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Media Coverage of Establishment and Non-Establishment Candidates in Argentina’S 2003 Presidential Election

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Media Coverage of Establishment and Non-Establishment Candidates in Argentina’S 2003 Presidential Election MEDIA COVERAGE OF ESTABLISHMENT AND NON-ESTABLISHMENT CANDIDATES IN ARGENTINA’S 2003 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Karen J. Yang M.A. Political Science, M.A. Latin American Studies * * * * * The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Professor Anthony Mughan, Adviser Approved by Associate Professor Mark P. Jones Associate Professor Thomas E. Nelson Adviser Assistant Professor Sarah M. Brooks Political Science Graduate Program ABSTRACT In the aftermath of Argentina’s December 2001 financial meltdown, the political class was widely blamed for the crisis that transformed this once predominantly middle- class country into a poor one. However, when new presidential elections were held in April 2003, establishment candidates generally placed higher relative to non- establishment candidates. To account for this puzzling election outcome, I examine the role that Argentine centrist print media may have played through their coverage of establishment and non-establishment candidates. The research design involves content analysis of front-page news articles from large, centrist newspapers, Clarín and La Nación, over an eleven-month period. To analyze the data, I rely on count data and multi-linear graphs as well as correlation coefficients and tests of significance. Testing two hypotheses, namely media attention and framing, I find that establishment candidates received more media attention, and perhaps more name recognition, than did non-establishment candidates. I also find that centrist print media framed candidate strengths and weaknesses in particular ways. Establishment candidates were portrayed as having competency and electability as their strengths and integrity as their weakness. In contrast, their non-establishment rivals were presented as having integrity as their strength and competency and electability as their weaknesses. ii This study shows that both the extensiveness and the slant in coverage may have advantaged establishment candidates over non-establishment candidates in terms of their ultimate standing in the polls. A discussion of pre-election and post-election survey results validate these findings by showing that media depictions of candidate competency and integrity were reasons named for candidate support. The value-added of this study is that it examines a macro level outcome in an original and systematic way by focusing on candidate information that voters may have relied on when making a voting decision. This, in turn, helps to shed light on the failure of democratic accountability in the aftermath of Argentina’s worst financial crisis. It also highlights how subtle yet significant media-supplied candidate information may have had in a crisis-driven election. iii To my parents iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I warmly thank those whose support, encouragement, and feedback kept my spirits high during this soulful journey of writing a thesis. I am extremely grateful for the help that I received during the four and a half years it took to finish it. It certainly proved to be a challenging yet a valuable learning experience. As a directed research, this dissertation project was proposed and approved by thesis committee members Anthony Mughan, Mark P. Jones (Rice University), Thomas E. Nelson, and Sarah M. Brooks. I thank my principal advisor Tony for reading several drafts and providing insightful criticisms and suggestions that helped to improve its quality. Tony is a wonderful teacher who challenged me with many tough questions. I definitely felt the bar being raised higher than ever before. I owe a debt of gratitude to my outside advisor Mark Jones who generously shared his expertise on Argentine politics and helped to put me in contact with various people in Argentina. I thank Tom Nelson for being a fantastic teacher and mentor whose input I value very much. Tom helped to redirect my research at many points during the process and I gratefully acknowledge his efforts. I started my project in 2001 by first seeking out help from experts in the field of Argentine politics. From Quebec, Canada, Pierre Ostiguy generously provided me with detailed information of polling centers and research institutions in Buenos Aires. He v also put me in contact with his Argentine friend and pollster Carlos Gervasoni. My initial attempt at face-to-face interviews would not have turned out as well as it did without Carlos’s comments on my first prospectus draft in December 2001. The rapidly changing political, economic, and social climate during that month forced me to quickly change my project. On short notice, Carlos helped to revise and translate my questionnaire in July 2002 for my fieldwork. I thank my Argentine Spanish tutor Graciela Siri for editing my questionnaire and offering tips on how to start an interview. With her help, the written questionnaire was transformed into an oral questionnaire with particular attention to good diction. I also thank Spanish teacher Jean Keener for putting her in contact with me. I appreciate Terrell Morgan for his excellent courses on Spanish phonetics and pronunciation. The Argentine Spanish model of speech that I learned was very useful. I received research advice and survey data from various individuals. Jay McCann shared how he conducted his own survey in Mexico and offered points to consider for how I could go about doing something similar in Argentina. I thank Karen Remmer for suggesting that I contact Jay as well as offering ideas for how I could obtain survey data in Argentina. Sociologist Sandra Albertocca generously provided survey data from Hugo Haime & Asociados and pollster Gerardo Adrogué sent questions on socioeconomic status, which I later adapted for my questionnaire. Finally, Natalia Gitelman sent me cross-tabs election data from Graciela Römer & Asociados. It was not until after I returned home from my fieldwork did I have an opportunity to learn more about interviewing techniques from reporters and editors in a two-day writers’ workshop sponsored by my hometown newspaper The St. Louis Post vi Dispatch. Interestingly, the many snappy and bright reporters that I met, now at the top of their field, began their careers as grief and tragedy reporters, covering the police or bummer beat. I learned a great deal about conducting interviews and writing reports from reporters and editors that led the workshops. I look forward to using their interviewing techniques and writing tips in future projects. A heartfelt appreciation goes out to a couple of careful readers whose expertise in Argentine politics clearly showed through in their feedback. Nancy Powers and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán provided valuable comments on chapters that I sent them. I thank Mark Jones for facilitating those contacts. Although I began graduate school in 1995, my first research trip abroad came in the summer of 2001. I thank my parents for funding my preliminary dissertation research, which made it possible. This trip allowed me to take an Argentine Social History course taught by Mirta Zaida Lobato at the Facultad de filosofía y letras at the Universidad de Buenos Aires. The notes that I took for her course came in handy when writing the first two chapters of my dissertation. I thank Carlos Acuña and Mariano Tommasi at the Universidad de San Andrés for responding to questions that I posed to them via email. Their comments (along with their inspiring humor and humility) helped to strengthen my dissertation. These contacts would not be possible without help from Sebastián Saiegh who showed me around the Universidad de San Andrés and suggested faculty there to contact. During my fieldwork in 2002, I stayed with an Argentine family that I met a year earlier at a sleepover at their house. I thank the Bottos and the in-laws who lived next door for opening up their homes. I learned much about Argentine life from the vii dinners and conversations that we had together. One of the best sources for information about new trends in Buenos Aires came from an in-law and neighbor, Patricia, an astute 16-year old who told me about recovered factories and youth squatter movements long before Argentine media covered them. Financial support for writing my dissertation came from available jobs in St. Louis. I worked as a sales associate at four retail stores, a mail clerk at an engineering and architectural firm, a scanner for an insurance company, a production assistant at a graphics company, a child-care provider to an infant and a toddler, a non-profit fundraiser, an admissions assistant at a small business college, a baker and a barista at a coffeehouse, and a receptionist at an insurance company. Finally, and most importantly, I thank my parents for their love and support. Throughout the many obstacles and challenges that I experienced in graduate school, as there were many, they were behind me. I would not have attained my doctoral degree without them. viii VITA December 17, 1971 ……………………Born-St. Louis, Missouri 2001-2006…………………………........Doctoral Candidate in Political Science, The Ohio State University 1998-2001 …………………………......M.A. in Political Science, The Ohio State University 1995-1998 ………………………....…..M.A. in Latin American Studies, The University of California, San Diego 1990-1993 ……………………………..B.A. in History, The University of California, San Diego AWARDS The Mershon Center, OSU, Study Abroad Grant for Dissertation Research, $2077.69, June 27-July 25, 2002, Buenos Aires,
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