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Arsenic Enrichment in Mangroves, and Sediments Along Karachi Coast, Pakistan

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Arsenic Enrichment in Mangroves, and Sediments Along Karachi Coast, Pakistan Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2013; 1(1): 60-65 60 Journal of Coastal Life Medicine journal homepage: www.jclmm.com Document heading doi:10.12980/JCLM.1.2013C89 2013 by the Journal of Coastal Life Medicine. All rights reserved. 襃 Arsenic enrichment in mangroves, and sediments along Karachi coast, Pakistan Rashida Parveen, Erum Zahir*, Arshad Fazal Siddiqui Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT Objective: Avicennia Peer reviewer ( ) marina To assess the arsenic As conceni.e.tration in different parts of mangroves and sediments in Karachi coastal area Korangi Creek , Manora, Kakapir and Sandspit. D r. M uhammad T ahir S oomro, Methods: Sites are identified for sampling owing to their vicinity to industrial activities. Assistant Professor, Center of Sandspit is targeted for its being devoid of industries. The hydride generation atomic absorption Excellence in Environmental Studies, spectrometry (HG-AAS) were used to analyse the concentration of arsenic in mangrove and King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, sediment. Saudi Arabia. Results: The high concentration of As was found in roots and middle aerial part as compared Tel: 00966-591605394 to the upper part of mangroves. The concentrations of As was found higher in sediments as E-mail: [email protected] compared to the mangroves. There is a seasonal variation of As enrichment in mangrove and [email protected] sediments as dry seasons showed higher concentration while in rainy season dilution factors may be attributed to the low level of As. The concentration variation of As in sampling sites of Comments i.e. mangroves and sediments following the trend Korangi Creek >Manora>KakapiPr>Sandspit. The ( ANOVA) ( 0 05) T statistical analysis Two way of data exhibited no significant difference > . for trace he study decribes A.the marinaquantification of Arsenic in the using mConclusions:etals concentrations in mangrove as well as in sediments. I A hydride generation atomic absorption t is obvious to conclude that s should be continuously monitored in different T A spectrometry, showing periodic and environmental segments. he data must correlate with geographical distribution of s, plant-part wise distribution. The article quantification in different species, their solubility and bioavailability to understand the possible T helps to understand the bioavailibity factors responsible for environmental pollution. he present study will be helpful to improve water management resources. and cycling of Arsenic in the mangrove KEYWORDS system. Avicennia marina Details on Page 64 , Sediment, Karachi coast, Arsenic 1. Introduction organic carbon to tropical coastal oceans[3,4]. The mangrove forests detain terrestrial-derived nutrients, pollutants and The activity of trace metals in aquatic system and their sediments before they reached the coastal ocean[5]. Mangrove impact on aquatic life vary depending upon the metal and estuarine ecosystems may act as a sink for trace e.g species. Many human activities ( . mining, overuse of metals because of their variable physical and chemical chemicals, industrial waste from ports and refineries) have properties[6]. The waterlogged mangrove sediments are a negative impact on several biological processes[1]. These anoxic and reduced in nature due to good supply of sulfide trace metals are much more likely available to biota than ions and decomposing organic matter in the sediments[7-9]. those amounts bound to the soil[2]. Mangrove ecosystem Trace metals are among the most persistent of pollutants plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of the in sediments due to their resistance to decomposition in coastal environment, particularly, to provide nutrients and natural conditions. Most trace elements can be adsorbed by *Corresponding author: Erum Zahir, Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Article history: Karachi-75270, Pakistan. Received 26 Jun 2013 Tel: +92 333 2349487 Received in revised form 29 Jun, 2nd revised form 4 Jul, 3rd revised form 10 Jul 2013 E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 29 Jul 2013 Foundation Project: Supported by Dean Science Grant, University of Karachi Pakistan ( No. Available online 28 Aug 2013 DSFR-/2011-2012). Rashida Parveen et al./Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2013; 1(1):60-65 61 clays, complex with organic compounds or co-precipitate contaminants in organisms. with oxides and hydroxides[10]. The present work therefore aimed to quantify the Avicenna marina Sediments prove to be an indicator of the aquatic concentrations of arsenic in mangrove environment and provide a surface to reserve metals[11-13]. (including roots, stems and leaves) from four typical mangrove i.e., The quality of the marine environment is constantly being areas of Karachi coast Korangi Creek, Manora, Kakapir monitored by various national authoritative bodies, such and Sandspit; to determine the distribution of trace metal as SEPA in Scotland to analyze water, sediment and/or levels in sediment cores, and to assess the potential risk of biota[14,15]. trace metals in the mangrove ecosystem along Karachi coast Arsenic combines with carbon and hydrogen to form line. organo-arsenic compounds in animals and plants. The dissolved forms of arsenic in the water include arsenate, 2. Materials and methods arsenite, monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid[16]. Different arsenic species have an affinity for clay mineral surfaces and organic matter, and this can Sites Kakapir, Manora, Korangi Creek and Sandspit were affect their environmental behavior. Therefore, arsenic selected owing to their vicinity to industrial activities. can be released into the environment from sources such Sandspit was targeted for its being devoid of industries as pesticides applications, wood preservatives, mining (Figure 1). activities and petroleum refining. Several studies have been conducted concerning arsenic and associated metals in K C K arachi ity [17-19] akapir stream sediments, soils, and crop plants . Sandspit The arsenic contaminated sediment serves as a long- term source of arsenic because its mobility and transport Manora Korangi Creek in the environment are strongly influenced to associated Arabian sea [20] Karachi N T Arabian sea W E solid phase . he distribution and transport of arsenic Port River S mangroves Meters in sediment is a complex process that depends on water 0 2 000 4 000 8 000 Figure 1. quality, native biota and sediment type. There is a potential The sites of Karachi coast, Pakistan. for arsenic release when there is fluctuation in Eh, pH, soluble arsenic concentration and sediment organic Random selection of sediment and mangroves samples content[21]. helped to ensure quality data. Sediment and mangrove Pakistan is largely arid and semi-arid, receiving less than sample were collected from the sites of low tide zone. 250 mm annual rainfall, with the driest regions receiving less Sediments were collected by digging one cubic centimeter than 125 mm of rain annually. It has a diverse landscape, of sample with PVC stainless corer to avoid surface with high mountain systems, fragile watershed areas, alluvial contamination through unwarranted sources. Mangrove plains, coastal mangroves, and dune deserts. Karachi in tissues, including roots, perennial branch (diameter about Pakistan is located on the northern border of the Arabian 5-8 cm), leaves were simultaneously collected. Mangrove Sea and its population is over 18 million. Existing estimates samples were washed by deionized water in laboratory to ° show that mangroves cover approximately 129 000 hectares in remove the possible dust then oven dried at (70依0.5) C. The ° the Indus Delta and about 3 000 hectares on the Balochistan samples of sediment were oven dried at 105 C, and both coast in the Miani Hor, Kalmat Khor, and Gawadar Bay the samples grinded by pastel mortar. The sediments were µ areas. The Indus Delta therefore supports 97% of the total sieved through 63 m metallic sieve for elemental analysis. mangrove forest (37% of the Delta area) while the 3 pockets Approximately 2 g sample of mangrove samples were on the Balochistan coast support the remaining 3% (varying digested with a mixture of nitric acid (HNO3) and perchloric from 8% of the total area in Gawadar Bay to 21% in Kalmat acid (HClO4) (AR Grade Merck-Germany). Khor and 25% in Miani Hor)[22]. The heavy metals are the About 2 gram sample of sediment was digested in 100 mL major component of the waste being discharged by the city Milli-Q water in a 250 mL beaker by adding slowly 10 mL ° on the Karachi coast[23]. 60% HNO3 on a hot plate at a temperature of 95 C until the The knowledge of trace metal concentrations in different solution got reduced to 10 to 15 mL. The aliquot was then compartments of mangrove ecosystem is important to diluted to 50 mL with deionized water (Milli-Q water) for understand the fates of the mangroves and can alert coastal further chemical analysis by using an instrument varian managers of possible impacts upon the detritus driven food AA240 hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry[24]. web which can potentially lead to the bioaccumulation of To assess the precision and accuracy of results, replicate Rashida Parveen et al./Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2013; 1(1): 60-65 62 Table 1 analysis of blank, standard and samples was done. The Concentration of arsenµic in sediment at bimonthly intervals of different relative standard deviations were determined to find the sites of Karachi coast ( g/g, mean依SD). precision of the analysis. Quality assurance and quality Months Sandspit Kakapir Manora Korangi Creek control procedures were strictly followed throughout February 7.751依0.032 7.482依0.032 14.686依0.321 12.551依0.114 the study. The level of accuracy and quality control was 6.552依0.121 8.783依0.037 16.333依0.043 13.782依0.233 7 255 0 231 10 695 0 223 14 901 0 012 13 222 0 067 maintained by using the certified reference material and . 依 . 依 . 依 . 依 . Mean 7.186 8.986 15.306 13.185 the measurements of duplicates for each batch of samples.
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