International Yacht Training ® W O R L D W I D E Master of Yachts 200 Gross Tons Limited Course Notes for Professional Certification (includes Maritime Business & Law) M.C.A. Approved The Most Internationally Accepted Certificates In The World 16 Red Ensign Countries, United States Coastguard, Ireland, Marshall Islands, Bahamas & Lebanon Partner Schools in United States, Ireland, Canada, Croatia, Australia, South Africa, Thailand, Caribbean / The Netherlands, Greece, Lebanon, Turkey, Russia, Sweden, Spain, U.K., Gibraltar, Norway, U.A.E, France., Egypt, Singapore, Austria, Estonia, Israel, Finland, Ukraine, Montenegro, Latvia, Belarus, Romania, Italy and Switzerland MASTER OF YACHTS 200 TONS LIMITED Tuition Notes published by International Yacht Training Worldwide All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, photocopied, recording or otherwise, without the written consent of International Yacht Training Worldwide This publication is for purposes of guidance and training. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, International Yacht Training Worldwide is not liable for the consequence of implementing or attempting to implement any instructions or advice contained within these notes. Copyright © International Yacht Training Worldwide British admiralty publications extracts - © Crown Copyright and/or database rights. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and the UK Hydrographic Office (www.ukho.gov.uk). Extracts Not to be used for Navigation. Updated March 2014 Contents Copyright 1 Introduction 5 2 International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 7 3 Meteorology 31 4 Chart-work Instruments 63 5 Charts, Chart Projections and Publications 65 6 Angles, Latitude and Longitude 79 7 Distance, Speed, Time and Direction 85 8 The Magnetic Compass, Variation and Deviation 87 9 Tide Theory 979 10 Tide Definitions 103 11 Tide Calculations – Standard Ports 105 12 Tide Calculations – Secondary Ports 111 13 Tidal streams, overfalls, tide races and bars 115 14 Currents 121 15 Dead Reckoning and Estimated Positions 123 16 Position Lines and Position Fixes 131 17 Course to Steer To Counteract a Tidal Stream 143 18 Electronic Navigation Aids 149 19 Pilotage 165 20 Passage Planning 173 21 Ropework, Knots, Bends & Splices 177 22 Towing 183 23 Anchors, Anchoring & Docking 187 24 Emergency Procedures 195 25 Basic Stability & Drydocking 207 26 Vessel Construction 211 27 Business & Maritime Law Overview for Master of Yachts 5 219 BA Charts, Tide Tables and Tide Atlas Information reproduced under license © Crown Copyright and/or database rights. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and the UK Hydrographic Office (www.ukho.gov.uk). ‘Not to be used for Navigation’ 3 4 1 Introduction The aim of this course is to increase the candidates’ nautical knowledge, and develop the skills to competently and safely take on the duties and responsibilities required when in charge of a power or sailing vessel up to 200 gt. The expected learning outcomes are that the student understands the theory and practical applications of: Basic Safety Procedures and use of equipment Collision regulations Chartwork Navigation, pilotage and passage planning Tides, Tidal Streams and Tidal calculations International and (Local) Collision Regulations and buoyage Meteorology Vessel Handling Anchoring, berthing and MOB Towing and other emergency procedures Seamanship, Ropework Safety, Emergencies and contingencies Basic stability and construction Master of Yachts Business and Law As with all IYT Worldwide courses, the depth of knowledge is designed to increase as the student progresses through the various levels of training. This is not a beginner’s course. Course Outline The layout of these notes is the suggested order in which the course may be covered by an instructor. However IYT Worldwide recognises that each school may have a different set of circumstances and student requirements to facilitate. It is therefore perfectly acceptable that the order in which the material is covered may be altered provided that the content is covered logically and fully, complying with the stated syllabus and depth of knowledge. 5 6 2 International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea In 1910 the first internationally agreed set of rules, or code, setting out the behaviour required of vessels under certain conditions in order that they should keep clear of each other came into being. First set out in the Brussels Regulations of 1910 these rules have been updated and added to over the years. The Rules were updated by a conference of the International Maritime Organization in 1972 and are usually referred to as the 72 COLREGS or just the COLREGS. Subsequent amendments have been and continue to be made to the Rules to keep them up to date. A current copy should always be carried by every vessel. Most maritime authorities have adopted the COLREGS in full with or without local or national variations to suit their individual requirements. It is not necessary to know all of the Rules off by heart but a thorough knowledge of the COLREGS is essential, it is totally unacceptable to say “I don’t know what it is, or what to do, but I’ll look it up in the Almanac”. This attitude causes accidents and endangers others as well as yourself. The full text of the COLREGS is readily available from many sources and may be downloaded from various web sources at no cost. Possibly the most difficult section to learn is this section which deals with the lights required by vessels operating under different circumstances at night. Computer programs are available to help but perhaps one of the best ways to learn the COLREGS lights is with a set of playing card sized cards which have various combinations of lights in colour on a black background on one side and the description of the vessel (s) the lights represent printed on the back. These cards are readily available from most marine stores and are quite inexpensive. Buoys and Marks To help ensure safety and to clearly mark out obstacles and hazards that exist both in and under the water there exists an internationally agreed sets of marks and lights. These are developed with the assistance of the "International Association of Lighthouse Authorities" (IALA) There are two major systems covering the world, as follows: IALA Maritime Buoyage System Buoyage Regions A and B 7 Region A (IALA A) covers all of Europe and most of the rest of the world except for the areas covered in Region B (IALA B) which is North America, South America, Japan, The Philippines and Korea. Fortunately the differences between the two systems are few. The most important is that which deals with the "direction of buoyage" which defines on which side of a channel the Lateral or Channel Buoys or Marks are placed. For both IALA A and IALA B, the shapes, when returning from sea, are conical buoys or (triangles if fixed) to starboard, can shaped buoys (or square if fixed) marks to port. These Lateral or Channel Marks define the limits of the navigable water across a channel, though designed in principle to define the limits for large commercial ships they are also vital for the safety of smaller vessels. It is almost never wise to attempt to pass between a channel mark and the shore behind. Marks can either be a buoy floating in the water or a pole set into the rocks or sea bed which will be painted in the correct colour and carry the required shape at the top. IALA A leave red to port, green to starboard when returning from sea. IALA B leave red to starboard, green to port when returning from sea. This section is intended to present a synopsis of the Rules and present them pictorially where possible. Common to both areas: Isolated Danger Mark This buoy indicates a navigation hazard such as a partially submerged rock, recognised by the black and red bands and top-mark of two black balls. The light is WHITE and exhibits 2 quick flashes at intervals of 5 seconds. Safe Water Mark Used to indicate the end/start of a channel, open, deep and safe water lies ahead. It may also used to indicate the start and end of a buoyed section of a narrow channel, or a line of these buoys can be used to mark a safe route through shallow areas. Sometimes known as a Fairway Buoy, the colour is red and white vertical stripes with a top mark of a red ball. The light is WHITE and may either flash Morse code “A”, occulting, Isophase or long flash every 10 seconds (L Fl 10s) [2]. Special Mark Placed to indicate the boundary of an obstruction, administrative area such as a speed limit, water skiing or mooring area, or to highlight other features such as outfall sewerage pipes. The mark is yellow in colour with a yellow X top-mark. The light is YELLOW and consists of one quick flash with intervals of 5 seconds. Wreck Buoy Used to temporarily indicate a wreck until the wreck is cleared or permanent marks are set up. The colour is blue and yellow indicating that there is a serious danger existing and the mariner must keep clear. The light is an alternating BLUE AND YELLOW flashing sequence. This may be made even more distinctive when a group of wreck buoys are deployed around a wreck site and the flash characteristics are synchronized to all show the same flash/eclipse cycle at the same time by utilizing an integral timer. 8 Cardinal Marks Buoys or marks used to indicate the position of a hazard and the direction of safe water/ safety as a cardinal/compass direc- tion relative to the hazard by: Indicating that the deepest water is an area on the named side of the mark Indicating the safe side on which to pass a danger Each cardinal mark indicates one of the four compass direc- tions by: 1.