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Coronavirus: Quello Che C'è Da Sapere – 21 Aprile 2021

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Coronavirus: Quello Che C'è Da Sapere – 21 Aprile 2021 Coronavirus: quello che c’è da sapere – 21 aprile 2021 Sommario Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? ...................................................................2 Come viene diagnosticata la malattia Covid-19? ...................................22 Quando è arrivata in Italia? .......................................................................2 Che cosa sono i test sierologici? a cosa servono? ................................23 A cosa è dovuta l’infezione? .....................................................................2 Chi viene colpito dalla malattia Covid-19? ............................................24 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia? ....................................................................2 Quanto è letale il virus? Quali sono i fattori di rischio? .........................24 Che cosa sono i coronavirus? ...................................................................2 Qual è l’origine del virus? .........................................................................4 Quali sono le conseguenze a medio e lungo termine del Covid-19? .....27 Il virus può mutare? ..................................................................................5 Esiste un vaccino? ...................................................................................29 Come si trasmette l’infezione? .................................................................9 Quali sono le terapie disponibili?............................................................40 I bambini sono più soggetti all’infezione? .............................................12 Quali sono i rischi sanitari legati all’epidemia? .....................................51 La malattia può essere trasmessa da una persona senza sintomi? .....15 Quali sono i rischi politici, economici e sociali legati all’epidemia? ....54 L’infezione può essere trasmessa dagli animali all’uomo (e Quali sono le nazioni più colpite dall’epidemia? ....................................56 viceversa)? ...............................................................................................16 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia in Italia? .....................................................58 Come è possibile limitare la diffusione del virus? .................................17 È utile indossare la mascherina? ............................................................18 Quali misure sono state prese in Italia? .................................................60 Quanto dura l’immunità? È possibile reinfettarsi? ................................19 Possiamo viaggiare in Italia ed all’estero? ............................................67 Il virus può diventare endemico?............................................................21 Dove è possibile trovare informazioni affidabili? ..................................68 I prodotti alimentari che acquistiamo e l’acqua potabile sono sicuri? .22 Il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale e il ruolo dell’Istituto Nazionale Cosa fare se si sospetta di aver contratto l’infezione? ..........................22 Malattie Infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” ................................................69 Indice dei grafici e delle tabelle Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, numero di casi per Prime 10 nazioni per numero di nuovi casi, 21 aprile 2021 ...................34 100.000 abitanti, settimane 13-14 (29 marzo - 11 aprile) .......................1 Andamento delle vaccinazioni nel mondo, 21 aprile 2021 ....................37 Totale casi e decessi nel mondo, 21 aprile 2021 ......................................3 Andamento delle vaccinazioni in Italia, 21 aprile 2021 .........................39 I quattro scenari possibili di inizio dell’epidemia ....................................4 Sperimentazioni cliniche approvate in Italia al 2 aprile 2020 ...............41 Riepilogo delle principali varianti virali ....................................................6 L’epidemia in Italia, 21 aprile 2021 .........................................................44 Incidenza del Covid-19 in Europa, numero di casi per 100.000 Nuovi casi positivi in Italia nell’ultimo mese ..........................................47 abitanti, settimane 13-14 (29 marzo - 11 aprile) .....................................8 Decessi Covid-19 per 100.000 abitanti in Italia, 21 aprile 2021 ............48 Incremento giornaliero dei casi positivi nel mondo nell’ultimo mese ..11 Le dieci Regioni italiane con più casi, 21 aprile 2021 ............................51 Strumenti di mitigazione per ridurre la trasmissione del virus .............12 Trend settimanale e mensile di casi e decessi nelle regioni OMS, 21 Decessi Covid-19 per milione di abitanti, 21 aprile 2021 ......................14 aprile 2021 ...............................................................................................56 Distribuzione dei casi nel mondo e in Europa, 21 aprile 2021 ...............16 Indicatori dell’epidemia per regione, 21 aprile 2021 .............................57 Le dieci nazioni con più casi e decessi, 21 aprile 2021 .........................18 Fase 2: monitoraggio regionale 5-11 aprile 2021 ...................................58 Casi positivi per fasce di età in Italia 21 marzo - 20 aprile ...................24 Mortalità in eccesso in Italia tra il 1 febbraio 2020 e il 31 gennaio Principali patologie associate ai decessi in Italia, 30 marzo 2020 ........25 2021 rispetto alla media 2015-2019 .......................................................60 Decessi per fasce di età in Italia, 14 aprile 2021 ...................................26 Decessi in Italia 1 febbraio 2020 - 31 gennaio 2021 a confronto con Casi e decessi giornalieri nelle aree più colpite, 21 aprile 2021 ...........28 la media 2015-2019 .................................................................................61 Vaccini approvati per l’utilizzo e sperimentazioni interrotte, 21 Tasso di positività dei tamponi effettuati in Italia ..................................63 aprile 2021 ...............................................................................................30 Andamento dei decessi in Italia suddivisi per regione, febbraio 2020 Candidati vaccini in fase clinica, 21 aprile 2021 ....................................31 - gennaio 2021 .........................................................................................65 Per agevolare la lettura, nell’indice e nel documento sono evidenziate in giallo le parti aggiornate rispetto all’edizione precedente. https://www.inmi.it/aggiornamenti-coronavirus Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, numero di casi per 100.000 abitanti, settimane 13-14 (29 marzo - 11 aprile) Fonte: ECDC a cura di Salvatore Curiale - direzione scientifica Istituto Nazionale Malattie infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS – Roma – © INMI 2021 1 Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? ha condotto una analisi retrospettiva6 sui tamponi oro-faringei dei Il 31 dicembre 2019 le autorità sanitarie cinesi hanno reso nota la casi sospetti di morbillo raccolti tra settembre 2019 e febbraio 2020 presenza di un focolaio di sindrome febbrile, associata a polmoni- nell’ambito della rete di sorveglianza integrata morbillo e rosolia Mo- te di origine sconosciuta, tra gli abitanti di Wuhan, città di circa 11 RoNet. Dall’analisi è emersa la positività ad un gene del SARS-CoV-2 milioni di abitanti situata nella provincia di Hubei, nella Cina Cen- del campione di un bambino di 4 anni abitante nell’hinterland mila- tro-meridionale, alla confluenza tra il Fiume Azzurro e il fiume Han, nese e senza alcun link con la Cina, che il 21 novembre 2019 aveva a circa 1.100 chilometri da Pechino, 800 da Shangai, 1.000 da Hong manifestato sintomi (tosse e rinite), il 30 novembre era stato porta- Kong. In un primo momento il punto di partenza dell’infezione è sta- to al pronto soccorso con sintomi respiratori e vomito, il 1° dicembre to identificato nel mercato del pesce e di altri animali vivi (c.d. “wet aveva avuto un’eruzione cutanea simile a quella che si manifesta con market”) di Huanan, al centro della città di Wuhan, che è stato chiuso il morbillo, e il 5 dicembre aveva effettuato il tampone oro-faringeo il 1 gennaio 2020, ma è ormai confermato che il mercato è stato sol- per la diagnosi clinica del sospetto morbillo. tanto il primo amplificatore dell’infezione, iniziata settimane prima. Un altro studio condotto dall’Istituto Tumori di Milano e dall’Uni- Una ricerca recentemente pubblicata ha analizzato il sangue di ol- versità di Siena7 ha cercato gli anticorpi del SARS-CoV-2 nei cam- tre 38.000 donatori sani a Wuhan e in altre due città cinesi, Shen- pioni di sangue prelevati a 959 pazienti che tra settembre 2019 e zen (estremo sud) e Shijiazhuang (estremo nord) tra gennaio ed apri- marzo 2020 si erano sottoposti a screening per la prevenzione del can- le 2020, ed ha stimato una prevalenza, ovvero una percentuale di cro al polmone. Gli anticorpi del coronavirus sono stati individuati persone che avevano sviluppato anticorpi contro il virus Sars-CoV-2, nell’11,6% dei pazienti, in alcuni casi in campioni prelevati a settem- del 2,66% a Wuhan, dello 0,033% a Shenzen e dello 0,0028% a bre del 2019. La ricerca sembrerebbe indicare una circolazione mol- Shijiazhuang1. to precoce del SARS-CoV-2 tra individui asintomatici in Italia diver- Nel corso di una conferenza stampa svoltasi a Wuhan il 9 febbra- si mesi prima dell’identificazione del primo paziente. Si tratta di una io 2021 con gli esperti dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità ipotesi che necessita di ulteriori e solide conferme, da effettuarsi con (OMS) chiamati ad indagare
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