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Engaging with Socialism in China: the Political Thought and Activities of Chen Gongbo and Tan Pingshan, 1917-1928
Engaging with Socialism in China: The Political Thought and Activities of Chen Gongbo and Tan Pingshan, 1917-1928 Xuduo Zhao PhD University of York History May 2019 1 Abstract This thesis investigates Chen Gongbo (1892-1946) and Tan Pingshan (1886-1956), two significant Cantonese Marxists who helped found the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. I use Chen and Tan as a lens to re-examine the dissemination of Marxism in May Fourth China and the underlying tensions in 1920s Chinese revolution. My study demonstrates that it was in the changing educational system in the early 20th century that Chen and Tan gradually improved their positions in the cultural field and participated in the intellectual ferment during the May Fourth period. At Peking University they became familiarised with Marxism. Their understanding of Marxism, however, was deeply influenced by European social democracy, as opposed to many other early communist leaders who believed in Bolshevism. This divergence finally led to the open conflict within the CCP between Guangzhou and Shanghai in the summer of 1922, which also embodied the different social identities among early Chinese Marxists. After the quarrel, Chen quit while Tan remained within the party. During the Nationalist Revolution, both Tan and Chen became senior leaders in the Kuomintang, but they had to face yet another identity crisis of whether to be a revolutionary or a politician. Meanwhile, they had to rethink the relationship between socialism and nationalism in their political propositions. This study of Chen and Tan’s political thought and activities in the late 1910s and 1920s offers a different picture of Chinese radicalism and revolution in the early Republican period. -
The Pan Hannian Affair and Power Struggles at the Top of the CCP (1953-1955)
China Perspectives 2010/4 | 2010 Rural Migrants: On the Fringe of the City, a Bridge to the Countryside The Pan Hannian Affair and Power Struggles at the Top of the CCP (1953-1955) Xiaohong Xiao-Planes Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/5348 DOI : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.5348 ISSN : 1996-4617 Éditeur Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine Édition imprimée Date de publication : 15 décembre 2010 ISSN : 2070-3449 Référence électronique Xiaohong Xiao-Planes, « The Pan Hannian Affair and Power Struggles at the Top of the CCP (1953-1955) », China Perspectives [En ligne], 2010/4 | 2010, mis en ligne le 01 décembre 2013, consulté le 28 octobre 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/5348 ; DOI : 10.4000/ chinaperspectives.5348 © All rights reserved Articles s e v The Pan Hannian Affair and i a t c n i e Power Struggles at the Top h p s c r of the CCP (1953-1955) e p XIAOHONG XIAO-PLANES ABSTRACT : Pan Hannian (1906-1977), Communist activist from 1925, former senior head of the CCP secret service and deputy mayor of Shanghai after the PRC’s founding, was arrested in 1955 for treachery and counter-revolutionary crimes. He was condemned, with his wife Dong Hui, to imprisonment and to laogai camps for the rest of his life. His posthumous rehabilitation in 1982 transformed him into a legendary national hero. Illustrative of the political struggles in 1953-1955, the Pan Hannian affair seems to reveal the methods Mao Zedong used from time to time in managing the Party internally so as to maintain his dominant position in the leadership. -
Republican Personality Cults in Wartime China: Contradistinction and Collaboration
CSSH 57-3 Taylor 1 Republican Personality Cults in Wartime China: Contradistinction and Collaboration JEREMY E. TAYLOR School of Contemporary Chinese Studies, University of Nottingham (UK) INTRODUCTION In his recent book The Stalin Cult, Jan Plamper notes the importance of “contradistinction”—a concept used most often in the field of marketing—in the making of many mid-twentieth-century personality cults. Cults constructed around figures such as Stalin often incorporated attempts to deliberately contrast their objects of veneration with their rivals. This was manifest in the visual realm, in particular, where depictions of individual leaders were often created in direct contrast to those of their contemporaries. For example, “Stalin’s pipe,” argues Plamper, “…was deliberately set off against the bourgeois cigar in general, and eventually against Churchill’s cigar in particular. Roosevelt’s optimistic, white-toothed smile … was in deliberate contrast to Hitler’s brooding, gothic countenance.”1 Recent work on Mussolini suggests that this scenario is also known to historians of modern Europe; Christopher Duggan has shown, for instance, how the origins of the Mussolini personality cult can be traced to fascists’ attempts to set their hero apart from Italy’s liberal leaders in the 1920s.2 In writing on China the concept has been employed, though not articulated as “contradistinction,” most often with reference to the cult of Mao Zedong. This can be seen in recent work by Daniel Leese, who, building on similar observations made decades earlier by scholars such as Raymond Wylie, has examined how modern China’s most pervasive personality cult emerged out of a wartime desire on the part of Mao to emulate, but also set himself CSSH 57-3 Taylor 2 apart from, Chiang Kai-shek.3 The now burgeoning literature on the cultural history of China under Japanese occupation has started to revisit the wartime cults of other leaders,such as the much-maligned Chinese collaborationist leader Wang Jingwei. -
The Chinese Nationalists' Attempt to Regulate Shanghai, 1927-49 Author(S): Frederic Wakeman, Jr
Licensing Leisure: The Chinese Nationalists' Attempt to Regulate Shanghai, 1927-49 Author(s): Frederic Wakeman, Jr. Source: The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 54, No. 1 (Feb., 1995), pp. 19-42 Published by: Association for Asian Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2058949 . Accessed: 23/03/2014 13:05 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Association for Asian Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Asian Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 130.132.173.206 on Sun, 23 Mar 2014 13:05:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions LicensingLeisure: The ChineseNationalists' Attempt to RegulateShanghai, 1927-49 FREDERIC WAKEMAN, JR. Shanghaihas oftenbeen called the Parisof the Orient.This is onlyhalf true. Shanghaihas all the vicesof Parisand morebut boastsof noneof its cultural influences.The municipalorchestra is uncertainof its future,and the removalof thecity library to its newpremises has only shattered our hopes for better reading facilities.The RoyalAsiatic Society has beendenied all supportfrom the Council forthe maintenanceof its library,which is the onlycenter for research in this metropolis.It is thereforeno wonderthat men and women, old or young,poor or rich,turn their minds to mischiefand lowlypursuits of pleasure,and the laxity ofpolice regulations has aggravatedthe situation. -
The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49
Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49 This book examines the Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War of 1945–49, which resulted in the victory of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) over Chiang Kaishek and the Guomindang (GMD) and the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. It provides a military and strategic history of how the CCP waged and ultimately won the war, the transformation of its armed forces, and how the Communist leaders interacted with each other. Whereas most explanations of the CCP’s eventual victory focus on the Sino- Japanese War of 1937–45, when the revolution was supposedly won as a result of the Communists’ invention of “peasant nationalism,” this book shows that the outcome of the revolution was not a foregone conclusion in 1945. It explains how the eventual victory of the Communists resulted from important strategic decisions taken on both sides, in particular the remarkable transformation of the Communist army from an insurgent / guerrilla force into a conventional army. The book also explores how the hierarchy of the People’s Republic of China developed during the war. It shows how Mao’s power was based as much on his military acumen as his political thought, above all his role in formulating and implementing a successful military strategy in the war of 1945–49. It also describes how other important figures, such as Lin Biao, Deng Xiaoping, Nie Rongzhen, Liu Shaoqi, and Chen Yi, made their reputations during the conflict, and reveals the inner workings of the First generation political-military elite of the PRC. -
Mao Zedong, Founding Father of the People's
Mao Zedong, Founding Father of the People’s Republic of China, Conspired with the Japanese Army ENDO Homare, Director, Center of International Relations, Tokyo University of Social Welfare, Professor Emeritus, University of Tsukuba n 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The achievement of Mao Zedong as founding father of the PRC is, Oindeed, great. If we focus attention on this achievement alone, Mao Zedong can be described as “a man of great stature” who deserves to be respected. It should be noted, however, that the PRC is a state that was ultimately created through victory in the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) forces led by Chiang Kai-shek and forces loyal to the Communist Party of China (CPC) and is not by any means a state created by defeating ENDO Homare, Director, the Japanese Army in the Sino-Japanese War. Center of International The proof of this is that Japan announced defeat on 15 August 1945, but it was 1 October 1949 Relations, Tokyo University of Social Welfare, Professor that the PRC was founded. During this four-year period, the KMT and the CPC waged a fierce civil Emeritus, University of Tsukuba war. Accordingly, the PRC’s claim that the PRC is a state created by defeating the invading Japanese army is factually incorrect. Also, the myth that CPC forces fought valiantly with the Japanese army during the Sino-Japanese War is untrue. On the contrary, during the Sino-Japanese War, Mao Zedong concentrated his efforts on conspiring with the Japanese army to weaken the KMT forces. -
Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953
Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Lawson, Konrad. 2012. Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9795484 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 – Konrad Mitchell Lawson Some Rights Reserved This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ iii Dissertation Advisor: Professor Andrew Gordon Konrad Mitchell Lawson Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the relationship between violence and betrayal in retribution against military and police collaborators who helped maintain Japan’s wartime occupations up until its defeat in 1945. Looking at the approaches taken in the colonies of British Asia, postwar treason trials in the Philippines, and Chinese Communist approaches in wartime and postwar Shandong province, this study argues that the laws and rhetoric of treason were deeply flawed tools for confronting the atrocities of war. At the very moment that war crimes trials were defining a set of acts that constituted crimes against all humanity, around the world thousands of individuals who helped perpetrate them were treated as primarily guilty of crimes against the nation. -
Sino-Japanese News
Sino-Japanese News * * * * Meeting Sino-Japanese of Group. Sino-Japanese the Studies The Studies Group briefly April conjunction this in with Association past the Asian for met Studies conference Honolulu, in Hawaii. night late It and though, did, few attended. We at was plan for meeting year's Chicago. in Based the successful of results event next an on several when of book read (Douglas in Reynolds' field work), years ago, many us a our decided read Fogel's Joshua recently published, of The to Literature Travel the we in Japanese Rediscovery of China, (Stanford University 1862-1945 1996). Press, will It then be focus the of discussion perhaps launching and point the for of discussion related a issues well. SJS subscribers who purchase would like this discount book as to at may a send check for $31 US Fogel Joshua opposite address the of issue this of to 1 a at page S•]S. To discounted this price (list price $45), is however, get checks be received must prior May 25. to Symposium. International Vancouver, played British Columbia host this past fascinating December 16-19 conference "Reassessing entitled: Sino-Japanese the to War a (1937-1945): Sorces New Interpretations." •3, and •-• organized by Shyu It Larry was president of the Historical Society for Century 20th America, China North in and professor history University of the of New Brunswick. for the works several In at years, Shyu Professor managed large invite number of China, Taiwan, scholars from Japan, to a Kong, Hong Europe, United States, the and Canada. The level of extra- papers was ordinary high believe, and, I summits scholarly reached in discussions. -
RISE of ULTRANATIONALISM and the PACIFIC WAR 411 Must Not Overlook Is That of Miscalculation
408 JAPAN: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY understanding by many, understanding of a certain taste may be confined to a select few. I fully recognize that art and morality are based on personal elements and, unlike mathematical principles, are extremely particularistic. But if they completely deny understanding by others, we cannot call them beautiful or good. CHAPTER Herein lies the difference between mere idiosyncrasy and artistic taste. We do XIV not know for sure if today’s Westerners can understand Japanese taste or the Japanese people the taste of foreign countries. Chances are neither party can. In spite of this observation, I believe that each nation must on the basis of its history develop its own art and morality and contribute toward world civilization from its own unique perspective. To have a unique culture does not mean it is idiosyn- cratic. It must be endowed with a common value. When I say “common,” it does Rise of Ultranationalism not mean that everyone must make the same thing and have the same taste. It simply means that we must recognize the value that is intrinsic in all people. We must separate sameness from unity. All parts of a human body are not the same, and the Pacific War but each part has a unique value, which becomes an indispensable part of a human body. Misunderstanding arises when this meaning is not made clear. If artistic and moral values can require understanding by all, we must still not forget that there is a degree of understanding that can be great, small, deep, or shallow. -
Jeremy E. Taylor from TRAITOR TO
Journal of Chinese History 3 (2019), 137–158 doi:10.1017/jch.2017.43 . Jeremy E. Taylor FROM TRAITOR TO MARTYR: DRAWING LESSONS FROM THE DEATH AND BURIAL OF WANG JINGWEI, https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms 1944* Abstract Based on recently reopened files and publications in Nanjing, as well as published and newsreel accounts from the 1940s, this paper represents the first scholarly analysis of the rituals surrounding the death and burial of Wang Jingwei in Japanese-occupied China. Rather than locating this anal- ysis purely in the literature on the history of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), however, this paper asks what Wang Jingwei’s Re-organized National Government might tell us about per- sonality cults in the political culture of modern China. While Wang’s burial drew heavily on the precedent of Sun Yat-sen’s funerals of the 1920s, it also presaged later spectacles of public mourn- ing and posthumous commemoration, such as Chiang Kai-shek’s funeral in 1975 in Taipei. In focusing on this one specific event in the life of a “puppet government,” this paper hopes to reignite , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at scholarly interest in the study of “dead leaders” and their posthumous lives in modern Chinese history more generally. INTRODUCTION 25 Sep 2021 at 08:40:15 Despite the flurry of commemorative events in China in the months leading up to the sev- “ ’ , on entieth anniversary of the Victory of the Chinese People s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War,” not every major event in that con- flict was publicly remembered. -
Traitors to the Chinese Race (Hanjian)": Political and Cultural
"TRAITORS TO THE CHINESE RACE (HANJIAN)": POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CAMPAIGNS AGAINST COLLABORATORS DURING THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR OF 1937-1945 by YUNXIA A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department ofHistory and the Graduate School ofthe University of Oregon in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy September 2010 11 University of Oregon Graduate School Confirmation ofApproval and Acceptance of Dissertation prepared by: YunXia Title: ""Traitors to the Chinese Race (Hanjian):" Political and Cultural Campaigns against Collaborators during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945" This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree in the Department ofHistory by: Bryna Goodman, Chairperson, History Andrew Goble, Member, History Ina Asim, Member, History Tze-Ian Sang, Outside Member, East Asian Languages & Literature and Richard Linton, Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies/Dean ofthe Graduate School for the University of Oregon. September 4,2010 Original approval signatures are on file with the Graduate School and the University of Oregon Libraries. III © 2010 Yun Xia IV An Abstract ofthe Dissertation of YunXia for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy in the Department of History to be taken September 2010 Title: "TRAITORS TO THE CHINESE RACE (HANJIAN)": POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CAMPAIGNS AGAINST COLLABORATORS DURING THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR OF 1937-1945 Approved: _ Dr. Bryna Goodman This dissertation examines formal and popular campaigns against collaborators during the second Sino-Japanese war of 1937-1945, considering the role ofthese campaigns in the political struggles ofthe Nationalist (Guomindang) government, the interplay between discourses of law and morality, and the interactions oflegal professionals, intellectuals, and commoners in the development of Chinese nationalism and anti-imperialism. -
War and Economics: the Control of Material Resources in the Lower Yangzi and Shanghai Area Between 1937 and 1945 Christian Henriot
War and economics: The control of material resources in the lower Yangzi and Shanghai area between 1937 and 1945 Christian Henriot To cite this version: Christian Henriot. War and economics: The control of material resources in the lower Yangzi and Shanghai area between 1937 and 1945. 2004. halshs-00002786 HAL Id: halshs-00002786 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00002786 Preprint submitted on 6 Sep 2004 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. WAR AND ECONOMICS: THE CONTROL OF MATERIAL RESOURCES IN THE LOWER YANGZI AND SHANGHAI AREA BETWEEN 1937 AND 1945 Christian HENRIOT Institut d’Asie Orientale (Université Lumière-Lyon 2-ENS-LSH-CNRS) Paper presented to the annual conference of the Association for Asian Studies Washington DC, April 2002 1 Introduction The Japanese invasion in 1937 was a major watershed for economic development and state building in China. Whereas the nationalist government had attempted to unify the country and mobilize resources for its economic and military ambitions, the various centers of power that emerged after 1937 — both Chinese and Japanese — entered into a fierce competition for the control of material resources. But modernization was no longer the objective.