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Japan's Overseas Chinese Policies in Southern Vietnam During World War II Lingnan University Digital Commons @ Lingnan University All Open Access Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2018 Japan’s overseas Chinese policies in Southern Vietnam during World War II Siu Tsun CHOI Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.ln.edu.hk/otd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Choi, S. T. (2018). Japan’s overseas Chinese policies in Southern Vietnam during World War II (Master's thesis, Lingnan University, Hong Kong). Retrieved from https://commons.ln.edu.hk/otd/23/ This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Open Access Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. Terms of Use The copyright of this thesis is owned by its author. Any reproduction, adaptation, distribution or dissemination of this thesis without express authorization is strictly prohibited. All rights reserved. JAPAN’S OVERSEAS CHINESE POLICIES IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM DURING WORLD WAR II CHOI SIU TSUN MPHIL LINGNAN UNIVERSITY 2018 JAPAN’S OVERSEAS CHINESE POLICIES IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM DURING WORLD WAR II by CHOI Siu Tsun µ+u A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in History Lingnan University 2018 ABSTRACT Japan’s Overseas Chinese Policies in Southern Vietnam during World War II by CHOI Siu Tsun Master of Philosophy “Overseas Chinese is the mother of the Chinese revolution.” This quotation reflects the conventional perception that overseas Chinese is the chief enemy of Japan. However, this is in contrast with Vietnam’s overseas Chinese view; Japan considered them as a potential and crucial ally in Japan's Expansion in Southeast Asia. Chinese’s economic dominance in Vietnam, especially its monopoly in the rice industry and its traditional commercial network, provided them with an incredible political influence and bargaining power. This thesis aimed to rediscover the historical truth of overseas Chinese in Southern Vietnam during wartime by studying the transitions and policies made by Japan on overseas Chinese on French Indochina. It is commonly viewed that overseas Chinese are nationalist and have strong emotional attachment towards the motherland, China. However, there seem to have decline on their nationalism and their main concern was on bloodline, local community, survival and economic interest. The loss of Canton clique from the power struggle with Kuomintang strengthened the regional identity of Cantonese. It also created hostility towards the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek. The transition of attitude and selection to cooperate with Japan in the wartime was deemed a significant topic of Chinese politics and geopolitics in Southeast Asia in the 1930s. The overseas Chinese work of Nanking Nationalist government was successful in French Indochina. However, that was the only successful case of overseas Chinese work in Southeast Asia. The establishment and implementation of Japan’s policies on overseas Chinese in French Indochina differ from overseas Chinese in other occupied regions in Southeast Asia. This unique treatment reflected how Japan viewed the importance of overseas Chinese in French Indochina for its Pacific War’s scheme. Rice resource and geographical significance of French Indochina forced Japan to put special consideration and measures on French Indochina. Overseas Chinese's economic dominance in French Indochina, especially the rice industry made them primary target for Japan to win. To recover the historical truth hidden behind the ‘myth’ and propaganda of overseas Chinese, this research utilized the historical sources from different sides of interest, including army report, newspaper, books, and articles on time. Japan government’s official records dating back from the 1920s to the 40s could shed light to the perception and reality of Japan’s policies on overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and French Indochina. With the opening of the confidential documents of the Japanese Military, it is possible to reshape the historical role of overseas Chinese in Vietnam and eliminate the perceptions created by different political parties. To date, overseas Chinese is still influential in Vietnam and its neighboring countries. DECLARATION I declare that this is an original work based primarily on my own research, and I warrant that all citations of previous research, published or unpublished, have been duly acknowledged. _________________________ CHOI Siu Tsun CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL OF THESIS JAPAN’S OVERSEAS CHINESE POLICIES IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM DURING WORLD WAR II by CHOI SIU TSUN Master of Philosophy Panel of Examiners ____________________________ (Chairman) ____________________________ (External Member) ____________________________ (Internal Member) ____________________________ (Internal Member) Chief Supervisor: Prof Chi-pang LAU Co-supervisor Prof Xiaorong HAN Approved for the Senate: _________________________________ __________________________ Date CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………...….….ii SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TOPIC………………………………………………….…1 LITERATURE REVIEW Japan’s Policy in French Indochina Politics, Diplomatic Aspects…………………………………………………..4 Economic Aspect………………………………………………………....…...7 Japan’s Overseas Chinese Policy and the Trend of the Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia during Wartime………………………………………………………………….9 Research Purposes………………………………………………………………..….14 Methodology……………………………………………………………………..….15 The Composition of the Thesis………………………………………………...........16 The Limitation of the Thesis……………………………………………………...…17 Chapter 1. FRENCH INDOCHINA OVERSEAS CHINESE SOCIETY BEFORE THE INTRUSION OF JAPANESE ARMY………………………………………..…20 Overseas Chinese Population in French Indochina Overseas Chinese groups in French Indochina: Congregation French Indochina’s overseas Chinese policy and Congregation System 2. FEATURES OF OVERSEAS CHINESE IN FRENCH INDOCHINA BEFORE THE INTRUSION OF THE JAPANESE TROOPS………………………….…35 The Outcome of the anti-Japanese movement of overseas Chinese in French Indochina 3. JAPAN’S OVERSEAS CHINESE POLICY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA…….…...42 The Transitions of Japan’s Overseas Chinese Policy in Southeast Asia Japan's Overseas Chinese Policy after the Beginning of the Pacific War: Repression and Utilization under Military Administration 4. JAPAN’S FRENCH INDOCHINA OVERSEAS CHINESE POLICY...……....61 The Formation of Japan-France Joint Domination system Japan’s French Indochina’s Overseas Chinese Policy and Its Changes 5. THE REALITY OF JAPAN’S OVERSEAS POLICIES IN FRENCH INDOCHINA………………………………………………………………………..74 Changes and Economic Work of the French Indochina Rice-Paddy Distribution Agency The overseas Chinese work of Japan in French Indochina Propaganda work - centering on the popularity of Japanese language and film work The popularization of Japanese language 6. THE RESPONSES OF FRENCH INDOCHINA OVERSEAS CHINESE TOWARDS JAPAN’S OVERSEAS CHINESE POLICY………………….…83 The trend of overseas Chinese in Indochina Japan’s overseas Chinese policy and Nanjing National Government’s overseas Chinese policy 7. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….…..94 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………...…..…..101 i ®ZUd;/;qAŴijįÑş­ĽÀèųįÑş­ĽtŜ ¹^ï6ł;"Ŵ$;wŤFMÛŴ@HŪk÷:R CŴ4)/Ąų^®Z¾påŮŝŴ*BÿM DĚĚ« [,ćvUų`§ġà¹UŬŴĂ>½UºŴúōUĒŴ/;]LB ķb »¬UčĆUĮńU&ŴĭjDÃŦë(eċŴ-^čĆĬŇüĹ ďŴP!88ųUd;;*ZçÅÁ%ÌØZŴ-âr©ĆI ;-¯ [ų V^Z/;IJIJXDU\AçŴeij]įÑş­ĽŴ=ČóŴ É?lŴT Ŗ?øĈŴûòĠčĆ²*ôéĝŴV ¸]1>ų O =ŐňG+Ī;"ŞĤi­ÎŴ¡/;~W%ă ­ðųO =ĉŘÃst"¿­iėĻŴûMUõŴË]ĕĶęĐ= U*ųO ùĘĸņŴĺóňūNÜcD¬uÆiYē&ÉŴ ¡.ĭMzĆñų O ʱ­(ŏ=ĦŚŴį°ĖJ57DħŴ@gÇĀ īh;Ċ'œÞŴ-3æŴZMŴZ¦ŴÁ`&)d³vĊľŴA- ÉĩÓ·čĆÉřUų O cDT ßŗŠÂ6Ŵ57D*<]TŁŴĥÞn čĆÐãļŅÍlų O bāśŒÔFÜŨMìKĵªQ3ğĞ?[kŴŃ đĄ)ųO bāýĎÑŴ_MŢŊšŴĴİŕŴÏŀʼnŴok)Ŵ³ ģרų VčĆ5ÚU*Ŵ@=ĔT´)ŔĜŴŧÖŴőVôŋų Tþ)ŴáıÝŴµ.ÙŴOÈ]3ŴV%ØØ¢ÄĨ. Ăy@f2Ģ0OäUEų Õ¤¥{Ŵâ;ť`¼`ű êŭţũ}Űą¤IE¶Òxíľ#a£Ōöů79 \ b|îŴmŎĿ3Ŵ}¶SěŲ ii iii iv SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TOPIC There are limited studies and sources on overseas Chinese in French Indochina. With the newly publicized sources and materials available online, there has been a renewed interest on the topic relating to Japan and China’s history. Through the latest research findings and technologies, this thesis is informed by the latest and oldest research from Japan, China, Taiwan and the West. This paper tried to recover the historical truth by comparing the various of historical sources and research. By evaluating differing perspectives, it aimed to eliminate possible perceptions leaning toward political ideologies. There had been so much vague conception on overseas Chinese. Studying their history in French Indochina/ Vietnam would hopefully unveil the image of overseas Chinese, and the role they played in history. Advancement in society made it is possible to access to differing perspectives and ideologies, not being limited by one’s geographic location and nationality. This paper aimed to synthesize the studies reviewed and propose another view on overseas Chinese. Japan's primary purpose in its expansion in Southeast Asia during World War II was to seize French Indochina. At that time, Japan, which was trapped in the long- term Sino-Japanese War, attempted to prevent allied weapons and ammunition and military supplies from the French Indochina to the Chongqing National Government. As a result of the negotiations of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Governor of the French Indochina allowed Japan to dispatch a surveillance team and was also recognized by the French government’s ambassador. Therefore,
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