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(= Amphioxus) Branchiostoma Floridae
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 130: 71-84,1996 Published January 11 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Larval settlement, post-settlement growth and secondary production of the Florida lancelet (= amphioxus) Branchiostoma floridae M. D. Stokes* Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093-0202, USA ABSTRACT A population of Branch~ostomaflondae in Tampa Bay, Flonda, USA was sieved from the substratum frequently (often daily) from June 1992 through September 1994 Body lengths were mea- sured for 54264 luvenlle and adult lancelets The breedlng season lasted each year from early May through early September and newly metamorphosed lancelets settled as luveniles from late May through mid October, dunng this period of the year dlstinct settlements occurred approxmately every 1 to 3 wk Post-settlement growth was followed as changes in modal length on size-frequency histo- grams Changes in cohort growth over this peliod were compared to several different simple and seasonally oscillating growth models The von Bertalanffy functlon in smple and oscillating forms provided the best estmates of lancelet growth The lancelets grew in summer (almost 0 5 mm d-' in recently settled luveniles), but growth slowed and almost ceased durlng wlnter B flondae can llve at least 2 yr and can reach a maxlmum length of 58 mm The maximal secondary productlon was 61 53 g m-' yrrl (ash-free dry welght) and the productlon to biomass ratio was 11 64 Population den- sities at the study site ranged from about 100 to 1200 lancelets m ' KEY WORDS: Lancelet . Amphioxus . Branchiostorna flondae . Growth . Production . Breeding season . -
Climate of the Southeast United States
N$%"',$! C!"#$%& A++&++#&,% R&."',$! T&/),"/$! I,0*% R&0'1% S&1"&+ C!"#$%& '( %)& S'*%)&$+% U,"%&- S%$%&+ VARIABILITY, CHANGE, IMPACTS, AND VULNERABILITY Edited by: Keith T. Ingram Kirstin Dow Lynne Carter Julie Anderson Climate of the Southeast United States Variability, Change, Impacts, and Vulnerability © 2013 Southeast Climate Consortium All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Reproduction of this report by electronic means for personal and noncommercial purposes ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ Printed on recycled, acid-free paper ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Citation: ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǯȱ ǰȱǯȱǰȱ ǯȱǰȱǯȱŘŖŗřǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱDZȱ¢ǰȱǰȱǰȱȱ¢ǯȱȱDZȱ ȱǯ Keywords:ȱȬĴȬȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱ¢ǰȱ ǰȱǰȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱ ǰȱȱǰȱ climate impacts, climate modeling, climate variability, coastal, drought, education, electric ȱǰȱ¡ȱ ǰȱĚǰȱȱǰȱ£ǰȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ǰȱǰȱȬȱǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱęǰȱȱǰȱǰȱȱǰȱǰȱȬ ȱ intrusion, sea level rise, silviculture, social vulnerability, Southeast, storm surge, tropical ǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǯȱȱ ǰȱȬȱǰȱ ȱǰȱ ǰȱ ę ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱ Tribal Government or Non-governmental entity. Front Cover Images: ȱǰȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȂȱȱǻǼǯȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱDZȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱDzȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ǯȱDzȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱDzȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱDzȱȱĚ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱDzȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱĴǯ About This Series This report is published as one of a series of technical inputs to the Third National ȱȱǻǼȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŗşşŖǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ and Congress every four years on the status of climate change science and impacts. The NCA informs the nation about already observed changes, the current status of the climate, and anticipated trends for the future. The NCA report process integrates ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ- ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯǯȱ£ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǯ ȱȱȱŘŖŗŗǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ǰȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȬȱ£- ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ input reports highlighting past climate trends, projected climate change, and impacts ȱęȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ- ing this technical input. -
Abstract Introduction
Marine and Freshwater Miscellanea III KEY TRAITS OF AMPHIOXUS SPECIES (CEPHALOCHORDATA) AND THE GOLT1 Daniel Pauly and Elaine Chu Sea Around Us, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C, Canada Email: [email protected] Abstract Major biological traits of amphioxus species (Cephalochordata) are presented with emphasis on the size reached by their 32 valid species in the genera Asymmetron (2 spp.), Branchiostoma (25 spp.), and Epigonichthys (5 spp.) and on related features, i.e., growth parameters and size at first maturity. Overall, these traits combined with features of their respiration, suggest that the cephalochordates conform to the Gill Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT), which relates the growth performance of water-breathing ectotherms to the surface area of their respiratory organ(s). Introduction The small fish-like animals know as ‘lancelet‘ or ‘amphioxius’ belong the subphylum Cephalochordata, which is either a sister group, or related to the ancestor of the vertebrate animals (see Garcia-Fernàndez and Benito-Gutierrez 2008). The cephalochordates consist of 3 families (the Asymmetronidae, Epigonichthyidae and Branchiostomidae), with one genus each, Asymmetron (2 spp.), Branchiostoma (24 spp.) and Epigonichthys (6 spp.), as detailed in Table 1 and SeaLifeBase (www.sealifebase.org). This contribution is to assemble some of the basic biological traits of lancelets (Figure 1), notably the maximum size each of their 34 species can reach, which is easily their most important attribute, though it is often ignored (Haldane 1926). Finally, reported lengths at first maturity of cephalochordates were related to the corresponding, population-specific maximum length, to test whether these animals mature as predicted by the Gill- Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT; see Pauly 2021a, 2021b). -
Final Report for Florida Middle Ground Project
Final Report for Florida Middle Ground Project NOAA Coral Award NA05NMF4411045 CY 2005 Coral Project for the period 10/1/05 through 3/31/07 April 22, 2007 Lead PI: David F. Naar Associate Professor College of Marine Science University of South Florida 140 Seventh Avenue South Saint Petersburg, Florida 33701-5016 USA Voice: (727) 553 1637 Cell: (727) 510 9806 Fax: (727) 553 1189 Email: [email protected] Co-PIs: David Mallinson (East Carolina University) Felicia Coleman (FSU) GENERAL OBJECTIVES/LOGISTICS AND SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: We have completed mapping the entire Florida Middle Ground HAPC (Habitat Area of Particular Concern) using a high-resolution 300 kHz multibeam bathymetry and backscatter system (Figures 1-3) . The survey augmented the existing coverage in the area from previous USF cruises. The main scientific objectives of the cruise are to define the fish habitat areas within the Florida Middle Ground HAPC using multibeam bathymetry, multibeam backscatter, and ground truth data (previous and new sediment grab samples and previous video samples). Second, to eventually produce a Habitat Map that defines area of Sediment, rock, and coral reef. Third, to provide a map of the paleoshoreline during a previous glacial period, when sea level was lower. The first objective has been completed and the data DVD’s have been sent to the Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council in March 2007. Drs. Mallinson and Naar have coauthored one paper presented at the international American Geophysical Union Meeting in 2006 (Mallinson et al., 2006) and have another paper submitted to a special volume (Hine et al., 2007) and have a third and final paper summarizing all our work at the Florida Middle Grounds in preparation (Mallinson et al., 2007). -
Sponges Cnidarians Chordates Brachiopods Annelids Molluscs Ediacaran Arthropods 635 Cambrian PALEOZOIC PROTEROZOIC 605 Time (Mil
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Sponges Cnidarians Echinoderms Chordates Brachiopods Annelids Molluscs Arthropods PROTEROZOIC PALEOZOIC Ediacaran Cambrian 635 605 575 545 515 485 0 Time (millions of years age) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Food particles in mucus Choanocyte Collar Flagellum Choanocyte Phagocytosis of Amoebocyte food particles Pores Spicules Water flow Amoebocytes Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa (c) Anthozoa © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 15 µm 75 µm (a) Valeria (800 mya): (b) Spiny acritarch roughly spherical, no (575 mya): about five structural defenses, times larger than soft-bodied Valeria and covered in hard spines © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 (a) Radial symmetry (b) Bilateral symmetry © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Body cavity Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue layer lining body cavity and suspending Digestive tract internal organs (from endoderm) (from mesoderm) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Porifera Metazoa Ctenophora ANCESTRAL Eumetazoa PROTIST Cnidaria Deuterostomia Hemichordata 770 million Echinodermata years ago 680 million Chordata years ago Lophotrochozoa Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes Bilateria Rotifera Ectoprocta Brachiopoda 670 million years ago Mollusca Ecdysozoa Annelida Nematoda Arthropoda © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Muscle segments Mouth Anus Post-anal tail Pharyngeal slits or clefts © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 (a) Lancelet (b) Tunicate -
New Records of the Lancelet Branchiostoma Lanceolatum in Scottish Waters
The Glasgow Naturalist (online 2019) Volume 27, Part 1 New records of the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum in Scottish waters M. O’Reilly1, S. Nowacki1, M. Baptie1, E. Gerrie1 & M. MacKenzie2 1Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Angus Smith Building, 6 Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire ML1 4WQ 2Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Graesser House, Fodderty Way, Dingwall IV15 9XB 1E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT New records of the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum from Scottish waters are presented. Most of the records originate from sublittoral monitoring around fish farms from Orkney, Shetland, the Western Isles, the Isles of Skye and Mull, but also from a distillery discharge in the Firth of Clyde and a plankton survey in the Sea of the Hebrides. Lancelets were recovered in sediment grab samples from 6 - 60 m depth. Some recent accounts of intertidal lancelets are also cited. The lancelets appear to prefer coarser sediments and in the fish farm surveys were found predominantly at reference sites, away from the immediate influence of farm deposition. INTRODUCTION The lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774) is an obscure, vaguely fish-like creature, up to 8 cm long, which lives buried in sand or coarse sediments in British seas. Its body is laterally compressed, pinkish white in colour, and pointed at both ends with a lance- like tail fin (Fig. 1). There are no paired fins, nor eyes, nor even a well-defined head, and it has only a small mouth surrounded by cirri, used to filter organic matter from the surrounding water. It has a dorsal notochord and segmented muscle blocks allowing it to swim in a sinusoidal fish-like manner, but no backbone, and it is therefore classified as an invertebrate (Barnes, 2015). -
Biology of Chordates Video Guide
Branches on the Tree of Life DVD – CHORDATES Written and photographed by David Denning and Bruce Russell ©2005, BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES (THUMBNAIL IMAGES IN THIS GUIDE ARE FROM THE DVD PROGRAM) .. .. To many students, the phylum Chordata doesn’t seem to make much sense. It contains such apparently disparate animals as tunicates (sea squirts), lancelets, fish and humans. This program explores the evolution, structure and classification of chordates with the main goal to clarify the unity of Phylum Chordata. All chordates possess four characteristics that define the phylum, although in most species, these characteristics can only be seen during a relatively small portion of the life cycle (and this is often an embryonic or larval stage, when the animal is difficult to observe). These defining characteristics are: the notochord (dorsal stiffening rod), a hollow dorsal nerve cord; pharyngeal gills; and a post anal tail that includes the notochord and nerve cord. Subphylum Urochordata The most primitive chordates are the tunicates or sea squirts, and closely related groups such as the larvaceans (Appendicularians). In tunicates, the chordate characteristics can be observed only by examining the entire life cycle. The adult feeds using a ‘pharyngeal basket’, a type of pharyngeal gill formed into a mesh-like basket. Cilia on the gill draw water into the mouth, through the basket mesh and out the excurrent siphon. Tunicates have an unusual heart which pumps by ‘wringing out’. It also reverses direction periodically. Tunicates are usually hermaphroditic, often casting eggs and sperm directly into the sea. After fertilization, the zygote develops into a ‘tadpole larva’. This swimming larva shows the remaining three chordate characters - notochord, dorsal nerve cord and post-anal tail. -
Decelerated Genome Evolution in Modern Vertebrates Revealed by Analysis of Multiple Lancelet Genomes
ARTICLE Received 20 May 2014 | Accepted 18 Nov 2014 | Published 19 Dec 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6896 OPEN Decelerated genome evolution in modern vertebrates revealed by analysis of multiple lancelet genomes Shengfeng Huang1, Zelin Chen1, Xinyu Yan1, Ting Yu1, Guangrui Huang1, Qingyu Yan1, Pierre Antoine Pontarotti2, Hongchen Zhao1, Jie Li1, Ping Yang1, Ruihua Wang1, Rui Li1, Xin Tao1, Ting Deng1, Yiquan Wang3,4, Guang Li3,4, Qiujin Zhang5, Sisi Zhou1, Leiming You1, Shaochun Yuan1, Yonggui Fu1, Fenfang Wu1, Meiling Dong1, Shangwu Chen1 & Anlong Xu1,6 Vertebrates diverged from other chordates B500 Myr ago and experienced successful innovations and adaptations, but the genomic basis underlying vertebrate origins are not fully understood. Here we suggest, through comparison with multiple lancelet (amphioxus) genomes, that ancient vertebrates experienced high rates of protein evolution, genome rearrangement and domain shuffling and that these rates greatly slowed down after the divergence of jawed and jawless vertebrates. Compared with lancelets, modern vertebrates retain, at least relatively, less protein diversity, fewer nucleotide polymorphisms, domain combinations and conserved non-coding elements (CNE). Modern vertebrates also lost substantial transposable element (TE) diversity, whereas lancelets preserve high TE diversity that includes even the long-sought RAG transposon. Lancelets also exhibit rapid gene turnover, pervasive transcription, fastest exon shuffling in metazoans and substantial TE methylation not observed in other invertebrates. These new lancelet genome sequences provide new insights into the chordate ancestral state and the vertebrate evolution. 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. 2 Evolution Biologique et Mode´lisation UMR 7353 Aix Marseille Universite´/CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France. -
Nacre Tablet Thickness Records Formation Temperature in Modern and Fossil Shells
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Nacre tablet thickness records formation temperature in modern and fossil shells Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1rf2g647 Authors Gilbert, PUPA Bergmann, KD Myers, CE et al. Publication Date 2017-02-15 DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.11.012 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Bivalve nacre preserves a physical indicator of paleotemperature Pupa U.P.A Gilbert1,2*, Kristin D. Bergmann3,4, Corinne E. Myers5,6, Ross T. DeVol1, Chang-Yu Sun1, A.Z. Blonsky1, Jessica Zhao2, Elizabeth A. Karan2, Erik Tamre2, Nobumichi Tamura7, Matthew A. Marcus7, Anthony J. Giuffre1, Sarah Lemer5, Gonzalo Giribet5, John M. Eiler8, Andrew H. Knoll3,5 1 University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Physics, Madison WI 53706 USA. 2 Harvard University, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Fellowship Program, Cambridge, MA 02138. 3 Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138. 4 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138. 5 Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge, MA 02138. 6 University of New Mexico, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Albuquerque, NM 87131. 7 Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. 8 California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, CA 91125 * [email protected], previously publishing as Gelsomina De Stasio Abstract: Biomineralizing organisms record chemical information as they build structure, but to date chemical and structural data have been linked in only the most rudimentary of ways. In paleoclimate studies, physical structure is commonly evaluated for evidence of alteration, constraining geochemical interpretation. -
TREATISE ONLINE Number 48
TREATISE ONLINE Number 48 Part N, Revised, Volume 1, Chapter 31: Illustrated Glossary of the Bivalvia Joseph G. Carter, Peter J. Harries, Nikolaus Malchus, André F. Sartori, Laurie C. Anderson, Rüdiger Bieler, Arthur E. Bogan, Eugene V. Coan, John C. W. Cope, Simon M. Cragg, José R. García-March, Jørgen Hylleberg, Patricia Kelley, Karl Kleemann, Jiří Kříž, Christopher McRoberts, Paula M. Mikkelsen, John Pojeta, Jr., Peter W. Skelton, Ilya Tëmkin, Thomas Yancey, and Alexandra Zieritz 2012 Lawrence, Kansas, USA ISSN 2153-4012 (online) paleo.ku.edu/treatiseonline PART N, REVISED, VOLUME 1, CHAPTER 31: ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF THE BIVALVIA JOSEPH G. CARTER,1 PETER J. HARRIES,2 NIKOLAUS MALCHUS,3 ANDRÉ F. SARTORI,4 LAURIE C. ANDERSON,5 RÜDIGER BIELER,6 ARTHUR E. BOGAN,7 EUGENE V. COAN,8 JOHN C. W. COPE,9 SIMON M. CRAgg,10 JOSÉ R. GARCÍA-MARCH,11 JØRGEN HYLLEBERG,12 PATRICIA KELLEY,13 KARL KLEEMAnn,14 JIřÍ KřÍž,15 CHRISTOPHER MCROBERTS,16 PAULA M. MIKKELSEN,17 JOHN POJETA, JR.,18 PETER W. SKELTON,19 ILYA TËMKIN,20 THOMAS YAncEY,21 and ALEXANDRA ZIERITZ22 [1University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA, [email protected]; 2University of South Florida, Tampa, USA, [email protected], [email protected]; 3Institut Català de Paleontologia (ICP), Catalunya, Spain, [email protected], [email protected]; 4Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA, [email protected]; 5South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, [email protected]; 6Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA, [email protected]; 7North -
An Invitation to Monitor Georgia's Coastal Wetlands
An Invitation to Monitor Georgia’s Coastal Wetlands www.shellfish.uga.edu By Mary Sweeney-Reeves, Dr. Alan Power, & Ellie Covington First Printing 2003, Second Printing 2006, Copyright University of Georgia “This book was prepared by Mary Sweeney-Reeves, Dr. Alan Power, and Ellie Covington under an award from the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of OCRM and NOAA.” 2 Acknowledgements Funding for the development of the Coastal Georgia Adopt-A-Wetland Program was provided by a NOAA Coastal Incentive Grant, awarded under the Georgia Department of Natural Resources Coastal Zone Management Program (UGA Grant # 27 31 RE 337130). The Coastal Georgia Adopt-A-Wetland Program owes much of its success to the support, experience, and contributions of the following individuals: Dr. Randal Walker, Marie Scoggins, Dodie Thompson, Edith Schmidt, John Crawford, Dr. Mare Timmons, Marcy Mitchell, Pete Schlein, Sue Finkle, Jenny Makosky, Natasha Wampler, Molly Russell, Rebecca Green, and Jeanette Henderson (University of Georgia Marine Extension Service); Courtney Power (Chatham County Savannah Metropolitan Planning Commission); Dr. Joe Richardson (Savannah State University); Dr. Chandra Franklin (Savannah State University); Dr. Dionne Hoskins (NOAA); Dr. Charles Belin (Armstrong Atlantic University); Dr. Merryl Alber (University of Georgia); (Dr. Mac Rawson (Georgia Sea Grant College Program); Harold Harbert, Kim Morris-Zarneke, and Michele Droszcz (Georgia Adopt-A-Stream); Dorset Hurley and Aimee Gaddis (Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve); Dr. Charra Sweeney-Reeves (All About Pets); Captain Judy Helmey (Miss Judy Charters); Jan Mackinnon and Jill Huntington (Georgia Department of Natural Resources). -
Volume III of This Document)
4.1.3 Coastal Migratory Pelagics Description and Distribution (from CMP Am 15) The coastal migratory pelagics management unit includes cero (Scomberomous regalis), cobia (Rachycentron canadum), king mackerel (Scomberomous cavalla), Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) and little tunny (Euthynnus alleterattus). The mackerels and tuna in this management unit are often referred to as ―scombrids.‖ The family Scombridae includes tunas, mackerels and bonitos. They are among the most important commercial and sport fishes. The habitat of adults in the coastal pelagic management unit is the coastal waters out to the edge of the continental shelf in the Atlantic Ocean. Within the area, the occurrence of coastal migratory pelagic species is governed by temperature and salinity. All species are seldom found in water temperatures less than 20°C. Salinity preference varies, but these species generally prefer high salinity. The scombrids prefer high salinities, but less than 36 ppt. Salinity preference of little tunny and cobia is not well defined. The larval habitat of all species in the coastal pelagic management unit is the water column. Within the spawning area, eggs and larvae are concentrated in the surface waters. (from PH draft Mackerel Am. 18) King Mackerel King mackerel is a marine pelagic species that is found throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea and along the western Atlantic from the Gulf of Maine to Brazil and from the shore to 200 meter depths. Adults are known to spawn in areas of low turbidity, with salinity and temperatures of approximately 30 ppt and 27°C, respectively. There are major spawning areas off Louisiana and Texas in the Gulf (McEachran and Finucane 1979); and off the Carolinas, Cape Canaveral, and Miami in the western Atlantic (Wollam 1970; Schekter 1971; Mayo 1973).