi Introduction Thereport on the Study of PrivateUniversities in Africa representsthe findings of a major study undertaken by the AAU last year, with a grant from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). One of the major objectives of the study was to ascertainthe reasons for the establishment of privateuniversities andfor the AAU to acquaintitself with the development ofprivate higher education provisions on the continent. The reporthas some interesting revelations for all stakeholders in highereducation in Africa. Ofrecent, there has been growingcriticism of public universities inrelation to government funding, relevanceof curriculum to immediate needs of the society, qualityof programmes offered, capacity for sustainableresearch, poor conditions of service and inadequate infrastructural facilities. They have been accused ofbeing clean and noble, but not alive to the realities of the times. Thereis equally a growingconcern in the highereducation world of Africa,over who shouldfund highereducation in the new millennium as the state can no lon&er bethe purveyor of highereducation inthe face of her other responsibilities. While these questions rage on, the higher education sector is still expected to reformand inspire innovation in the systemif it is to make a real impact and contribution, to national development. To this end,universities can launchprogrammes to stimulate their researchcapacity and upgradetheir community service roles. Research has consistently shown that there is unequal access to higher education which has always been for the privileged few, as social class, parental income, education and ethnic origin attimes help to determine access touniversity education in Africa. This skewed access to higher educationin favour ofthe rich, re-enforcessocial inequality whichis morally unacceptable. Withthe springing up ofabout 80private universities on the continent within the past decade, one must not underrate the potentialof this development, nor underestimate how criticalit is that the twotypes of universities develop a new, healthybut competitive institutional relationship whichis necessary for the improvement ofstandards. - The argumentof the new universities is that with the declining standards in public universities, it will be better to establishnew universities with fresh vi' mandate and missionsthan to "patch a rotten system". They argue that to transform an old university into new expectations with staff alreadyused to certainways of executing programmes mayrequire a revolution whichmany do not want to be part of. It may also be added that most often people promiseto change theirold behaviour, to embracenew doctrines or even to burn revolutionarydocuments with their hands, but end up carrying the revolutionary spiritin theirhearts. Besides, history has shown that no reform is ever successful ifit emanates from the existing structures from whichthe corruption complained of, originated. It is thereforetime to see the other side of highereducation in Africa. Should higher education be a monopoly of the state even when public universitiesare poorlyfunded? There is reason to believe that the right to educateand to freelychoose an education, requiresa passive state that allows and safeguardsthe existence ofprivate higher education. Ifprivate universities are established to providemore access to higher education, then the role of governments should be to support, encourage, stimulate and enhancetheir work. This can be achieved through the provision of an education grant which allows every university entranta certain amount of money to cope with his education, as a symbolic start. This is only a random choice from many possibilities on how to assure university students that there is no discriminationagainst any set ofstudents or any type of university. Once again we want to register our appreciation to IDRC for making it possible tocany out this study andto all our resource persons and interviewees for theit cooperationand contribution towards the success ofthe study. This reportpresents the background tothe study, the methodology, the analysis of the data collected, some personalcomments, the summary of the findings and some recommendations. Prof. Chris NWAMUO Senior Programme Officer & Researcherfor the Study July 2000 viii Background To The Study Background During the last decade, church-oriented and private universities