Deliverables 2.1.A.2, B.2, &

DELIVERABLES 2.1.A.2, B.2, & C.2 A.2 CONDUCT GAP ANALYSIS;

B.2 LEAD PARTICIAPTORY RISK MAPPING EXERCISE; &

C.2 UPDATE COMMUNITY HAZARD, RISK AND/OR VULNERABILITY MAPS

DRAFT, DECEMBER 2014 This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by the Coastal i Community Adaptation Project (C-CAP) implemented by DAI for USAID/Pacific Islands. USAID PACIFIC ISLANDS COASTAL COMMUNITY ADAPTATION PROJECT

DRAFT

DELIVERABLES 2.1: CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING— YEAR 2 Includes:

A.2: CONDUCT GAP ANALYSIS B.2: LEAD PARTICIAPTORY RISK MAPPING EXERCISE

C.2: UPDATE COMMUNITY HAZARD, RISK AND/OR VULNERABILITY MAPS

SPONSORING USAID OFFICE: USAID/Pacific Islands CONTRACT NUMBER: AID-492-C-12-00010

CONTRACTOR: DAI DATE OF PUBLICATION: DECEMBER 2014 AUTHOR: Coastal Community Adaptation Project (C-CAP)

The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Statesi Agency for International Development of the United States Government. CONTENTS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... I

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 1

2.0 FIJI CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 ...... 6

3.0 KIRIBATI CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 ...... 24

4.0 NAURU CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 ...... 41

5.0 PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG) CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 ... 67

6.0 SAMOA CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 ...... 83

7.0 SOLOMON ISLANDS CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 ...... 101

8.0 KINGDOM OF TONGA CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 ...... 121

9.0 TUVALU CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 ...... 143

10.0 VANUATU CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 ...... 151

ii DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AA Ailan Awareness (New Ireland, PNG) AusAID Government of Australia Aid CBO Community Based Organization (Nauru) C-CAP Coastal Community Adaptation Project (USAID) CCC C-CAP Community Committee CIE Ministry for Commerce, Industry and Environment (Nauru) CIMP Coastal Infrastructure Management Plan CLTS Community Lead Total Sanitation (Kiribati) CPB Cocoa Pod Borer CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) DAI Development Alternatives Incorporated DIA Division of Internal Affairs (Samoa) DMO Disaster Management Office (Samoa) DRR Disaster Risk Reduction ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EOI Expression of Interest EU European Union FAD Fish Aggregating Device GCCA Global Climate Change Alliance GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Fund GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Aid Program) GPS Government Primary School (Tonga), Global Positioning System IAD Internal Affairs Division of MWCSD (Samoa) IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IMF International Monetary Fund IWCM Integrated Water & Coastal Management IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management IWS Independent Water Scheme JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency J-NAP Joint National Action Plan J-PRISM Japanese Promotion of Regional Initiative on Solid Waste Management KIRIWATSAN Kiribati Water and Sanitation for Outer Islands Phase LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund LMMA Locally Managed Marine Area MELAD Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development (Kiribati) MLECCNR Ministry of Lands, Environment, Climate Change and Natural Resources (Tonga) MNRE Samoa Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment MORDI Mainstreaming of Rural Development Innovation MWCSD Ministry of Women, Community and Social Development (Samoa) NAPA National Adaptation Program of Action NBP New Britain Palm (PNG)

I DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 NGO Non-governmental Organization NPC National Phosphate Corporation (Nauru) NZAID New Zealand Agency for International Development PACC Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (SPREP) PACE-SD Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development (USP) PCCSP Pacific Climate Change Science Program PIPA Phoenix Islands Protected Area PNG Papua New Guinea PV Photo-voltaic SLR Sea level rise SIAM World Bank-funded Samoa Infrastructure and Asset Management MNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Samoa) MPA Marine Protected Area MORDI Mainstreaming of Rural Development Innovation (Tonga) MLECCNR Ministry of Lands, Environment, Climate Change and Natural Resources (Tonga) PASAP Pacific Adaptation Strategy Assistance Program, PACC Pacific Adaptation to Climate PWD Public Works Department (Tuvalu) SIAM Samoa Infrastructure and Asset Management SIRDP Solomon Islands Rural Development Program SIWA Solomon Islands Water Authority SPCZ South Pacific Convergence Zone SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program TEC Tuvalu Electricity Corporation UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development USP University of the South Pacific V&A Vulnerability and Adaptation VPC Village Planning Committees WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WHO World Health Organization WST Samoan Tala currency

II DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Coastal Community Adaptation Project (C-CAP) is an implementation-oriented initiative designed to increase Pacific Island communities’ resilience to the current and projected impacts of climate change. C- CAP is building on a foundation of ongoing national-level climate programs and vulnerability assessments in the Pacific Islands region by instituting community-level climate change adaptation projects, establishing and/or strengthening disaster risk preparedness plans and initiatives, and adopting climate-smart land use plans that address long-term climate projections. Outside of these concrete deliverables, C-CAP is about more than supporting construction / rehabilitation of community infrastructure; it’s about helping beneficiary communities to:  Better understand the causes of climate change;  Learn about and access studies on climate change impacts and projections;  Distinguish between impacts caused by climate change, human activity (like deforestation), and regular weather events; and  Use and share lessons from C-CAP to make better infrastructure, disaster preparedness and land use planning decisions after the program ends. Climate Change Gap Analyses, Participatory Risk Mapping, and Risk & Asset (Infrastructure) Maps are the foundation of these efforts. In Year 1 of C-CAP implementation (October 2012 – September 2013), C-CAP completed these activities in 20 communities in Fiji, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Samoa and Tonga. In Year 2 (October 2013 – September 2014), C-CAP continues implementation in the 20 Year 1 communities across Fiji (5), PNG (5), Samoa (5), and Tonga (5) while launching activities in an additional 52 communities:

 Twenty (20) new communities across Fiji, PNG, Samoa, and Tonga (five per country);  Twenty (20) communities across Nauru and Vanuatu (10 per country);  Ten (10) communities (5 per country) across Kiribati and Solomon Islands; and  Two (2) communities in Tuvalu.

C-CAP’s engagement in these five new countries—Kiribati, Nauru, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu—will extend the program reach to nine Pacific Island Countries—each country earmarked for infrastructure activity support. This report includes 52 community reports—from nine countries—which encompass completion of Deliverables:  2.1.A.2—Conduct gap analysis of existing vulnerability assessments;  2.1.B.2—Lead participatory risk mapping exercise; and  2.1.C.2—Update community hazard, risk and/or vulnerability maps.

1 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Table 1 C-CAP Year 2 Partner Communities

Province / District / Island Country Communities Group

Northern Division

Cakaudrove Province 1. Vusasivo 2. Korotasere Fiji Bua Province 3. Yaqaga Eastern Division 4. Nasegai Kadavu Province 5. Nakasaleka (comprises the villages of Lomanikoro, Nakau, Nakoronaw, Nakaugasele) Tarawa Island District (North 1. Buariki Tarawa) 2. Noto Kiribati North Gilbert Islands District 3. Borotiam (Abaiang) 4. Evena 5. Taniau Yaren District 1. Yaren Boe District 2. Boe Denigomodu District 3. Denigomodu 4. Location Suburb Aiwo District 5. Aiwo

Nauru Baitsi District 6. Baitsi Anabar District 7. Anabar Anetan District 8. Anetan Ewa District 9. Ewa

1. Bol / Lamalawa Papua New 2. Panabeli New Ireland Province 3. Lossu Guinea 4. Ungakum (Island) 5. Nonovaul (Island) Savai’I Island

Palauli West District 1. Sala’ilu 2. Taga Upolu Island Samoa Sagaga Le Usoga District 3. Afega Vaimaugua District 4. Lauli’i Vaa o Donoti District 5. Taelefaga 1. South Dala Solomon 2. North Dala Malaita Province 3. Lilisiana Islands 4. New Kaloka 5. Kwai/Kaloka Vava’u Division

Vahe Motu District 1. Hunga 2. ‘Utule Tonga Neiafu District 3. Makave 4. Okoa ‘Uta Vava’u District 5. Tefisi

2 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Tuvalu Funafuti Atoll 1. Funafuti Community 2. Kavatoetoe 1. Pele Island Community (comprises the villages of Woreauru, Piliura, Worasiviu and Laonamoa) Moso Island

2. Tassiriki Shefa Province Emao Island

3. Wiana Vanuatu Nguna Island 4. Nekapa 5. Unakap Tanna Island 6. Loanialu Tafea Province 7. Launapikruan 8. Lamanaura 9. Lonamilo 10. Iru

1.1 C-CAP COMMUNITY COMMITTEES (CCCS)

Through implementation of this activity, the project team works with C-CAP Community Committees (CCCs) in each beneficiary community. CCCs are C-CAP’s primary community-level stakeholders for the project. They are the beneficiaries of C-CAP capacity building programs and the core stakeholders for all community-level activities. Each committee has representation across gender, religious and ethnic groups. C-CAP encourages communities to use existing community committees (village council, water committee, etc.) for the C-CAP project and workshops as long as they meet the following guidelines for committee membership:  Committees should be between 15-20 members;  The committee must include women and youth group representatives;  If there are multiple churches and ethnic groups in the village, each church / ethnic group should be represented on the committee; and  Committee members should be present at all C-CAP workshops to ensure continuity, continued capacity building and to be able to measure awareness-raising results over time.

1.2 C-CAP APPROACH TO CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION Climate change adaptation is a dynamic process through which implementers must identify risks, assess risk on critical infrastructure and livelihoods, identify adaptation options, prioritize options based on resources and other factors, implement the project, and monitor / adapt on an ongoing basis. C-CAP is designed to reflect this dynamic cycle. Through implementation of this foundational Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping activity, the project team works with each community to:  Review and hone community understanding of the enhanced greenhouse effect-driven process of climate change and the cascading climate change impacts that are driving local change;  Raise awareness of climate change projections for each country for the present to the late 21st century;  Catalogue climate change risks and impacts that the CCC has observed;  Identify and map small scale social, economic, water and coastal infrastructure that is essential for the health and livelihoods of each community; and

3 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Create a climate change vulnerability profile for each identified community asset to increase participants’ ability to link climate change risks and impacts to the infrastructure that it adversely affects. The core products of the Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping activity is a catalogue of climate change risks and impacts and a vulnerability profile for each infrastructure asset that the community identified as critically important for local health and livelihoods.

1.3 C-CAP CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING METHODOLOGY & FACILITATION GUIDE Following the C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping Methodology and Facilitation Guide, the C- CAP team implemented community activities based on best practices for facilitation, designed to elicit community participation and to increase awareness and understanding of important C-CAP concepts like the causes of climate change, climate change projections, types of climate change impacts, and classes of infrastructure eligible for C-CAP support. C-CAP’s bottom-up, participatory approach is institutionalized through this Methodology, which includes detailed lesson plans for five sessions: 1. C-CAP Introduction and Baseline Survey—C-CAP introduction and facilitation of baseline assessment of climate change knowledge and awareness. 2. Climate Change Risk and Impact Identification—Presentation on the enhanced greenhouse effect, global impacts of climate change, and climate change projections followed by a climate change impact visualization activity in which participants identify climate change impacts and risks specific to their community. 3. Climate Change Risk and Community Asset Mapping—Review of infrastructure types (natural / manmade; social / economic / water / coastal) and completion of hand-drawn community infrastructure maps. 4. GPS Mapping of Community Infrastructure—Capturing CCC-identified infrastructure with captioned photographs and handheld GPS units for upload to an open-source Google maps format. Each lesson plan has learning objectives and is broken down by five sections designed to guide participants through the learning cycle:  Motivation—Culturally appropriate meeting protocols, icebreaker activities, and overview of Session Objectives.  Presentation—Core learning and presentation of information.  Guided Practice—Introduction of Session deliverable and guidance through group example.  Application Exercise—Groups/Individuals complete independent work toward Session deliverable.  Evaluation—Facilitator quizzes group on core session concepts to ensure achievement of Session objectives. Within each section, there is a breakdown on time estimates, resources required, instructional sequence guidance (talking points), and facilitation tips for navigating complex climate science and other difficult-to- translate words and concepts.

1.4 SUMMARY The C-CAP team applied the principles and methodology outlined above to produce this report which provides background on each C-CAP partner country and community. Each community profile includes:  Gap analyses of recent, current or pending climate change-related projects and activities in the community which identify synergies with C-CAP activities and avoid duplication of development efforts;  Catalogues of each observed climate change impacts;

4 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Stocktaking of economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure, along with a vulnerability profile of each infrastructure point; and  A link to a Climate Change Risk & Asset Google Map which includes geo-referenced data points on the climate change risk infrastructure locations in the village along with a photograph and risk profile.

5 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 2.0 FIJI CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

The C-CAP team facilitated one day Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activities in:  Three (3) Vanua Levu communities—Yaqaga in Bua Province; and Korotasere and Vusasivo in Cakaudrove Province—between 4 and 7 November, 2013; and  Two (2) Kadavu Province communities—Nakasaleka and Nasegai—between 18 and 20 February 2014. In each session, the team led an introduction to C-CAP, and each village’s C-CAP Community Committee (CCC) participated in climate change risk identification and infrastructure mapping exercises. Following the workshop, the community’s C-CAP Social Mobilizer and interested CCC members led the C-CAP team on a tour of the village’s social, economic, coastal and water infrastructure. C-CAP geo-referenced and photographed these community assets and uploaded data points to the accessible, web-based Google Maps platform. These Climate Change Risk & Asset Maps will be applied by C-CAP and community stakeholders through all project components.

2.1 BACKGROUND Fiji comprises more than 300 islands with a total land area of approximately 18,300 km2. The last national census was taken in 1996, at which time the population was 773,000. Viti Levu—the largest of two main islands at10,429 km2—covers 57-percent of Fiji’s total area, while Vanua Levu covers 5,556 km2. Viti Levu is the political and economic center of Fiji with the capital city of Suva situated on the southeast coast and Nadi, the center of tourism, on the west coast. Over 90-percent of Fiji’s total population—along with the bulk of all service centers, infrastructure, and agricultural production—reside along the coast.

6 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 2.1.1 CLIMATE CHANGE GAP ANALYSIS OVERVIEW

In addition to their collaboration on C-CAP, the villages worked with the government to rehabilitate houses that were damaged during Cyclone Tomas in 2010. World Wildlife Fund initiatives also have been collaboratively working with the Institute of Applied Science of the University of the South Pacific in Yaqaga to promote the sustainability of the eco system of a rare species of iguana that is present near the community. Prior to the involvement of C-CAP, the AusAid Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) was involved with the village of Korotasere, assisting them with climate change adaptations by protecting their eroding riverbank. The Fiji Government had also conducted a training event in Vusasivo on sustaining the art of fan planting for which they are known as part of keeping the traditional knowledge and tradition of Natewa district where Vusasivo is located. In Nasegai and Nakaseleka communities in Kadavu, the organization Act for Peace conducted disaster management planning in both communities funded by the Australian government.

2.1.2 FIJI’S CLIMATE Fiji has an oceanic tropical climate with a dry season from May to October and rainy season from November to April. Fiji’s relative location has a strong influence on both seasonal and inter-annual variations in climate, particularly rainfall, where the southeasterly tradewinds carry moist air into the islands. Fiji is also prone to El Nino events and tropical cyclones relative to the country’s location in the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). During an El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, conditions drier and hotter than normal can be expected from June to August. During the November to April wet season, Fiji is normally traversed by tropical cyclones.

Climate change is likely to affect the coastal resources of Fiji in a variety of ways. Sea level rise may lead to increases in coastal erosion and coastal inundation, increased exposure to wave action (as coral growth lags behind sea-level rise), and, in some cases, the retreat of mangroves. Projected increases in sea surface temperature may lead to a rising incidence of coral bleaching. Coral bleaching, together with the lag in coral growth, may lead to a reduction in sediment production necessary for maintaining shoreline stability. Coral bleaching is also likely to have adverse effects on coastal biological diversity and fisheries. Changes in the patterns of storms, such as an increase in the frequency or intensity of tropical cyclones, may cause greater incidence of coastal inundation and erosion events. These processes may be exacerbated by reduced reef protection.

Fiji, especially Viti Levu, already suffers from human-generated coastal ecosystem degradation. High population growth rates, intensive urban development, deforestation of catchments, pollution and increased exploitation of biological and physical coastal resources have exposed large areas of coast to erosion and inundation events. These human-generated stressors have reduced the resilience of coastal systems to cope with climate variability, sea-level rise and other impacts of climate change.

Among the observed climate trends in Fiji (at the country scale), as reported by the Pacific Climate Change Science Program1:  Annual and seasonal rainfall trends are not statistically significant, but on average 63-percent of Suva’s rain and 77-percent of Nadi’s rain falls in the wet season between November and April;  Sea level rises, on average, 6 mm per year since 1993; and  Annual and seasonal mean air temperatures have increased between 1950 and 2009, with the most pronounced increases occurring in the wet season. Observed climate change trends and impacts on small scale infrastructure—as reported by each CCC—for each new C-CAP beneficiary community are found in the section below.

1 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011. Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Volume 2: Country Reports.

7 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 2.2 YAQAGA COMMUNITY

Yaqaga village is the only settlement on Yaqaga Island in Vanua Levu’s Bua Province. From the main town of Labasa, the journey to Lekutu in a 4WD vehicle is approximately 90 minutes. Travel on a village boat with an outboard motor from Labasa to Yaqaga Island takes one hour, on average. According to the turaga-ni-koro (village headman), who is also the Social Mobilizer for C-CAP, the village has a population of 157 people2. Population statistics at the village level from the 2007 national census are not available. The turaga-ni-koro is appointed by the village to manage its day to day affairs such as organizing meetings, liaising with government services, and managing visits to the community.

The community’s main source of income is from marine products with a very small portion from agriculture and craft/weaving. Community fish sales are generated through informal markets along the coast in Navakasiga; bêche-de-mer taken is sold to buyers who congregate on the neighboring island of Galoa. Some of the villages have started planting sandalwood as a longer term investment to support their families while short-term crops like watermelon, tobacco, and pumpkin are sold within the village.

2.2.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

Following approval from iTaukei Affairs Board and the Provincial Office, C-CAP completed the Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping exercise in close collaboration with Social Mobilizer on 4 November, 2013. The assessment was attended by 36 villagers representing the village leadership, men and women and youth groups. As an initial exercise, the community assessed how climate change is currently affecting their village and how they see it potentially impacting them in the future. C-CAP led an introduction to the project, followed by a brief overview on climate change, and the global impacts of climate change. The community representatives then identified and analyzed a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Village has experienced more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall episodes that fall between longer and Changing more intense dry periods. These changes impact traditional X X Seasonality planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply.

 Community reported that they now experience more intense dry periods that affect their water supply and agriculture.  The village relies on natural springs for its water supply. Currently Increased the springs are supplying water to the community reservoir. The Incidence / X X X reservoir is not sufficiently large enough to meet the community’s Intensity of need for freshwater. Water shortages are exacerbated by droughts frequent reservoir leaks, and more frequent and intense dry periods.

 Marine resources have been affected by sedimentation of the reefs due to runoff from periods of heavy rain—and may Increased Intensity contribute to dwindling fish stocks; further research would be X X of Rain storms required to attribute the cause of reduced near-shore fish populations, which may also be reflective of over-fishing.

2 Kavoa. Jope Ratu. "C-CAP Social Mobilizer for Yaqaga." Personal interview. 4 Nov. 2013.

8 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Cyclone Thomas was the last major cyclone to affect the village in Incidence and 2010, causing widespread damage in the Northern Division of Fiji. increased intensity  Although the village can experience storm surges during of cyclones / X X X cyclones, the long reef in front of the village reef provides some Extreme weather shelter for the bay. event

 Community estimates that the village site has lost approximately six acres in the last 50 years.  During spring tides the sea regularly enters the rows of houses Sea level rise / towards the village seafront and when it rains at the same time it Extreme sea level X X inundates a larger portion of the village. events  The plantations for the village are mainly situated on the same level as the village with very few on higher ground.  Recently the iTaukei Lands Trust Board moved the village boundaries for the village and the village infrastructure.

Adding nuance to the community’s discussion on the impact of tropical cyclones, the CCC advised that they have not established a disaster management plan. During disasters, the practice is that the village headman plays the lead role by informing the villagers of the weather and its updates. Movement of the elders and disabled is done before the cyclone reaches the vicinity. The village church is used as the evacuation center but during Cyclone Thomas it was badly damaged. The community is positioned to cover following the onset of a cyclone. The community’s solar powered electricity scheme ensures power during and after disasters, while communities on the national gird are more likely to have a considerable time lag before reconnection. The government-supported scheme provides household connections to the solar units, with an installation fee of FJD 50 and subsequent monthly payments of FJD14. As part of its Component Two activities, C-CAP will assist the village of Yaqaga with implementation of disaster risk preparedness plan which is scheduled for 2014-15.

2.2.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Following identification of local climate change impacts, the men, women and youth completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social and water infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events.

Figure 1 The Yaqaga Climate Change Risk & Asset Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.k0pKTqSaTeUQ

9 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 2.2.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Yaqaga village has 43 primary school students and 16 kindergarten students who 1. Village Boats are all boarding at Galoa Primary School.  Extreme weather conditions (School They travel by sea on Sundays to Galoa and  Incidence and intensity of cyclones Transportation) from Galoa to Yaqaga on Fridays if the  Extreme sea level events weather permits.

Main center in the village where supplies are  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events sold. Location on the coast leaves the  Increasing average air temperature 2. Village store village’s only store exposed to strong winds, (heat affecting storage of goods) storm surge, and sea level rise.  Incidence and intensity of cyclones The women of the village of Yaqaga are well known for weaving. Village voivoi plantation  Changing seasonality harvests are sold in Vanua Levu; it is an  Increased Intensity of Rain storms / 3. Voivoi / Pandanus important source of livelihoods. Leaves are prolonged periods of rain (impact voivoi Leaf Trade prepared and dried before sale, or otherwise quality) woven and then sold as mats.  Extreme weather conditions

2.2.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The vakatunuloa is a shed constructed of roofing iron and timber or bamboo posts used 1 Yaqaga  Incidence and intensity of cyclones / as a community gathering area. Materials for Vakatunuloa Extreme Weather Event (roof) the hall have been procured by the village (Meeting House)  Sea level rise / extreme sea level event development committee.

Situated in the middle of the village. Since it 2 Community was built, it had been the main village  Extreme Weather Event—roof damage Church evacuation center during cyclones.

Most village households are equipped with solar panels provided through a government  Incidence and intensity of cyclones / 3 Village solar subsidized scheme. Many of these solar Extreme Weather Event power scheme panels are situated beside their household on  Sea level rise / extreme sea level event the sea front area.

2.2.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Springs supply water to the catchment. The  Increased Incidence / Intensity of 1. Community water water is directed to the reservoir. From the droughts supply reservoir, piping leads to individual  Extreme Weather Event (structural households. The water is not treated. damage) The village does not currently have a properly constructed seawall although some attempts have been made by community members to create a stone barrier with old coral. Mangroves provide some protection to the  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events east and west of the main beach. The center (erosion) 2. Sea Front of the community has some protection against  Increased Intensity of Rain storms / king tides, storm surges and average sea prolonged periods of rain (erosion, level rise. Mangrove had been grown to sedimentation) protect houses along the inner part of the coast line. Behind the mangrove are coastal plants like baka trees, which stabilize the soil and help to prevent erosion.

10 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Bauxite from the mine is transported along the fishing ground  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Fishing is the main source of community (erosion, sedimentation) 3. Coral Reef livelihoods.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms / prolonged periods of rain (erosion, sedimentation)  Rise in sea surface temperatures

2.3 KOROTASERE COMMUNITY Korotasere village is located in Cakaudrove Province, approximately a one hour drive along the road that leads to Saqani along the western side of the Natewa Bay. According to the village headman who is also the social mobilizer for C-CAP, the village has a population of 154 people3. The community’s main source of income is from the usage of their land – Yaqona (kava) plantations and also logging; livelihoods are subsidized by semi-subsistence fisheries. Korotasere is the head village for Vaturova District. The C-CAP risk mapping exercise was conducted on 7 November 2013 and attended by 15 villagers representing village leadership, and women and youth groups.

2.3.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

As an initial exercise the community assessed how climate change is currently affecting their village and how they see it potentially impacting them in the future. C-CAP led an introduction to the project, followed by a brief overview on climate change, and the global impacts of climate change. The community representatives then analyzed and presented a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea level rise /  Due to the village’s low elevation relative to sea level (and high Extreme sea level water table), sea level rise and heavy rainfall events leave the events village prone to inundation. Extreme flooding when heavy rain coincides with extreme sea level events.  The community reports that Korotasere village experiencing more extreme flooding in recent years. The last village-wide flooding event was experienced during Cyclone Thomas in 2011. X X X  Food crops planted in village plains such as taro, cassava, bananas and leafy vegetables—a primary source of village livelihoods—are vulnerable to salt water intrusion. The community reported that this has had some impact on eating patterns and a rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with more processed foods now being consumed by the community.

Increased Intensity  Village is prone to flooding due to location with a high water table. of Rain storms  Marine resources have been affected by mangrove stunting caused by sedimentation from flooding of the river system—and is exacerbated by destruction of mangroves for firewood. X X X  Frequent flooding from periods of heavy rain submerges roads leading to the village and the village itself—cutting the population off from emergency services.

Incidence and  Flooding from cyclones and tropical depressions submerges the increased intensity roads leading to the village and the village itself —cutting the of cyclones / X X X population off from emergency services. extreme weather events

3 Veidre.Emosi. "C-CAP Social Mobilizer for Korotasere." Personal interview. 7 Nov. 2013.

11 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Incidence and  Drought impacts water supply and plantation yield and quality. intensity of drought X X X

Increased average  Increased sea surface temperature impacts coral reefs, causing air and sea surface X X X bleaching. temperature

Figure 2 A row of houses along the Korotasere River have been badly affected by recent floods and river bank erosion.

2.3.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Figure 3 Korotasere Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.krlhZoCNSCfY

12 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 2.3.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding)  Incidence and intensity of drought Subsistence and semi-subsistence  Sea level rise / extreme sea level agriculture is a source of income for the 1. Village Plantations events (salt water intrusion) village. Regular flooding and drought have affected community food security.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones / extreme weather events (damage to cassava, taro and kava)

 Increased average sea surface temperature (bleaching) Fishing is the main source of community 2. Coral reef  Increased intensity of rain storms livelihoods. (flooding, sedimentation)

 Increased intensity of rain storms (flooding) Copra sales are an important source of local  Incidence and intensity of drought livelihoods and have been negatively 3. Copra Plantation  Sea level rise / extreme sea level impacted both by drought and flooding events (salt water intrusion) (quality of coconuts).  Incidence and intensity of cyclones / extreme Weather Event

 Increasing average air temperature (heat affecting storage of goods)  Incidence and intensity of cyclones

4. Village store  Increased intensity of rain storms Village’s only store. (flooding)  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (inundation)

2.3.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Incidence and intensity of cyclones Salt water intrusion impacts concrete building  Increased intensity of rain storms 1. Korotasere / house foundations, causing early-onset (flooding) Buildings and deterioration. Homes  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (inundation)

 Incidence and intensity of cyclones  Increased intensity of rain storms Location congregation. Salt water intrusion 1. Korotasere (flooding) causes early-onset deterioration of Church foundation.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (inundation)

 Incidence and intensity of cyclones Village meeting house is located close to the 2. Vaturova vale ni  Increased intensity of rain storms river bank. vanua (flooding)

 Incidence and intensity of cyclones 3. Korotasere  Increased intensity of rain storms Government Local government services buildings. stations (flooding)

13 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 2.3.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The village does not currently have a properly constructed seawall although some attempts  Increased intensity of rain storms have been made by community members to (flooding) 1. Sea front create a stone barrier with old coral.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Mangroves provide some protection on the (erosion) right of the main beach.

 Increased intensity of rain storms Villagers use for recreation and fishing during (flooding, erosion) 2. River the inflow and outflow of tides.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (flooding, erosion)

Springs supply water to the catchment. The  Incidence and intensity of drought water is directed to the reservoir. From the  Incidence and intensity of cyclones / 3. Water supply reservoir, piping leads to individual extreme weather event households. The water is not treated.

 Increased intensity of rain storms (flooding) Because of the high water table, septic tanks  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events 4. Sewerage/septic are being built above ground with seepage (flooding) tanks during flooding events causing possible  Incidence and intensity of cyclones / health issues. extreme weather event (structural damage)

2.4 VUSASIVO COMMUNITY Similar to Korotasere, Vusasivo is located in Vanua Levu’s Cakaudrove Province –approximately three hours from Savusavu on the western side of Natewa Bay. The Natewa District village has a population of 320 with 62 households as reported by the iTaukei Affairs Ministry. The risk mapping exercise was held on 7 November 2013 and was attended by 23 villagers.

2.4.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

As an initial exercise the community assessed the current and projected impacts of climate change experienced in the village. C-CAP led an introduction to the project, followed by a brief overview on climate change, and the global impacts of climate change. The community representatives then analyzed and presented a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  A small river flanking the west of the village used to provide additional freshwater, was a source of freshwater prawns for Sea level rise / villagers, but salt water intrusion from sea level rise and storm Extreme sea level X X surges has reduced its viability for these functions. events  Extreme sea level events can inundate nearly half the village, impacting houses along the coastline.

 Storm / flooding cause excessive water runoff from the steep slopes to the rear of the village, which contaminates the village’s Increased Intensity primary freshwater spring. X X of Rain storms  Flooding of the creek running in the middle of Vusasivo village results in extreme erosion, a threat to houses lining the river.

14 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Incidence and increased intensity  The last major cyclone to affect the village was Cyclone Thomas of cyclones / X X X in 2010, which caused widespread damage in the Northern extreme weather Division of Fiji. events

Incidence and intensity of drought X X X  Drought impacts water supply and plantation yield and quality.

 Village noted that sea surface and air temperature is rising.  Increase in air temperature is impacting agricultural—and Increased average villager’s own—productivity, according to the committee. air and sea surface X X X temperature  The committee also expressed concern that rising sea surface temperature is contributing to declining near shore fish stocks.

2.4.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Figure 4 Vusasivo Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kFg2FYZSk5bM

2.4.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones / extreme weather events The village relies heavily on semi- 1 Village Plantations (damage to cassava, taro and tree subsistence agriculture as their primary and livestock areas crops) livelihood source.  Incidence and intensity of drought

 Increased intensity of rain storms Copra is one of the commodities the (flooding) villagers of Vusasivo rely on. Copra sales  Incidence and intensity of drought are an important source of local livelihoods 2 Copra plantation  Sea level rise / extreme sea level and have been negatively impacted both by events (salt water intrusion) drought and flooding (quality of coconuts).  Incidence and intensity of cyclones / extreme Weather Event

15 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased average air and sea surface Coral reefs are important feeding grounds temperature (bleaching) 3 Coral reef for fish — a major source community  Increased Intensity of Rain storms livelihoods. (flooding, sedimentation)

The women of the village of Vusasivo are  Extreme weather conditions well known for tapa printing and weaving. 4 Voivoi and masi  Increased Intensity of Rain storms / Village voivoi plantation harvests are sold in (Tapa) prolonged periods of rain (impact Vanua Levu; it is an important source of voivoi quality) livelihoods.

Mangrove forests serve as nurseries for coral reef fish and feeding grounds for fish and other marine life such as crabs.  Incidence and intensity of cyclones / Mangroves are essential for the extreme Weather Event 5 Mangroves sustainability of near-shore fisheries. In  Increased intensity of rain storms addition to climate impacts, also vulnerable (flooding, sedimentation) to manmade impacts such as pollution and unsustainable firewood harvesting.  Incidence and intensity of cyclones / extreme weather event (plantation The main road provides access to other roads wash out) 6 Roads/Bridges villages and to main markets in Savusavu.  Increased intensity of rain storms (flooding, main road washes out)

 Increased average air and sea surface Coral reefs are important feeding grounds temperature (bleaching) 7 Coral reefs for fish — a major source of a food and  Increased intensity of rainstorms livelihoods for the community. (sedimentation)

2.4.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events 1. Community Church Local place of worship.  Incidence and intensity of cyclones / extreme weather event

The school is situated beside the village. During disasters the village takes shelter in 2. Primary School the Vusasivo Primary school — the village’s  Incidence and intensity of cyclones / designated evacuation center. extreme weather event

The vakatunuloa is a shed constructed of  Sea level rise / extreme sea level roofing iron and timber or bamboo posts – a 3. Vakatunuloa / events community gathering area. Village plan is Community Hall  Incidence and intensity of cyclones / underway to construct the village hall. extreme weather event

16 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 2.4.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The village does not currently have a properly constructed seawall although some attempts have been made by community members to create a stone barrier with old coral. While  Increased intensity of rainstorms mangroves have been planted to provide 1 Sea Front (flooding) some protection for the village they have not  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events alone helped the village to secure the coastline from impacts of king tides, storm surges and average sea level rise.

The village has one protected spring that supplies water to the community. A water  Incidence and intensity of drought 2 Community Water system upgrading carried out by the Fiji Supply  Increased intensity of rainstorms Water Authority is in progress. (flooding, contamination from runoff)

 Increased intensity of rainstorms The creek running through the village provide (flooding, contamination from runoff) 3 Creek through bathing place during hot days and also when  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events village returning from plantation. A place to do (saltwater inundation) prawning and fishing for eel.

2.5 NASEGAI COMMUNITY Nasegai is located in southwest Kadavu Island, approximately one hour, by all-terrain vehicle, from the provincial capital of Vunisea. According to the village headman who is also the social mobilizer for C-CAP, the village has a population of 195 people4 this number was confirmed in 2014 by the iTaukei Affairs Ministry. The village headman is appointed by the village to manage the day to day affairs of the village such organizing meetings, liaising with government services and managing visits to the community. The C- CAP risk mapping exercise was conducted on 18 February 2014 and was attended by 16 villagers representing village leadership, and women and youth groups. The community’s primary livelihoods are semi-subsistence agriculture and fishing; kava is the primary ‘cash crop.’ The village also cultivates fruits and vegetables for local sales.

2.5.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea level rise /  The community estimates that the village site has lost Extreme sea level X X approximately three acres in the last 50 years. events

4 Waqatakona Ratu Masi. "C-CAP Social Mobilizer for Nasegai." Personal interview. 18 Feb. 2014.

17 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  The C-CAP committee reports that their village has experienced more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall episodes that fall between longer and more intense dry periods. These changes impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply. Increased Intensity X X X  Marine resources have been affected by sedimentation of the of Rain storms reefs due to periods of heavy rain—and may contribute to dwindling fish stocks; further research would be required to attribute the cause of reduced near-shore fish populations , which may also be reflective of over-fishing.

Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones /  Cyclone Thomas (2010) was the last major cyclone to affect the X X X extreme weather village; it caused widespread damage in the Island of Kadavu. events

 The C-CAP committee reports that their village has experienced more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall episodes that fall between longer and more intense dry periods. These changes impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply. Incidence and  The community has also reported that they now experience more intensity of drought X X X intense dry periods that affect their water supply and agriculture.

The village relies on natural springs for its water supply. Currently the springs are supplying water to the community reservoir. Water shortages are exacerbated by frequent reservoir leaks, and more frequent and intense dry periods.

 Community advised that marine resources have been affected— with increasing sea surface temperature and runoff and Increased average sedimentation of coral reefs contributing to dwindling fish stocks; sea surface X X further research would be required to attribute the cause of temperature reduced near-shore fish populations, which may also be reflective of over-fishing.

2.5.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

18 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 5 Nasegai Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kFg2FYZSk5bM 2.5.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms (prolonged rain not condusive to kava  Kava plantations are the main income or taro crop) source for the villagers of Nasegai. 1. Plantation  Incidence and increased intensity of Farmers intercrop taro with kava for cyclones / extreme weather events subsistence and limited domestic sales.  Incidence and intensity of drought

 Increased average sea surface temperature  Fishing is the second main source of 2. Coral Reef  Increased Intensity of Rain storms community livelihoods. (sedimentation)

 The village road is an important link to the provincial capital—but is poorly  Increased Intensity of Rain storms constructed and maintained. Vunisea is (flooding and erosion of road) 3. Main Road access point for government, medical  Incidence and increased intensity of and transportation services, as well as cyclones / extreme weather events commerce.

2.5.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms  The vale ni Vanua functions as a town (erosion) hall, and the home of the village chief. It 1. Vale ni Vanua  Incidence and increased intensity of poorly constructed, with corrugated iron cyclones / extreme weather events and is located off a steep slope.

19 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Situated within the first row of houses  Increased Intensity of Rain storms close to the eroding cliff running along (erosion) the coast. Since it was built, it had been 2. Community Church  Incidence and increased intensity of the main village evacuation center cyclones / extreme weather events during cyclones.

 Every Mataqali (clan) in the village has a designated home where the head of the clan resides; it also serves as a  Incidence and increased intensity of 3. Vale ni Mataqali gathering area for clan, meetings, cyclones / extreme weather events events and celebrations.

 Pathway provides primary access to the  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level local school. It runs along coast and 4. School Access events passes a creek on the way to the Pathway  Increased Intensity of Rain storms school. (flooding, erosion)

2.5.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Springs supply water to the catchment. The water is directed to the reservoir.  Incidence and increased intensity of 1. Community Water From the reservoir pipe leads to cyclones / extreme weather events Supply System individual households. The water is not  Incidence and intensity of drought treated.  Informally constructed seawall has  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level degraded over time from exposure to 2. Sea Wall events cyclones, extreme sea level events and

other factors.

 Drainage system mitigates impact of  Increased Intensity of Rain storms 3. Village drainage flooding, contributes to improved village (flooding, erosion) sanitation.  Extreme Weather Event

2.6 NAKASALEKA COMMUNITY Kadavu Province’s Nakasaleka community is comprised of Lomanikoro, Nakaunakoro, Nakoronawa and Nakaugasele villages; the community is located approximately two and a half hours by boat from Vunisea, the Kadavu capital. According to the social mobilizer for C-CAP, the villages have a total population of 290 people5. The iTaukei Affairs Ministry puts the population at 264 persons in 2014. Community livelihoods depend on semi-subsistence agriculture, primarily kava cultivation, and fishing.

2.6.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION As an initial exercise the community assessed the current and projected impacts of climate change experienced in the village. C-CAP led an introduction to the project, followed by a brief overview on climate change, and the global impacts of climate change. The community representatives then analyzed and presented a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below. The C-CAP risk mapping exercise was conducted on 20 February, 2014 and attended by 15 villagers representing village leadership, and women and youth groups.

5 Ratulevu.Isireli. "C-CAP Social Mobilizer for Nasegai." Personal interview. 20 Feb. 2014.

20 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  The community reports that due to the village’s low elevation relative to sea level, rising sea levels leave the village prone to Sea level rise / inundation. Impacts are exacerbated when rain storms coincide Extreme sea level X X with spring tides – resulting in widespread flooding of the village. events The community estimates that the village site has lost approximately three acres in the last 50 years.

 The C-CAP committee reported a change in rainfall patterns, with more intense rainfall episodes during recent low pressures.  The community reports that due to the village’s low elevation relative to sea level, its high water table, and its location along the course of a river, heavy rainfall events leave the village prone to inundation. Rain storm related flooding is often exacerbated when it coincides with spring tides. Water intrusion has also impacted Increased Intensity concrete house foundations with the foundation deteriorating X X of Rain storms much quicker due to water and flooding.  The problem of flooding is exacerbated by the village’s poor drainage system especially during periods of heavy rainfall.  The community also relies on the marine resources for subsistence and sales in the villages. Marine resources have been affected by flooding and increased sedimentation of the river system, as well as destruction of mangroves for firewood.

 The C-CAP committee reports that more intense dry periods Incidence and impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, intensity of drought X X X and the village water supply.

2.6.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

21 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 6 Nakasaleka Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.k4QVHKn2gj3U

2.6.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms  Semi-subsistence agriculture is another  Incidence and intensity of drought source of income for the village. 1. Village Plantations  Incidence and increased intensity of Regular flooding and drought have cyclones / extreme weather events affected community food security.

 Increased average sea surface temperature  Fishing is the main source of 2. Coral reef  Increased Intensity of Rain storms community livelihoods. (sedimentation)

2.6.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms  The Church is situated within a flood 1. Villages Church  Incidence and increased intensity of zone. cyclones / extreme weather events  Increased Intensity of Rain storms  Community halls also serve as 2. Community Hall  Incidence and increased intensity of evacuation centers. cyclones / extreme weather events  Children from the 4 villages and  Increased Intensity of Rain storms 3. School neighboring settlements attend for their  Incidence and increased intensity of primary education at this institution. cyclones / extreme weather events

22 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 2.6.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events  Mangroves are an important buffer and 1. Mangroves  Increased Intensity of Rain storms location for fish spawning. (sedimentation).

 The villages of Lomanikoro/ Nakaunakoro/ Nakoronawa/ Nakaugasele use the creek for  Increased Intensity of Rain storms recreational purposes, washing,  Incidence and intensity of drought 2. Creek bathing, washing kava, prawning,  Incidence and increased intensity of crabbing and fishing during the inflow cyclones / extreme weather events. and outflow of tides.

 Springs supply water to the catchment. The water is directed to the reservoir.  Incidence and intensity of drought 3. Water supply From the reservoir pipe leads to  Incidence and increased intensity of individual households. The water is not cyclones / extreme weather events. treated.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms  The bridge, funded by JICA, is used to 4. Bridge  Incidence and increased intensity of cross the river between villages. cyclones / extreme weather events.

23 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 3.0 KIRIBATI CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

In collaboration with public service representatives from the office of the President of Kiribati and the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development (MELAD) in North Tarawa, C-CAP completed Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping exercises in five i-Kiribati communities across two Islands: Borotiam, Evena and Taniau on Abaiang Island; and Buariki and Noto on North Tarawa Island. C-CAP facilitated these half-day sessions between 30 January 2014 and 1 February 2014. In each community, C- CAP met with C-CAP Community Committees (CCCs) comprised of community leaders from men’s, women’s and youth groups. Through the sessions, C-CAP led an introduction to the project, and climate change risk identification and infrastructure mapping exercises. Following the workshop, community leaders and interested community member’s led the C-CAP team on a tour of the village’s social, economic, coastal and water infrastructure. C-CAP geo-referenced and photographed these community assets and uploaded data points into mapping software for future geospatial analysis.

3.1 BACKGROUND

Kiribati is a coastal atoll nation, consisting of three main island groups scattered over 3 million km2 of the Central Pacific, between latitudes 4° N and 3° S, and longitudes 172° E and 157° W. Kiribati is comprised of 33 low-lying coral islands, 10 of which are coral atolls. The atolls are clustered into three groups: the Gilbert Group in the west; the Line Group in the east; and the Phoenix Group. The total land area of all the atolls is about 800 km2, while the distance between the most westerly atoll of Banaba (Gilbert Group) and Kiritimati (Line Group) in the east is a vast 4000 km. Each of the groups is so far from each other that they have their own distinct EEZs. Aggregated, the total size of the EEZ is approximately 3.5 million km2.

The Gilbert Island group consists of 17 islands (including Banaba) with a total land area of 285.7 km2. Land ownership within these islands is by traditional land tenure system. Tarawa Atoll, in the Gilbert group and the location of the capital, consists of more than 20 named islets, the southern six of which are linked by causeways. The distance between Tarawa and outer islands in the Gilbert group ranges between 51 km and 600 km.

The Phoenix Island group consists of eight largely uninhabited islands with a total land area of just 28.6 km2 located some 1,750 km east of Tarawa. This island group has been organized into the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA). All islands within this group belong to the Government of Kiribati. The only inhabited island of the Phoenix group is Kanton (Canton) Island with the land area of 9 km2. This island housed government officials who are stationed there for government administration purposes.

The Line Island group consists of eight islands with a total land area of 496.5 km2, extending over a north- south distance of 2,100 km, located at a distance of between 3, 280 and 4, 210 km east of Tarawa, and some 800 km south of Hawaii. This group includes the largest island in Kiribati and also the biggest atoll in the world, Kiritimati. It has a total area of 388.4 km2.

24 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Most of the islands are no more than two km wide, or more than six meters above sea level, except Banaba, which is the only raised limestone island in Kiribati. It sits 87 m above mean sea level. Banaba is now dilapidated place of rock pinnacles and deep trenches that are remnants of past phosphate mining operations.

3.1.1 CLIMATE CHANGE GAP ANALYSIS OVERVIEW All gap analysis inputs for Kiribati may be found within each respective community’s Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping report.

3.1.2 KIRIBATI’S CLIMATE Among the observed climate trends in Kiribati (based on observations in Tarawa), as reported by the Pacific Climate Change Science Program6:  There is high year-to-year variability in annual rainfall, with a mean of 2100 mm per year. Droughts, which are typically associated with La Niña, can be severe. For instance, a drought during a La Niña event lasted from July 1988 and December 1989. In this 18-month period, only 205 mm of rainfall was received—just 10-percent of the annual mean.  There are warming trends in both annual and seasonal mean air temperatures; minimum air temperature trends are slightly stronger that maximum air temperature trends.  While Kiribati frequently experienced extreme sea level events like storm surge and king tides, cyclones rarely pass within 400 km of Kiribati. In the 40 years between 1970 and 2010, three cyclones passed within 400 km of Arorae Island; and three passed within 400 km of Caroline Island.  Sea level around Kiribati since 1993 has risen between 1-4 mm per year.

Observed climate change trends and impacts on small scale infrastructure—as reported by each CCC—for each new C-CAP beneficiary community are found in the section below. 3.2 BOROTIAM COMMUNITY

Borotiam, accessible by boat from South Tarawa, is located on Abaiang. Based on census details provided by the Office of the President, the village has a population of 375. The visit to the community was organized through the Abaiang Island Council. The C-CAP risk mapping exercise was attended by 27 villagers representing village leadership, men, women and youth groups on 30 January. The community’s main source of income is from fishing. Currently all fish caught are marketed in South Tarawa —a three hour journey by small boat. Other economic activities include harvesting and sales from copra, seashells, traditional ropes, vegetables and sea cucumbers. The land resources are used mainly for subsistence food production although imported foods such as rice and tinned meat now form a large part of the diet. There are no current or near-term development programs being implemented in Borotiam.

3.2.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

As an initial exercise, the community assessed how climate change is currently affecting their village and how they see it potentially impacting them in the future. C-CAP led an introduction to the project, followed by a brief overview on climate change, and the global impacts of climate change. The community representatives then analyzed and presented the local impacts of global warming, precipitation pattern changes, and natural disasters experienced in Borotiam.

6 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011. Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Volume 2: Country Reports.

25 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

 The community reported that their village has experienced more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall Changing episodes that fall between longer and more intense dry periods. X X Seasonality These changes impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply.

Increased intensity  Intense rainfall can cause flooding, while strong wind events of precipitation / X X damage crops and infrastructure (roofs). Strong wind events

Incidence and intensity of drought X X X  Drought impacts water supply and plantation yield and quality.

3.2.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the men, women and youth completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social and water infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events.

Figure 6 Borotiam Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kgZ1RGRCuKN8

26 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 3.2.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The lagoon is an important resource for  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 1. Lagoon shellfish and fish. events (erosion, sedimentation)

Sea grass areas are an important habitat for shellfish which are a food and economic  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 2. Sea grass resource. events (erosion, sedimentation)

Nearby reefs are an important source of  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 3. Reefs food and fish for sale for the community. events (erosion, sedimentation)  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (saltwater inundation) Subsistence and semi-subsistence  Changing Seasonality (planting agriculture is another source of income for 4. Village Plantations seasons) the village. Regular salt water intrusion and and Livestock areas flooding have affected community food  Increased intensity of precipitation / security. The main livestock are pigs. Strong wind events (damage to crops, flooding)

 Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (flooding) 5. Roads There is one access road into the village.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (roads wash out)

The ferry landing provides access to the  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 6. Ferry landing markets in South Tarawa and is important events (roads wash out) for the importation of goods.

3.2.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The Church is very close to the sea and events (flooding) 1. Catholic Church floods during king tides and tidal surges.  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof)

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The Church is very close to the sea and events (flooding) 2. Mormon Church floods during king tides and tidal surges.

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The Church is very close to the sea and events (flooding) 3. Protestant Church floods during king tides and tidal surges.  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The maneaba/community hall is used for events (flooding) 4. Maneaba village events.  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof).

A site has been selected for a community  Increased intensity of precipitation / 5. School site school in an area that does not flood. Strong wind events.

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The cemetery can be flooded during king tide 6. Village cemetery events (flooding). events and tidal surges.

27 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 3.2.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The village beach front (lagoon and ocean side) is affected by rising sea levels and  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level major climatic events. In recent years there 1. Beach front events (flooding). has been a project through Kiriwatsan to stop

open defecation on the beaches.

The water wells are the major source of water for the community; however sea level rise has  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level increased their salinity and sanitation issues events (flooding, salt water inundation) 2. Water wells have provided on-going contamination of the  Incidence and intensity of drought. water resource.

There are two communal rainwater catchment  Incidence and intensity of drought tanks on the Catholic Church and maneaba. The latter is yet to be connected. Most roofs  Increased intensity of precipitation / 3. Water tanks are thatched, limiting capacity for rainwater Strong wind events (damage to collection. catchment area).

3.3 EVENA COMMUNITY The Evena community is located on Abaiang Island—which is accessible by boat from South Tarawa. According to census data provided by the Office of the President of Kiribati, the village has a population of 488. The visit to the community was organized through the Abaiang Island Council who also organized the C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping exercise; 55 villagers—representing village leadership, and women and youth groups—participated in the activity, which was held on 30 January 2014.

As with most i-Kiribati communities, Evena’s main source of income is from fishing. Currently all fish caught are marketed in South Tarawa —a three hour journey by small boat. Like Borotiam, other economic activities include harvesting and sales from copra, seashells, traditional ropes, vegetables and sea Figure 7 Evena is extremely vulnerable to sea level rise and extreme cucumbers. The land resources are used sea level events. The village sea wall is pictured here. mainly for subsistence food production although imported foods such as rice and tinned meat now form a large part of the diet. With funding from the European Union, the University of the South Pacific’s Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development (PACE-SD) is implementing the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) project in Evena. Funding has been used to conduct a vulnerability and adaptation assessment (V&A) and support rainwater catchments systems in the village. Through the V&A, the community prioritized the following adaptation activities: development of rainwater catchment systems; household solar-power units; composting toilets; climate-smart agriculture; and improved communications systems for disaster preparedness. The village is also supported through the Kiribati Water and Sanitation for Outer Islands Phase II (KIRIWATSAN II), funded by the EuropeAid Co-operation Office (EuropeAID). The project supports water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) related activities across 16 islands of the Gilbert Group. In Evena, the Kiriwatsan project is being implemented through the Ministry of Public Works. KIRIWATSAN aims to

28 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 provide improved sanitation, including the use of community led total sanitation (CLTS) and a reticulated water system to the village using existing ground water supplies. Finally, the Kiribati Adaptation Project has completed a project to protect part of the coast in the village to ensure sections of the main road on Abaiang are not washed away by rising sea levels.

3.3.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

As an initial exercise the community assessed how climate variability is currently affecting their village and how climate change will potentially impacting them in the future. C-CAP led an introduction to the project, followed by a brief overview on climate change, and the global impacts of climate change. The community representatives then analyzed and presented the local impacts climate change experienced in Evena—which mostly mirror impacts identified by the Borotiam CCC and other Abiang Island CCCs.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  The community has highlighted that extreme sea level events (king tides, storm surge) cause coastal erosion and damage the road to Abaiang. Erosion along the lagoon coastline increases risk to both public and private assets.  During king tides the sea regularly enters the village, inundating a larger swath of Evena’s limited land resources including plantations of the staple crop: bwabwai pits (swamp taro).  Freshwater lens is increasingly brackish, while also being Sea level rise / impacted by overpopulation and sanitation management. Diarrhea Extreme sea level X X X and hepatitis are common illnesses in the community; with events reliance on contaminated groundwater, very little use is made of rainwater catchment in the community.  While outside of the cyclone belt, strong winds cause tidal surges that have damaged coastal areas and infrastructure on both the lagoon and ocean fronts. The community highlighted that at either end of the lagoon coast of their village erosion is taking place; in the central section of the community, however, there is some accretion.

Increased intensity  Intense rainfall can cause flooding, while strong wind events of precipitation / X X damage crops and infrastructure (roofs). Strong wind events

Incidence and X X X  Drought impacts water supply and plantation yield and quality. intensity of drought  Community advised that marine resources have been affected— with increasing sea surface temperature contributing to dwindling Increased average fish stocks; further research would be required to attribute the sea surface X X cause of reduced near-shore fish populations, which may also be temperature reflective of over-fishing.

29 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 3.3.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Figure 8 Evena Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kuPk7pRAEEnI

3.3.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The lagoon is an important resource for  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 1. Lagoon shellfish and fish. events (erosion, sedimentation).

Mangrove forests serve as nurseries for coral reef fish and feeding grounds for fish  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level and other marine life. Mangroves are events (erosion, sedimentation) 2. Mangrove Forests essential for the sustainability of near-shore  Increased intensity of precipitation / fisheries. Marine resources are the primary Strong wind events . source of income for the community.

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (saltwater inundation) Subsistence and semi-subsistence  Changing Seasonality (planting agriculture is another source of income for 3. Village Plantations seasons) the village. Regular salt water intrusion and and Livestock areas flooding have affected community food  Increased intensity of precipitation / security. The main livestock are pigs. Strong wind events (damage to crops, flooding).

 Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (flooding) 4. Roads There is one access road into the village.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (roads wash out.

30 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 3.3.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The Church is very close to the sea and events (flooding) 2. AOG Church floods during king tides and tidal surges.  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (flooding) 4. Pre- School School for infants from ages 3-6  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The maneaba/community hall is used to host events (flooding) 5. Maneaba village events.  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (flooding) 6. Abaiang Council The offices house the island council.  Increased intensity of precipitation / offices Strong wind events (roof).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The guest house if used to accommodate events (flooding) 7. Abaiang Council guest house visitors  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The clinic provides health services to the events (flooding) 8. Clinic community and surrounding villages.  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof). A site has been selected for an evacuation 9. Evacuation center  Increased intensity of precipitation / site center in an area that does not flood. Strong wind events (roof)

The cemetery floods during king tide events  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 10. Village cemetery and tidal surges. events (flooding)

3.3.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The seawall was designed to stem erosion and to provide a coastal barrier against king tides, storm surges and average sea level rise. However it now needs significant improvement to cope with rising sea levels  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 1. Sea Wall and storm surges; presently, it does not events (flooding, erosion). extend the length of the village—covering a small portion of the village’s lagoon side.

31 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 The lagoon- and ocean-side beach fronts are affected by rising sea levels and extreme sea level events (king tides, storm surge) as well  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 2. Beach front as human activity. KiriWatSan has, in recent events (flooding, erosion). years, led an awareness campaign to stem practice of open defecation on the beaches.

The water wells are the major source of water  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level for the community; sea level rise has 3. Water wells events (saltwater inundation) increased their salinity, while sanitation issues  Incidence and intensity of drought. contaminate the already brackish water. There are two communal water tanks, located at the Catholic Church and maneaba / town  Incidence and intensity of drought. hall. The latter is yet to be connected. Most 4. Water tanks  Increased intensity of precipitation / roofs are thatched, limiting capacity for Strong wind events (roof). rainwater collection.

3.4 TANIAU COMMUNITY

The Taniau community is located on Abaiang Island—which is accessible by boat from South Tarawa. According to census data provided by the Office of the President of Kiribati, the village has a population of 310. The visit to the community was organized through the Abaiang Island Council organized the C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping exercise; 39 villagers—representing village leadership, and women and youth groups—participated in the activity, which was held on 30 January 2014.

As with most i-Kiribati communities, Taniau’s main source of income is from fishing. Currently all fish caught are marketed in South Tarawa —a three hour journey by small boat. Like Borotiam, other economic activities include harvesting and sales from copra, seashells, traditional ropes, vegetables and sea cucumbers. The land resources are used mainly for subsistence food production although imported foods such as rice and tinned meat now form a large part of the diet. There are no current or near-term development programs being implemented in Taniau.

3.4.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

As an initial exercise the community assessed the current and projected impacts of climate change experienced in the village. C-CAP led an introduction to the project, followed by a brief overview on climate change, and the global impacts of climate change. The community representatives then analyzed and presented the local impacts of climate change experienced in Taniau.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  The community has highlighted that extreme sea level events (king tides, storm surge) cause coastal erosion and damage the road to Abaiang. Erosion along the lagoon coastline increases risk to both public and private assets.  During king tides the sea regularly enters the village, inundating a larger swath of Taniau’s limited land resources including plantations of the staple crop: bwabwai pits(swamp taro). Sea level rise /  Freshwater lens is increasingly brackish, while also being Extreme sea level X X X impacted by overpopulation and sanitation management. Diarrhea events and hepatitis are common illnesses in the community; with reliance on contaminated groundwater, very little use is made of rainwater catchment in the community.  While outside of the cyclone belt, strong winds cause tidal surges that have damaged coastal areas and infrastructure on both the lagoon and ocean fronts.

32 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  The community reported that their village has experienced more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall Changing episodes that fall between longer and more intense dry periods. X X Seasonality These changes impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply.

Increased intensity  Intense rainfall can cause flooding, while strong wind events of precipitation / X X damage crops and infrastructure (roofs). Strong wind events

Incidence and intensity of drought X X X  Drought impacts water supply and plantation yield and quality.

 Community advised that marine resources have been affected— with increasing sea surface temperature contributing to dwindling Increased average fish stocks; further research would be required to attribute the sea surface X X cause of reduced near-shore fish populations, which may also be temperature reflective of over-fishing.

3.4.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the men, women and youth completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social and water infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events.

Figure 9: Taniau Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kN5x2ojyyJTk 3.4.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The lagoon is an important resource for  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 1. Lagoon shellfish and fish. events (erosion, sedimentation).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level Subsistence and semi-subsistence events (saltwater inundation) agriculture is another source of income for  Changing Seasonality (planting 2. Village Plantations, the village. Regular salt water intrusion and seasons) bwabwai pits and flooding have affected community food livestock areas security, with impacts most significantly felt  Increased intensity of precipitation / on the local staple, swamp taro (bwabwai). Strong wind events (damage to crops, The main livestock are pigs. flooding).

33 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (flooding) 3. Roads There is one access road into the village.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (roads wash out).

3.4.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The Church is very close to the sea and events (flooding) 2. Protestant Church floods during king tides and tidal surges.  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (flooding) 3. Primary School Village school for grades 1-6.  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (flooding) The maneaba/community hall is used to host 4. Maneaba  Increased intensity of precipitation / village events. Strong wind events (roof).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (flooding) The clinic provides health services to the 11. Clinic  Increased intensity of precipitation / community and surrounding villages. Strong wind events (roof).

The cemetery floods during king tide events  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 12. Village cemetery and tidal surges. events (flooding).

3.4.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The seawall was designed to stem erosion and to provide a coastal barrier against king tides, storm surges and average sea level  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 1. Sea Wall rise. However it now needs significant events (flooding, erosion). improvement to cope with rising sea levels and storm surges.

The lagoon- and ocean-side beach fronts are affected by rising sea levels and extreme sea level events (king tides, storm surge) as well  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 2. Beach front as human activity. KiriWatSan has, in recent events (flooding, erosion). years, led an awareness campaign to stem practice of open defecation on the beaches.

Mangrove forests serve as nurseries for coral reef fish and feeding grounds for fish and other marine life. Mangroves are essential for  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level the sustainability of near-shore fisheries. events (erosion, sedimentation) 3. Mangrove Forests Marine resources are the primary source of  Increased intensity of precipitation / income for the community. Strong wind events .

34 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level Nearby reefs are an important source of food events (erosion, sedimentation) 4. Reefs and fish for sale for the community.  Increased sea surface temperature

The water wells are the major source of water  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level for the community; sea level rise has 5. Water wells events (saltwater inundation) increased their salinity, while sanitation issues  Incidence and intensity of drought contaminate the already brackish water. There is one communal water tank, located at  Incidence and intensity of drought the Catholic Church. As most roofs are 6. Water tanks  Increased intensity of precipitation / thatched few people make use of rainwater Strong wind events (roof) collection.

3.5 BUARIKI COMMUNITY

Buariki is located on North Tarawa, which is accessible by boat from South Tarawa. The village has a population of 703, comprised of 348 males and 355 females7. The visit to the community was organized through the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development (MELAD) and the Island Council. The C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping exercise—held on 31 January 2014—was attended by 34 villagers representing village leadership, and women and youth groups.

Buariki’s main source of income is from fishing. Currently all fish caught are marketed in South Tarawa —a fourty five minute journey by small boat. Other sources of income include selling seaweed and pandanus thatch. Like Evena, Buariki is currently partnering with the EU-funded Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) Project on development of adaptation strategies. Implementer PACE-SD has applied funding to conduct a vulnerability and adaptation assessment (V&A) and support rainwater catchments systems in the village. The V&A prioritized the following adaptation activities: installation of rainwater catchment systems; household solar power; composting toilets; climate-smart agriculture; and improved communications systems for disaster preparedness. C-CAP is collaborating with PACE-SD on the V&A to more rigorously analyze the social, economic, coastal and water infrastructure identified by the Evena C-CAP Community Committee (CCC) through C-CAP Deliverable 2.2. In 2015, EuropeAID’s KIRIWATSAN II is scheduled to support WASH related activities in Buariki.

The Kiribati Adaptation Project has just started on a coastal protection project in the village to ensure sections of the main road on North Tarawa are not washed away by rising sea levels.

3.5.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

7 Kiribati. Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. National Statistics Office. Kiribati 2010 Census of Population and Housing. Bairiki, 2012.

35 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  The community has highlighted that westerly winds drive extreme sea level events (king tides, storm surge) causing coastal erosion.  During king tides the sea regularly enters the village, inundating the village. Sea level rise /  Freshwater lens is increasingly brackish, while also being Extreme sea level X X X impacted by overpopulation and sanitation management. Diarrhea events and hepatitis are common illnesses in the community.  While outside of the cyclone belt, strong winds cause tidal surges that have damaged coastal areas and infrastructure on both the lagoon and ocean fronts.

Increased intensity  Intense rainfall can cause flooding, while strong wind events of precipitation / X X damage crops and infrastructure (roofs). Strong wind events  Runoff from flooding contaminates the groundwater resource.

 Drought impacts water supply (rainwater catchment and well Incidence and water) and plantation yield and quality. intensity of drought X X X  Currently there are 10 water tanks in the village with a capacity of 60,000 liters when full; this is, however, insufficient for meeting community needs.

3.5.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the men, women and youth completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social and water infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events.

Figure 10 Buariki Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kkBxz7WULYKY

36 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 3.5.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The lagoon is an important resource for  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 1. Lagoon shellfish and fish. events (erosion, sedimentation).

The local reef is a source of fish for sale and  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 2. Reefs consumption. events (erosion, sedimentation).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level Subsistence and semi-subsistence events (saltwater inundation) agriculture (swamp taro pits and tree crops)  Changing Seasonality (planting 3. Village Plantations is another source of income for the village. seasons) and Livestock areas Regular salt water intrusion and flooding  Increased intensity of precipitation / have affected community food security. The Strong wind events (damage to crops, main livestock are pigs. flooding).

 Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (flooding) 4. Roads There is one access road into the village.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (roads wash out).

 Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (wind damage) There are 4 family owned shops in the 5. Shops  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level community which supply basic provisions. events (flooding). 

3.5.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (flooding) The maneaba/community hall is used to host 3. Maneaba  Increased intensity of precipitation / village events. Strong wind events (roof)

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (flooding) The clinic provides health services to the 4. Clinic  Increased intensity of precipitation / community and surrounding villages. Strong wind events (roof)

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The sports field is used for local sports 5. Sports field events (flooding) competitions.

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The cemetery can be flooded during extreme 6. Village cemetery events (flooding) sea level events.

37 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 3.5.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The seawall was designed to stem erosion and to provide a coastal barrier against king  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 1. Sea Wall tides, storm surges and average sea level events. rise.

The lagoon and ocean-side beach fronts are affected by rising sea levels and major  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 2. Beach front climatic events. events.

The water wells are the major source of water for the community; sea level rise has  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level increased their salinity, while sanitation issues 3. Water wells events (saltwater inundation) contaminate the already brackish water.  Incidence and intensity of drought

Currently there are 10 water tanks in the village with a capacity of 60,000 liters when  Incidence and intensity of drought 4. Water tanks full; this is, however, insufficient for meeting  Increased intensity of precipitation / community needs. Strong wind events (roof)

3.6 NOTO COMMUNITY

Noto is situated on North Tarawa. The village is accessible by boat from South Tarawa. According to census data provided by the Office of the President of Kiribati, the village has a population of 488. The visit to the community was organized through the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development (MELAD) and the Island Council. The C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping exercise—held on 1 February 2014—was attended by 37 villagers representing village leadership, and women and youth groups.

As with Buariki, the main source of income is from fishing. Currently all fish caught are marketed in South Tarawa —a 45-minute journey by small boat.

3.6.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  The community has highlighted that westerly winds drive extreme sea level events (king tides, storm surge), causing coastal erosion.  During king tides the sea regularly enters the village, inundating the village.  Freshwater lens is increasingly brackish—main source of potable Sea level rise / water—while also being impacted by overpopulation and Extreme sea level X X X sanitation management. Diarrhea and hepatitis are common events illnesses in the community.  While outside of the cyclone belt, strong winds cause tidal surges that have damaged coastal areas and infrastructure on both the lagoon and ocean fronts. The community highlighted that at either end of the lagoon coast of their village erosion is taking place however in the central part there is some accretion.

38 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  The community reported that their village has experienced more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall Changing episodes that fall between longer and more intense dry periods. X X Seasonality These changes impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply.

Increased intensity of precipitation /  Intense rainfall can cause flooding, while strong wind events X X Strong wind events damage crops and infrastructure (roofs).

 Drought impacts water supply (rainwater catchment [limited] and Incidence and well water) and plantation yield and quality. Most homes have intensity of drought X X X thatch roofs, limiting rainwater catchment capacity.

3.6.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the men, women and youth completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social and water infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events.

Figure 11 Noto Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.k3r5hWdifu2w

3.6.2.1 Economic Infrastructure Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The lagoon is an important resource for  Sea level rise 1. Lagoon shellfish and fish.  Extreme weather events. The local reef is a source of fish for sale and  Sea level rise 2. Reef food  Extreme weather events.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level Subsistence and semi-subsistence events (saltwater inundation) agriculture (swamp taro pits and tree crops)  Changing Seasonality (planting 3. Village Plantations is another source of income for the village. seasons) and Livestock areas Regular salt water intrusion and flooding  Increased intensity of precipitation / have affected community food security. The Strong wind events (damage to crops, main livestock are pigs. flooding).

39 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (flooding) 4. Roads There is one access road into the village.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (roads wash out).

 Increased intensity of precipitation / There are a number of family owned shops Strong wind events (wind damage) 5. Shops in the community which supply basic  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level provisions. events (flooding)

3.6.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The Church is very close to the sea and events (flooding). 1. Catholic Church floods during king tides and tidal surges.  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (flooding) 3. Primary School Village school for grades 1-6.  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (flooding) The maneaba/community hall is used to host 4. Maneaba  Increased intensity of precipitation / village events. Strong wind events (roof).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (flooding) 5. Catholic High One of two high schools on North Tarawa. School  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (roof)

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level The cemetery can be flooded during king tide 6. Village cemetery events (flooding). events and tidal surges. .

3.6.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The lagoon and ocean-side beach fronts are affected by rising sea levels and major  Sea level rise / extreme sea level 1. Beach front climatic events. events.

The water wells are the major source of water for the community; sea level rise has  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level 2. Water wells increased their salinity, while sanitation issues events (saltwater inundation) contaminate the already brackish water.  Incidence and intensity of drought.

 Incidence and intensity of drought Most roofs are thatched; with no viable  Increased intensity of precipitation / 3. Water tanks catchment area, few people make use of Strong wind events (roof). rainwater collection.

40 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.0 NAURU CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

Over two site visits from 21 to 24 February 2014 and 28 to 29 April 2014, C-CAP facilitated half day Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activities in nine Nauruan communities—Yaren, Boe, Aiwo, Denigomodu, Baiti, Anabar, Anatan, Ewa, and Location. The Nauru Ministry for Commerce, Industry and Environment (CIE) and Climate Change Adaptation Department advised C-CAP on site selection of these partner communities.

Government partners from CIE also participated in the Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping activities; in each community, the team led an introduction to C-CAP, and each village’s C-CAP Community Committee (CCC) completed climate change risk identification and infrastructure mapping exercises. Following the workshop, each community’s Social Mobilizer and interested CCC members led the C-CAP team on a tour of social, economic, coastal and water infrastructure. C-CAP geo-referenced and photographed these community assets and uploaded data points to the open-source Googlemaps platform. These Climate Change Risk & Asset Maps will be applied by C-CAP and community stakeholders through all project components.

4.1 BACKGROUND

Nauru is a raised phosphate-rich limestone island located close to the equator at 0°32′S 166°55′E. At 21 km2 with a population of 10,0848, Nauru is the smallest island nation in the world. More than 90-percent of the population resides along the coast, with seven percent staying in Nauru’s only landlocked district—Buada. The five southwestern island quarter districts of Yaren, Boe, Aiwo, Location and Denigomodu are where the majority of the government and economic infrastructure sits. This more densely populated ‘urban’ section of Nauru is home to nearly half of the Republic’s population. The country’s geography is diverse and, in places, extremely rugged—the legacy of once booming phosphate mining operations. Limestone pinnacles, from the century old extraction of phosphate dominate the coastal and interior landscapes, barring perhaps the more vegetated northeastern coast. A brackish lake, Buada Lagoon, sits in the middle of the southwestern quarter of the island. Only a small percentage of the population lives subsistence lifestyles with the majority engaged in formal employment. Others depend on limited traditional agriculture, handicraft and fishing for their livelihoods. Phosphate is still the major source of revenue for the country, although there has been a significant decline from the industry’s peak in the 1970s and 1980s when mining made Nauru one of the richest nations in the world, in terms of per-capita GDP.

Mining has come at a cost for much of Nauru’s biodiversity and important agro-forestry ecosystem; the degraded nature of the landscape and poor soil quality force the population to depend heavily on imported goods. This additional stress will only intensify problems associated with a changing climate such as vulnerability of available crop to extremes in rainfall, wind and drought and a drop in fish availability from coral reef degradation and bleaching.

8 Nauru. Ministry of Finance. Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Nauru Population and Housing Census 2011. By Lindsay Thoma. Nauru: Nauru Bureau of Statistics, 2012.

41 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

Outside of the mining-ravaged interior, the heavily-populated central business districts of Nauru are also highly vulnerable to climate change impacts due to the alignment of the country’s international airport runway and runoff during heavy rains.

4.1.1 CLIMATE CHANGE GAP ANALYSIS OVERVIEW

Among the donor support provided to the water sector, the Japanese government has Figure 12 Phosphate mining has significantly degraded Nauru’s interior. contributed funding and technical services to each Nauru district towards installing solar water pumps which pump brackish water from shallow wells into community water tanks for use in toilets. The Australian government has provided a reverse osmosis desalination plant at the national level and a 5,000 liter truck to enable water supply delivery to all districts.

4.1.2 NAURU’S CURRENT CLIMATE Recurring concerns surrounding climate change related issues include longer droughts, stronger and more regular flooding events, increased low pressure systems with associated wind intensity, accelerated coastal erosion, stronger king tide events and sea level rise. The need for potable water was expressed in all communities where for several months in the year the population is dependent on water trucked in from the main desalination plant at very high costs to government. The frequent technical problems associated with the trucked water supply and from poor community maintenance of brackish water solar boreholes and rainwater harvesting systems, together with a poor or non-existent sewerage system makes Nauruan’s vulnerable to waterborne diseases like diarrhea and typhoid and possibly other common health issues. Among the observed climate trends in Nauru, as reported by the Pacific Climate Change Science Program9 (PCCSP):  Nauru has distinct wet and dry seasons, with the dry season occurring between May and October. Relatedly, drought—often triggered by La Niña events—is the most significant climate extreme experienced in Nauru. Droughts can last up to three years.  Across Nauru, CCCs reported that sea level rise and resulting coastal inundation and erosion are impacting their communities. This is consistent with analysis conducted by the Pacific Climate Change Science Program which reports a 5 mm rise of sea level near Nauru each year since 1993.  While Nauru does not experience tropical cyclones, tropical storms and king tides can cause extreme sea level events (storm surge) which exacerbate sea level rise.

Observed climate change trends and impacts on small scale infrastructure—as reported by each CCC—for each new C-CAP beneficiary community are found in the section below.

9 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011. Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Volume 2: Country Reports.

42 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.2 YAREN COMMUNITY

The village of Yaren is located on Nauru’s southwestern coast. With a population of 74710, it is the government hub and home to much of Nauru’s economic infrastructure. The European Union has provided solar powered street lighting in the district particularly in the vicinity of the government buildings, parliament and the airport. Most recently, European Union installed rooftop solar PV on the government buildings.

The Department of Environment facilitated coordination of the meeting with Yaren community leaders and creation of the Yaren CCC; the CCC is Figure 13 Shaded area represents Nauru’s Yaren Community. comprised of interested community members, community leaders and representatives from Yaren-based community-based organizations (CBO). C- CAP facilitated the Climate Change & Risk Mapping activity on 21 February 2014; 11 members of the CCC were in attendance.

4.2.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The session started with a general open discussion on risks and impacts due to climate change. The C-CAP team reviewed the causes of global warming and its effects on climate. C-CAP provided several examples of climate change impacts in the Pacific to contextualize and help focus the discussion. After the general overview, the members of the community were asked to provide examples of risks and impacts that they have been experiencing which may also be attributable to global warming and its effects. The following examples were presented during the brainstorming session.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Impacts of sea level rise are compounded by extreme sea level Sea level rise / events like storm surge and king tides, resulting in coastal Extreme sea level X X erosion. events

 Community reports that there are no longer distinct seasons; Changing drought and rain are increasingly occurring outside of wet and dry Seasonality / X seasonal cycles. Unpredictable  Wind patterns are changing and impacting their daily livelihoods. Weather

Increased intensity  Increased incidence of flooding with runoff associated with poor of precipitation / drainage has resulted in coastal erosion and sanitation problems X X X Strong wind events from standing water. This is compounded by poor sewage management. Incidence and intensity of drought X X X  Drought is affecting agriculture and drinking water.

 Increasing air temperature impacts productivity and human health. Increasing air and  Increasing sea surface temperatures have resulted in coral sea surface X X X bleaching; impacts on coastal fisheries are compounded by temperatures untreated sewage runoff.

4.2.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING The community was then asked to identify their local infrastructure and its vulnerabilities to climate change impacts. Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn

10 Nauru. Ministry of Finance. Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Nauru Population and Housing Census 2011. By Lindsay Thoma. Nauru: Nauru Bureau of Statistics, 2012.

43 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events.

Figure 14 Yaren Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. The interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.k2TZAo1tng1U

4.2.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events  Increased intensity of precipitation (erosion) District population earns income by leasing  Hard coastal structures built to extend land to the government for the airport. Given and protect the runway are causing 1. Airport dependence on imported goods, airport is an erosion on either side important piece of economic infrastructure to community and nation.  Runoff from the concrete runway surface further exacerbates coastal erosion problems.

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level 2. Government Income generation through leases and events. offices access to jobs.

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (flooding, erosion) 3. Trade stores and Access to imported goods and food. restaurants  Increased intensity of precipitation (flooding, erosion).

4.2.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Church hall Place for church events and community  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events meetings. (flooding, erosion).

2. Primary and Local school from first grade through high  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events secondary school school. (flooding, erosion)  Incidence and intensity of drought (availability of water resources).

44 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 3. Aces oval Sports oval for exercise, competition, and  Incidence and intensity of drought social gatherings. (hardens playing surface)  Increased intensity of precipitation (flooding).

4. Basketball court Concrete court used for exercise, competition,  Incidence and intensity of drought and social gatherings. (hardens playing surface)  Increasing air temperature (degradation of concrete)

5. Cemetery Community burial ground.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (flooding, erosion).

4.2.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Community The only source of fresh water for drinking  Increased incidence of drought. and cooking. rainwater tanks

2. Brackish Water source for washing and sanitary needs.  Increased incidence of drought  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (groundwater) (saltwater inundation) water tanks and  Sewerage leaks into water lens. solar pumps 3. Foreshore Informally built foreshore made from large  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events boulders.

4. Drainage Community road drainage channel.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (flooding)  Increased intensity of precipitation (flooding)  Airport runway has altered or blocked off drainage causing floods and erosion in some areas.  5. Runway The only emergency access route out of the  Sea level rise / extreme sea level island. events. extension

4.3 BOE COMMUNITY

Boe, a Nauruan economic hub, is a large village with an estimated 85111 inhabitants. It is the economic hub and home to many of Nauru’s main economic infrastructure. The Department of Environment facilitated coordination of the meeting with Boe community leaders and creation of the Boe CCC; the CCC is comprised of interested community members, community leaders and representatives from Boe-based community-based organizations (CBO). C-CAP facilitated the Climate Change & Risk Mapping activity on 21 February 2014; six members of the CCC were in attendance. Figure 15 Shaded area represents Nauru’s Boe community.

11 Nauru. Ministry of Finance. Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Nauru Population and Housing Census 2011. By Lindsay Thoma. Nauru: Nauru Bureau of Statistics, 2012.

45 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.3.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Impacts of sea level rise (SLR) are deepened by extreme sea level events. Community reports that winds and associated tidal surges seem to be getting stronger and frequent resulting in a fast receding coastline. King tides have become more powerful— threatening coastal infrastructure, including village homes which Sea level rise / are on the verge of collapsing into the ocean. Extreme sea level X X X  Rising tides are making the brackish water lens more saline while events sewage is seeping into the water table as well.  Deforestation in housing areas and in the coastal zone reduces the ability to protect coastal infrastructure from sea level rise / extreme sea level events.

 CCC reports that coconut trees seem to be producing smaller Increased intensity yield, which they attribute to stress from intense droughts, of precipitation / increased air temperature or increasingly intense precipitation. X X X Strong wind events  During the rainy season flooding and runoff occurs more often than in the past.

 Droughts are increasing in length; combined with limited rainwater catchment capacity, the village does not collect enough rainwater to last through the dry season. The village reports that some have no option but to drink what may be contaminated water from the Incidence and bottom of holding tanks. intensity of drought X X X  Local rain-fed crops yield and quality has been compromised significantly due to drought.  CCC reports that coconut trees seem to be producing smaller yield, which they attribute to stress from intense droughts, increased air temperature or increasingly intense precipitation.

 CCC reports that coconut trees seem to be producing smaller yield, which they attribute to stress from intense droughts, increased air temperature or increasingly intense precipitation.  The community reported that fish are smaller than in the past and Increasing air and that corals are dying—due to ocean acidification and/or increasing sea surface X X sea surface temperature. temperatures  Coral reef and coastal fishery degradation are exacerbated by changes in longshore sedimentation due to use of dynamite to open channel in the reef for fishing boats; and construction of the airport runway.

46 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

Figure 16 Coastal erosion risks destroying homes and livelihoods. More Boe images can be found here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c- cap/sets/72157642566897255/

4.3.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. All priority infrastructures were geo-referenced by C-CAP and two members of the Boe community. The priority infrastructure will be considered in a second more rigorous step aimed at identifying the infrastructure needs of the community.

Figure 17 The Boe Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. The interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kMJLoVZY7AGY

47 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.3.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Bank/Western Provides remittance receipt and money  Increased air temperature (productivity). Union exchange services.  Increased intensity of precipitation The community earns money from leasing of 2. Airport runway (flooding, erosion). land.

 Increased incidence and intensity of drought (population increasingly reliant 3. Shops/retail The community earns money from leases. on imported foods due in part to climate outlets change impacts).

Provides valuable environmental services,  Increased sea surface temperature / 4. Reef including a habitat for fish which community ocean acidification. depends on for livelihoods.

4.3.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Churches (x2) Place of worship and provides a place for  Increased intensity of precipitation / informal community meetings. Strong wind events. . 2. Tennis court Venue for regular exercise and physical  Increasing air temperature (extreme wellbeing. heat cracks the cement surface)

3. Playing oval Venue for physical sport (Aussie Rules) which  Incidence and intensity of drought allows for regular exercise and physical (hardens playing surface) wellbeing.  Increased intensity of precipitation (flooding)

4. Pre-school Education for pre-schoolers before seeking  Increased intensity of precipitation / primary education. Strong wind events

5. Cemetery (x2) Local cemeteries.  Increased intensity of precipitation (flooding, erosion).

4.3.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Potable rainwater The only source of fresh water for drinking  Increased incidence of drought. and cooking. water tanks (x3)

2. Brackish Water source for washing and sanitary needs.  Increased incidence of drought (groundwater)  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events water tanks and (saltwater inundation) solar pumps  Sewerage leaks into water lens.  3. Coastal A source for natural foods and medicine.  Coastal developments and erosion Vegetation threaten this source with most areas now without vegetation. 

48 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

4.4 AIWO COMMUNITY The village of Aiwo is a short 10 minute walk from the international airport, on the southwestern coast of Nauru. With a population of 1,22012, it is home to some of Nauru’s larger privately owned commercial entities. Since 2012, the University of the South Pacific Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development (PACE-SD) and CIE have collaborated on a significant project to restore a brackish water reticulation system that will support a residential area located on the National Phosphate Corporation’s former expatriate settlement (NPC) grounds. Figure 18 Shaded area The Aiwo CCC is comprised of members of the Aiwo community represents Nauru’s Aiwo including men, women and youth. C-CAP facilitated the Climate community. Change & Risk Mapping activity on 24 February 2014; seven members of the CCC were in attendance.

4.4.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The community expressed a serious concern regarding wind driven tidal surges and sea level rise, which are putting pressure on the natural resources in the area. Erosion, degradation of coastal vegetation and extreme sea level events (storm surge) are major impediments to coastal fisheries. In addition to this concern, other community-identified climate change impacts are presented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Impacts of sea level rise are compounded by extreme sea level events like storm surge and king tides, resulting in coastal Sea level rise / erosion. Extreme sea level X X  Deforestation and degradation of coastal vegetation has events compromised important barrier that once protected assets from extreme sea level events.

 Increased incidence of flooding with runoff has resulted in coastal Increased intensity erosion and sanitation problems from standing water. Coastal of precipitation / X X X developments with associated deforestation aggravate the Strong wind events problem.

Incidence and X X X  Drought is affecting agriculture and drinking water. intensity of drought

12 Nauru. Ministry of Finance. Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Nauru Population and Housing Census 2011. By Lindsay Thoma. Nauru: Nauru Bureau of Statistics, 2012.

49 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 19 Manmade coastal infrastructure impacts the natural coastline, including the phosphate loading infrastructure, pictured here. More images from Aiwo can be found here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c- cap/sets/72157641935397883/

4.4.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. All priority infrastructures were geo-referenced by C-CAP and two members of the Aiwo community. The priority infrastructure will be considered in a second more rigorous step aimed at identifying the infrastructure needs of the community.

Figure 20 Aiwo Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kyQbfAF1ye98

50 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.4.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Government utility is an important input to 1. Phosphate processing Unit mining operations.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events

Wharf for incoming / outgoing commercial 2. Boat harbor  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events vessels. Government utility provides electricity for all of 3. National Power station Nauru.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events

Republic of Nauru Phosphate (RonPhos ) 4. RonPhos office runs the phosphate mines on the island and is  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events one of the largest local employers. The causeway provides access to the ocean 5. Aiwo causeway  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events for local fishing boats

4.4.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Catholic and Social gathering  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Protestant Churches 2. Halls/Civic Centre Social gathering  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events

3. Idibuge Park Social gathering  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events

4. Aiwo Oval Social gathering  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events

5. Sports complex Social gathering  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events

4.4.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. 2 District water Provides potable water for the district.  Incidence and intensity of drough tanks

2. Septic tank Waste water and sewage utility  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (flooding).  3. Drainage Roadside drainage diverts rainwater.  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (flooding).  4. 1 Brackish water Provides water for flush type toilets and  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events wells washing. (saltwater inundation.   Sea level rise / extreme sea level 5. Disused Old phosphate mining site is considered a events. cantilever tourist attraction.

51 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.5 LOCATION COMMUNITY

Location is the most highly populated community in Nauru, with approximately 1,497 inhabitants13—15-percent of the total Nauru population. It is currently part of Denigomodu District. The majority of the population resides in homes previously used by expatriate phosphate miners in the 1970s and 80s that have fallen into disuse as the industry has waned. The Location CCC is comprised of community leaders, women and youth. C-CAP facilitated the Climate Change & Risk Mapping activity on 24 February 2014; six members of the CCC were in attendance.

Figure 21 Location is nestled within 4.5.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION Denigomodu District, represented here with yellow shading. The session started with a general open discussion on risks and impacts due to climate change. The C-CAP team reviewed the causes of global warming and its effects on climate. C-CAP provided several examples of climate change impacts in the Pacific to contextualize and help focus the discussion. After the general overview, the members of the community were asked to provide examples of risks and impacts that they have been experiencing which may also be attributable to global warming and its effects. The following examples were presented during the brainstorming session.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Impacts of sea level rise are compounded by extreme sea level events like storm surge and king tides, resulting in coastal flooding and erosion. Sea level rise /  The CCC reported that they are connected to a sanitation system Extreme sea level X X X that has been poorly maintained since it’s advent in the 1970s. events Flooding can result in overflow of the sewage system—which the community considers a severe risk to public health.

 Rain and strong wind events are more severe causing damage to homes especially to roofing material which are threatened by the Increased intensity strong winds. of precipitation / X X X  Flooding provokes waterborne diseases such as skin and Strong wind events diarrheal illnesses.

 Drought and water management are serious issues including contamination by salt water to ground water sources. Droughts Incidence and X X X have negative impacts on their sewerage system, reducing intensity of drought flushing of pipes and exacerbating health issues. 

4.5.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

The following section documents the participatory risk mapping sessions held in Location with local men, women and youth representatives. Please note that the community reported that they did not have any economic infrastructure.

13 Republic of Nauru. Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Nauru Population and Housing Census 2011, Ministry of Finance, 2011

52 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 22 Location Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced social, water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.ksPC5d71Cq9U

Figure 23 A community map shows the extent of sub-surface structures in Location. More images from Location can be found here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157642571013404/

53 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.5.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Community hall Community hall is place for community  Increased intensity of precipitation / events, meetings and informal gatherings. Strong wind events (roof).

2. Catholic Church Church used for religious services and  Increased intensity of precipitation / community gatherings. Strong wind events (inundation). 

4.5.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Sewerage System The CCC reported that they are connected to  Sea level rise / extreme sea level a sanitation system that has been poorly events (flooding) maintained since it’s advent in the 1970s.  Increased incidence and intensity of Flooding can result in overflow of the sewage drought (system not properly system—which the community considers a flushed). severe risk to public health.

2. Brackish water Provides water for flush toilets and washing.  Increased incidence and intensity of well drought.

3. Water tanks These tanks provide potable water to each  Increased incidence and intensity to housing block off an existing reticulated water drought. system

4. Coral reefs Provides valuable environmental services,  Increased intensity of precipitation including a habitat for fish which community (flooding, sedimentation). depends on for livelihoods.

5. Seawall Protects households from extreme sea level  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events. It is poorly maintained, however. events.

4.6 DENIGOMODU (DENIG) COMMUNITY Denig is a small community with a population of 30714, most of whom are employed in the formal economy; a small percentage of the community are engaged in the semi-subsistence economy, selling is fish, crops and handicrafts. Others earn supplementary income from house rents, remittances and land leases. Outside of C-CAP, the community is also receiving support from the European Union in collaboration with the Nauru Utility Cooperation – for installation of a 40KHp grid-connected PV system on the roof of Nauru College, which is located in Denig.

C-CAP facilitated the Climate Change & Risk Mapping activity on 24 Figure 23 Shaded area represents February 2014; two members of the CCC were in attendance. Nauru’s Denigomodu community.

14 Republic of Nauru. Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Nauru Population and Housing Census 2011, Ministry of Finance, 2011

54 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.6.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

 Strong wind events are occurring more frequently according to the CCC. Increased intensity  Flooding of low lying areas and subsequent standing pools of of precipitation / X X water is occurring more frequently. With inadequate sewerage Strong wind events infrastructure, this increased rainfall and flooding is a growing

health concern.

 Droughts are compromising the community’s freshwater needs. Community advises that dry seasons are becoming longer and Incidence and X X X impacting the small amount of agriculture practiced by the intensity of drought community.

4.6.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. All priority infrastructures were geo-referenced by C-CAP and members of Denig community. The priority infrastructure will be considered in a second more rigorous step aimed at identifying the infrastructure needs of the community.

Figure 24 Denig Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kniCvz9UnOqA

55 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.6.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events 1. Jules Bar /  Increased intensity of precipitation / Local-run business. Restaurant strong wind events.

 Increased intensity of precipitation / 2. Eigigu & Co Locally owned property. strong wind events.

4.6.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Denig Catholic Local church hosts services and community  Increased intensity of precipitation / church gatherings. strong wind events (flooding).

2. Nauru College High school for all children on the island.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events  Increased intensity of precipitation / strong wind events.

3. Republic of Nauru Medical facility – national importance  Increased intensity of precipitation / Hospital strong wind events.

4. Blackarrow Oval Field for games and sporting events.  Incidence and intensity of drought (hardens playing surface)  Increased intensity of precipitation (flooding).

5. Community The community has poor drainage  Increased intensity of precipitation Landscape infrastructure, resulting in standing pools of (flooding). water during rain.

Figure 25 A rainwater harvesting system installed by the European Union and JICA. More images from Denig can be found here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c- cap/sets/72157642570266545/

56 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.6.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Groundwater An important source of drinking water.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Wells (saltwater inundation).

2. Septic System Sewer system for households with flush  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events toilets. (strong swells bring waste back onshore).

3. Reef Provides valuable environmental services,  Increased intensity of precipitation including a habitat for fish which community (flooding, sedimentation). depends on for livelihoods.

4.7 BAITSI COMMUNITY

Baitsi has a population of 51315, the majority of whom are engaged in the formal economy; a small portion of the community is engaged in semi- subsistence activities such as production and sales of fish, agriculture and handicrafts. The Baitsi CCC is comprised of community leaders, men, women and youth. C-CAP facilitated the Climate Change & Risk Mapping activity on 24 February 2014; 12 members of the CCC—all of whom were men—were in attendance.

Figure 26 Shaded area represents Nauru’s Baitsi community.

Figure 27 The district councilor points out the sea-level during the last king tide. More images from Baitsi can be found here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157642563195305/

15 Republic of Nauru. Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Nauru Population and Housing Census 2011, Ministry of Finance, 2011

57 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.7.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Increased intensity of precipitation /  Rain and strong wind events are increasing in frequency. X X X Strong wind events

Incidence and X X X  Drought severely impacts the potable water supply. intensity of drought Increased air X X  Impacts on productivity, health. temperature

4.7.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. All priority infrastructures were geo-referenced by C-CAP and members of Denig community. The priority infrastructure will be considered in a second more rigorous step aimed at identifying the infrastructure needs of the community.

Figure 28 Baitsi Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kPC8ZwzkvrjQ

58 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.7.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Community Fish market and canoe-building workshop.  Increasing air temperature. market

4.7.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Beduwo Hall Community hall is place for community  Increased intensity of precipitation / events, meetings and informal gatherings. Strong wind events (erosion)  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (erosion).

2. Baitsi Oval Playground for community youth.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events.

4.7.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

3. Brackish water Brackish water used for cleaning, sanitation.  Increased incidence and intensity of wells drought.  4. Baitsi rainwater Potable water for drinking and cooking  Increased incidence and intensity of catchment system drought. and tank 5. Reef Provides valuable environmental services,  Increased intensity of precipitation including a habitat for fish which community (flooding, sedimentation). depends on for livelihoods.

4.8 EWA COMMUNITY Ewa, a part of the Anetan constituency, is located in the northernmost part of Nauru; the population is 44616. The island’s largest supermarket and various education, business and sports facilities are located in Ewa. In 2013, Pacific Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) project and CIE worked together on a project to enhance water security for Nauru through improved water management and reduced groundwater contamination. Site selection included Ewa and Anatan. A total of 40 household sanitation systems were upgraded; composting toilets was installed in Anetan Infant school and in Kayser College.

C-CAP facilitated the Climate Change & Risk Mapping activity on 1 May 2014; three members of the CCC were in attendance. Figure 29 Shaded area represents Nauru’s Ewa District.

16 Republic of Nauru. Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Nauru Population and Housing Census 2011, Ministry of Finance, 2011

59 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 30 A recent king tide event left a section of the beach front to collapse a few meters in depth. Kayser College is in the foreground. More images from Ewa can be found here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157644810433513/

4.8.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The session started with a general open discussion on risks and impacts due to climate change. The C- CAP team reviewed the causes of global warming and its effects on climate. C-CAP provided several examples of climate change impacts in the Pacific to contextualize and help focus the discussion. After the general overview, the members of the community were asked to provide examples of risks and impacts that they have been experiencing which may also be attributable to global warming and its effects. The following examples were presented during the brainstorming session.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

 Rain and strong wind events are increasing in frequency causing Increased intensity flooding and potentially contributing to coastal erosion. of precipitation / X X X  While Nauru does not experience tropical cyclones, the country is Strong wind events prone to strong wind events.

Incidence and X X X  Drought severely impacts the potable water supply. intensity of drought

4.8.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

The following section documented the results from the participatory risk mapping exercise for the community. Ewa was first introduced to the infrastructure categories; economic, social, and water and coastal. Then, the community was asked to identify their local infrastructure based on the three categories and to identify each infrastructure point’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change.

60 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

Figure 31 Ewa Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kifIS3Wc8-Vg 4.8.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significant to Community Vulnerability

1. Community Garden New area designated for community  Increased incidence and intensity of gardening. drought  Increased intensity of precipitation / strong wind events.

4.8.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Points Significant to Community Vulnerability

1. Catholic Church Catholic church used for church services  Sea level rise / extreme sea level and community meetings. events (erosion).

2. Kayser College Catholic K-10 high school  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (erosion).

4.8.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Points Significant to Community Vulnerability

1. Coastal Ecosystem Provides valuable environmental services, (beach, reef) including a habitat for fish which  Sea level rise / extreme sea level community depends on for livelihoods. events. Coastal vegetation absorbs wave energy.

2. Homes along the Private residencies located along the  Sea level rise / extreme sea level Coastline coast. events.

61 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 3. Rainwater Livelihood  Sea level rise / extreme sea level. catchment system  events (salt spray, corroded and tank catchment)  Increased incidence and intensity of drought.

4.9 ANETAN COMMUNITY Anetan covers an approximate area of 1.2km2, with a population of 58617. Nearly 100-percent of the population is engaged in the formal economy. Recently, construction of a seawall—funded by the Nauru Government—began in Anetan District; this project is still in progress. Also, as noted in Section 4.8: Ewa Community, Pacific Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) project and CIE worked together on a project to enhance water security for Nauru through improved water management and reduced groundwater contamination in 2013. Site selection included Ewa and Anatan. A total of 40 household sanitation systems were upgraded; composting toilets was installed in

Anetan Infant school and in Kayser College. Figure 32 Shaded area represents Nauru’s Anetan District. C-CAP facilitated the Climate Change & Risk Mapping activity on 1 May 2014. Two members of the CCC were in attendance.

4.9.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

 Rain and strong wind events are increasing in frequency causing Increased intensity flooding and potentially contributing to coastal erosion. of precipitation / X X  While Nauru does not experience tropical cyclones, the country is Strong wind events prone to strong wind events.

 Drought severely impacts the potable water supply and rain-fed Incidence and X X X agriculture. intensity of drought

 CCC reports unpredictable shift in the weather patterns which has Changing X an impact on harvesting seasons. seasonality

 CCC reports increasing air temperatures and increase in Increasing air X X extremely humid days. temperature

17 Republic of Nauru. Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Nauru Population and Housing Census 2011, Ministry of Finance, 2011

62 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.9.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

The following section documents the results from the participatory risk mapping exercise for the community. The Anetan CCC was first introduced to the infrastructure categories; economic, social and coastal. Then the community was asked to identify their local infrastructure based on the three categories and to identify each infrastructure point’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. Note that the community advised that they did not have any economic infrastructure—instead, grouping coastal fisheries in the ‘coastal infrastructure’ category.

Figure 33 Anetan Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kKHSq-_betHk

4.9.2.1 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significant to Community Vulnerability

1. Anetan Pre-School Local school.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events.

2. Local playing Community sports field.  Incidence and intensity of drought field/oval (hardens playing surface)  Increased intensity of precipitation (flooding).

3. Public Road Access to/from Anetan.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events.

4.9.2.2 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Points Significant to Community Vulnerability

1. Coastal Vegetation Provides valuable environmental services  Sea level rise / extreme sea level such as absorbing wave energy. events.

63 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 2. Inland Pond Aquaculture farming  Incidence and intensity of drought  Increased intensity of precipitation (flooding).

3. Freshwater Lens / Groundwater wells provide an alternate  Sea level rise / extreme sea level Water Tanks source of drinking water, and is used for events (saltwater inundation). cleaning ,hygiene. 4. Community Primary drinking water storage  Increased incidence and intensity of rainwater drought catchment system  Increasing air temperature and tank (evapotranspiration)

5. Brackish water Water source for toilets and clothes  Increased incidence and intensity of tank and pump washing drought  Increasing air temperature (evapotranspiration)

6. Marine Resources Coastal fisheries area spawning area; site  Sea level rise / extreme sea level of traditional fish traps (enge). events (erosion, sedimentation)  Increased intensity of precipitation (flooding, sedimentation)

4.10 ANABAR COMMUNITY

Anabar is located in Nauru’s northeast; it covers an area of 1.5km2 and has a population of 45218. Although 94% of the community earns income through the formal economy as paid laborers, income earned is not sufficient to meet every day needs for 73-percent of residents; these individuals supplement their income with fishing and harvesting of marine resources. The Anabar CCC is comprised representatives from village leaders, youth groups, women’s groups and men. C-CAP facilitated the Climate Change & Risk Mapping activity on 1 May 2014; 11 members of the Figure 34 Shaded area represents CCC were in attendance. Nauru’s Anabar Community.

4.10.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Anabar CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on the community. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Impacts of sea level rise are compounded by extreme sea level events like storm surge and king tides, resulting in coastal Sea level rise / flooding and erosion. Extreme sea level X X X  Members of the CCC who were older than 30 noted that there has events been a significant rise in sea level over their lifetimes.

 Heavy rain events are increasing in frequency along with Increased intensity incidence of flooding. of precipitation / X X  While Nauru does not experience tropical cyclones, the country is Strong wind events prone to strong wind events.

Incidence and X X X  Drought severely impacts the potable water supply and rain-fed intensity of drought agriculture.

18 Republic of Nauru. Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Nauru Population and Housing Census 2011, Ministry of Finance, 2011

64 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  CCC reports increasing air temperatures and increase in the number of extremely hot days which decreases productivity. Increasing air and  There has been an increase in sea surface temperature and sea surface X X X ocean acidification that threatens marine habitats and impacts temperature coastal fisheries.

 There has been an increase in sea surface temperature and ocean acidification that threatens marine habitats and impacts Ocean acidficiation X X coastal fisheries.

4.10.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING The following section documented the results from the participatory risk mapping exercise for the community. The Anabar CCC was first introduced to the infrastructure categories; economic, social, and water and coastal. Then the community was asked to identify their local infrastructure based on the three categories and to identify each infrastructure point’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change.

Figure 35 Anetan Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kwh-tUKYRhD4

4.10.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significant to Community Vulnerability

1. Community Fish Marketplace for semi-subsistence  Drought (market requires access to market fisherfolk. water).

2. Private Shops Community-based general stores.  Drought  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (sea spray).

3. Taiwan Mission Mission provides extension service to local  Sea level rise / extreme sea level piggery and livestock owners and farmers. events (flooding, erosion) extension services 4. Boat causeway Access to the sea for fishing.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events.

65 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 4.10.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significant to Community Vulnerability

1. Kava Shop Social gathering location.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (flooding).

2. Catholic Church Worship site  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (flooding).  3. “Atti” bird cage Tradition sport of bird catching for pet birds  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events  Increased intensity of precipitation / Strong wind events (flooding). 

4.10.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Significant to Community Vulnerability Points

1. Local beach Recreation area for the community  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events  Increasing air and sea surface temperature  2. Community Systems provide potable water needs.  Incidence and intensity of drought rainwater  Increased intensity of precipitation / catchment system Strong wind events (sea spray and water tank

3. Brackish water Water supply for secondary uses and used  Sea level rise / extreme sea level tank and pump for as emergency water source during events (inundation droughts.

66 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 5.0 PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG) CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

Between 11 and 15 March 2014 in New Ireland Province, PNG, C-CAP conducted Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping exercises in Lossu 1, Bol-Lamalawa (Bol & Lamalawa Village), Panabeli (Panamecho, Panachais & Belifu), Ungakum Island and Nonovaul Island.

In each session, the team led an introduction to C-CAP, and each village’s C-CAP Community Committee (CCC) participated in climate change risk identification and infrastructure mapping exercises. Following the workshop, the community’s C-CAP Social Mobilizer and interested CCC members led the C-CAP team on a tour of the village’s social, economic, coastal and water infrastructure. C-CAP geo-referenced and photographed these community assets and uploaded data points to the open-source Google Maps platform. These Climate Change Risk & Asset Maps will be applied by C-CAP and community stakeholders through all project components. This report documents outputs from this exercise from each of the New Ireland sites. C-CAP facilitated each workshop in partnership with the New Ireland Provincial Government’s ‘Climate Change Officers;’ across the Pacific Islands region, C-CAP is working to strengthen linkages between communities and their local/provincial government departments in addressing climate change. The New Ireland Climate Change Office arranged each Climate Risk and Asset Mapping activity with community leaders; at the village level, Village Planning Committees (VPCs) organized the C-CAP Community Committee.

5.1 BACKGROUND Papua New Guinea (PNG) consists of the eastern half of New Guinea Island and about 700 offshore islands between the equator and 12°S, and 140°E–160°E. At 462,243 km2 with a population of 6,744,955, PNG is the largest Pacific Island Country; in fact, its population comprises 71-percent of the region, while its land area makes up 84-percent of the region. In rural areas, 85-percent of the population lives a subsistence

67 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 lifestyle with heavy dependence on agriculture and fisheries. Over the past decade, however, the population has grown increasingly dependent on income and opportunities in the extractive industry. Mining and oil production are the main sources of revenue for Papua New Guinea, accounting for 60-percent of export earnings and 20-percent of government revenue. Export of forestry products, once among the country’s main sources of revenue, has declined in recent years19.

The country’s geography is diverse, with rugged terrain. A spine of mountains, the New Guinea Highlands, runs the length of New Guinea Island and is mostly covered with tropical rainforest. Dense rainforests can also be found in the lowland and coastal areas, as the very large wetland areas surrounding the Sepik and Fly Rivers. The highest peak is Mount Wilhelm at 4697 m.

Low-lying, remote communities of New Ireland Province are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The province is rich in mineral resources; however its two gold mining sites—Lihir and Simberi—are still undeveloped and have not reached peak production. Public infrastructure in New Ireland requires significant investment; roads and bridges to remote communities on the West Coast and to the Southern tip of the province are highly deteriorated and difficult to traverse in times of extreme weather. Rural west coast and southern New Ireland communities lack access to electricity.

Population growth is exacerbating land tenure issues in New Ireland. Most of the coastal community members are unable to migrate inland because they have lost their inland areas which settlers inland have claimed. The most claimed inland areas have been utilized in planting of oil palm plantations. Impacts of climate change—including sea level rise and extreme sea level events—which threaten to inundate valuable coastal land add complexity to this existing challenge. Islanders are already noticing changes in the intensity of climate events. In 2008, for instance, a king tide event inundated coastal communities for two (2) days. The villages that were severely affected include Bol-Lamalawa Villages, Lossu 1, Ungakum Island and other east coast coastal villages.

5.1.1 CLIMATE CHANGE GAP ANALYSIS OVERVIEW

A gap analysis study revealed that Live and Learn is collaborating with New Ireland Provincial Government Climate Change Officers on food security programming in Bol-Lamalawa and Panabeli. On the ‘outer islands’ of Nonovaul and Ungakum, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and Ailan Awareness (AA)— a grassroots-focused marine conservation program in New Ireland—are supporting conservation and management of marine and mangrove ecosystems.

5.1.2 PNG’S CLIMATE Among the observed climate trends in New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, as reported by the Pacific Climate Change Science Program20:  Year-to-year variability in rainfall is high in Kavieng where the wettest years receive up to three times the rainfall of the driest years; El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives variability. El Niño events produce wetter than normal wet seasons, with warmer nights and cooler days. There is no clear influence of ENSO during the dry season in Kavieng.  Warming trends for the period 1950–2009 are evident in both annual and seasonal mean air temperatures at Port Moresby.  Across New Ireland Province, CCCs reported that sea level rise and resulting coastal inundation and erosion is impacting their communities. This is consistent with analysis conducted by the Pacific Climate Change Science Program which reports a 7 mm rise of sea level near PNG each year since 1993.  Since the 1970s, average sea surface temperature in the Papua New Guinea region has risen approximately 0.11°C per decade.  Coral reef health has declined from ‘optimal’ levels in the 18th century to ‘adequate’ levels currently.

19 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011. Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. 20 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011. Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research.Volume 2: Country Reports.

68 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  On average, Port Moresby experiences six tropical cyclones per decade, with most occurring between November and April.

Observed climate change trends and impacts on small scale infrastructure—as reported by each CCC—for each new C-CAP beneficiary community are found in the section below. 5.2 BOL-LAMALAWA COMMUNITY

Bol and Lamalawa villages share a common boundary, and are located along the Buluminsky Highway, 96 kilometers south-east of Kavieng Town, the capital of New Ireland. The two villages have population of 83421. Due to proximity and inter-village relationships, the villages VPCs frequently collaborate on community-based projects and activities. In addition to their collaboration on C-CAP, the villages are working together on a food security project being implemented by Live & Learn. The project provides seedlings, climate-resilient crops and facilitates training on climate-smart farming techniques. The aim of the project is to tackle food scarcity in the villages that is a negative consequence of climate change. The C-CAP activities were facilitated by community leaders Felix Lakahu, Allan J. Tamela, Patricia Nason and Stella Low. The session, held on the 25 February 2014, was attended by 12 participants that included men, women, elders and youths.

5.2.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Bol-Lamalawa CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on the villages. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Impacts of sea level rise are compounded by extreme sea level events like storm surge and king tides, resulting in coastal flooding and erosion.  Current wet seasons are accompanied by strong wind and wave surges which case more incidences of flooding and inundation Sea level rise / with negative impacts on crops and groundwater. Extreme sea level X X X  The most disastrous natural event that affected the communities events was a king tide which occurred in 2008. The King Tide flooded and destroyed the Bol Sub-Health Centre; inundated gardens and killed all plants; and caused severe erosion to local cemeteries.  More frequent storm surge is impacting fisheries, grounding fisherfolk on the mainland.

Increased incidence and  The community reported that the wet season has grown longer— intensity of X X X extending beyond its normal April to October range—and more precipitation intense which results in flooding and erosion.

 Drought is less frequent—the last extreme drought occurred in 1997—but more intense compared to past drought periods. This Incidence and X X X causes significant impacts on gardens and water supply in intensity of drought communities.

 Traditional knowledge on the transitions between wet and dry seasons that were based on natural indicators like animal Shifting seasonality X movements are no longer accurate due to shifting seasonality and unpredictable weather

21 Tamela, Allan. "Bol-Lamalawa Village Recorder." Personal interview. 25 Feb. 2014.

69 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 5.2.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING The community was then asked to identify their local infrastructure and its vulnerabilities to climate change impacts. The CCC split into three groups to identify the local infrastructure in the following categories: Economic, Social and Coastal/Water. Community members highlighted infrastructure locations and climate vulnerabilities on hand-drawn community maps. Following this session, two community representatives accompanied the Country Mobilizer in taking the Global Positioning System (GPS) co-ordinates and photographing Figure 36 A village youth stands in front of a barrier designed to reduce the impact of sea level rise and extreme sea level events on Panatalis the vulnerable infrastructure and risk areas / Guest House, an important economic infrastructure point identified by the environmental degradation sites which were community. Additional photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/13160087074/in/set- identified by the group in the brainstorming 72157642370047113 sessions. Located below is a screenshot of the simple GPS data in the free Google Maps internet mapping application which can be further consulted by following the link provided. Following the screenshot is the list of infrastructure as presented and analyzed by the community.

Figure 37 Bol- Lamalawa Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.ko8JJ8QchEqI

70 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 5.2.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence and intensity of Water cress is harvested—from raised precipitation (flooding [platform]) 1. Water Cress platforms—from the Bol River and sold at the  Shifting seasonality (vulnerable to main Bol-Lamalawa Road Market. insects during wet season).

 Cocoa crops are significantly affected by the Cocoa Pod Borer (CPB) an invasive insect species in the New Guinea 2. Cocoa Blocks Income generating crop for both villages. Islands Region and the other coastal provinces. CPB incidence is linked with warming trends in PNG.

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Stores are located next to the river delta. (flooding, inundation) Access to manufactured goods for those who 3. Trade stores  Increased intensity and incidence of cannot afford the transport costs into the precipitation (flooding). larger towns.

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (flooding, inundation) Market area for the sales of vegetables, 4. Market Place  Increased intensity and incidence of garden crops, betel nut, mustard and lime. precipitation (flooding).

 Incidence and intensity of drought Most of the villages are engaged as (reduced yield) 5. Oil Palm Blocks smallholder oil palm suppliers to the New  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Britain Palm Oil Company. (flooding, salt water intrusion).

5.2.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Health Centre Provides medical health services to the  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events villages. (flooding, erosion)  Increased incidence, intensity of precipitation (flooding)

2. Primary School Primary school for children ages 6 to 12 is  Incidence and intensity of drought located close to flood-prone swamp areas.  Increased incidence, intensity of precipitation (flooding).

3. Feeder Road Feeder roads to plantations and a proposed  Increased incidence, intensity of relocation area. precipitation (flooding).

4. Village Cemetery Cemetery used by the villages.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (flooding, inundation).

5.2.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Coral Reef Coral reef provides ecosystem services  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events including: fish habitat and storm surge (erosion, sedimentation) protection.  Increased incidence, intensity of precipitation (erosion, sedimentation) . 2. Groundwater Provides potable water services for the  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Pump and Tank villages. (salt water intrusion).

71 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 3. Rainwater tanks Personal tanks are shared during drought.  Incidence, intensity of drought   Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (sea spray, corrosion of catchment area).

4. Bol River Water source used for drinking, cooking and  Increased incidence, intensity of fishing. precipitation (flooding)  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (salt water intrusion).

5. Coastal Provide shady recreational areas for  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Beachfront communities and attracts tourists into the (inundation, erosion). villages.

5.3 UNGAKUM ISLAND COMMUNITY Ungakum Island has a total population of 30522. The island, located in the Tsoi Group, is a 90 minute village boat ride from Kavieng Town. The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) has collaborated with the village since 2007 on a mangrove rehabilitation program, and in establishing a Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA). The Ungakum Island Social Mobilizer is also Chairman of the LMMA project; he arranged for the village’s Natural Resources Conservation and Management Committee to assume the role of the C-CAP Community Committee (CCC). C-CAP facilitated the climate change risk & asset mapping exercise on 28 Feb, 2014 with 42 participants which were representative of the village makeup.

5.3.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Ungakum Island CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on the villages. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Impacts of sea level rise are compounded by extreme sea level events like storm surge and king tides, resulting in coastal flooding and erosion that has uprooted coastal trees and coconut palms. Sea level rise /  CCC reported that a 2008 king tide resulted in destruction of a Extreme sea level X X X significant proportion of village infrastructure. The community was events evacuated to the Taskul Government Station Care Centre in for 2 months relief.  Village reports that extreme sea level events are stronger than those that have occurred in the past.

 CCC advises that dry season has grown shorter but more intense compared with past years. Incidence and X X X  In 1997, the community was hit by a drought accompanied by intensity of drought strong wind and rough seas. Crops suffered reduced yields and underground water sources (wells) were affected.

22 Tuembe, Isimel. "Ungakum Island Village Recorder." Personal interview. 28 Feb. 2014.

72 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  CCC advises that formerly distinct wet and dry seasons are less predictable, with a longer wet season with stronger precipitation intensity; and a shorter but more intense dry season. Shifting seasonality X X  Community attributes evidence of invasive plant species to shifting seasonality.

 The CCC reports incidence of coral bleaching. Increasing Sea  CCC attributes reductions in coastal fisheries to overfishing and Surface X X increasing sea surface temperatures which induce unfavorable Temperature conditions for spawning and breeding. Increased incidence and X X  Incidence and intensity of strong wind events damage thatch roofs intensity of strong and village agriculture. wind events

5.3.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING The community participants were asked to divide into three groups in which to identify the village’s economic, social and water/coastal infrastructure, and to draft a climate change ‘vulnerability profile’ for each. The community members actively participated as everyone was given the opportunity to express themselves. During the presentation of the three groups’ discussion, other groups were able to give their inputs into the other groups work and changes were noted. After the presentations, the C-CAP team accompanied by a youth members of the CCC took photographs and GPS Figure 38 The Ungakum Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water/coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk coordinates of vulnerable infrastructure. profiles. Interactive GoogleMap can be found here https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kGf2cXXY 5.3.2.1 Economic Infrastructure u8wg

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Coastal fisheries—particularly sea cucumber harvesting—are the main income source for  Increasing sea surface temperature 1. Coastal Fisheries the community. At risk of overfishing / (impacts spawning, breeding). harvesting.

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (erosion, sedimentation) Coral reef provides ecosystem services  Increased incidence, intensity of 2. Coral Reef including: fish habitat and storm surge precipitation (erosion, sedimentation) protection.  Increasing sea surface temperature (coral bleaching).

 Incidence, intensity of drought  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Semi-subsistence agriculture practiced in the (salt water intrusion) 3. Plantation village.  Increased incidence and intensity of strong wind events.

4. Coconut Copra sales are the primary source of income  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Plantations for most villagers. (salt water intrusion, erosion).

73 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 5.3.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Primary School School for village children ages 6-12.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (inundation).

2. United Church Church is also used as an evacuation center  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Building during disaster events. (erosion, corrosion of foundation)  Increased incidence and intensity of strong wind events.

 Increased incidence, intensity of 5. Aid Post Provides medical services to villagers. precipitation.

5.3.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Source of firewood and housing materials  Sea level rise / extreme sea level that also offers protection from coastal 1. Mangroves events (erosion, sedimentation) erosion and storm surges. .

2. Groundwater Wells Source of potable water. Wells are typically  Sea level rise / extreme sea level (7) used during dry seasons for drinking, and events (salt water intrusion). for laundry and bathing throughout the year.

3. Rainwater Catchment Four community tanks and four private  Incidence and intensity of drought. Systems (5,000 liter) tanks provide a potable water source for the community.

5.4 PANABELI COMMUNITY(PANACHAIS, PANAMECHO, BELIFU)

Panabeli—located along the West Coast of New Ireland—is comprised of three communities: Panachaise, Panamecho and Belifu. The site is an approximately 90 minute drive from Kavieng Town. The three villages have a total population of 68723. While the original settlers of Panabeli lived inland, the villagers relocated to the coast in the early 1900s. Panabeli villagers are actively considering relocation to the original settlement due to the increasingly disruptive nature of sea level rise and extreme Figure 39 A Panachais community freshwater spring is impacted by sea level events. sea level rise and extreme sea level events. The Panabeli CCC—comprised of 24 elders, youth and women from the three villages—completed a Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity on 27 Feb, 2014.

23 Moino, Chris. "Panabeli Village Recorder." Personal interview. 27 Feb. 2014.

74 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 5.4.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

C-CAP facilitated a session on the greenhouse effect and the global impacts of climate change. Following this, participants were asked to provide examples of risks associated with climate change that they have experience in the village. The following risks and impacts were shared by the members of the group.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

 CCC advises that dry season has grown shorter but more intense Incidence and X X X compared with past years. intensity of drought

 CCC advises that formerly distinct wet and dry seasons are less predictable, with a longer wet season with stronger precipitation Shifting seasonality X X intensity; and a shorter but more intense dry season.

Increasing Sea Surface X X  The CCC reports incidence of coral bleaching. Temperature

Increased incidence and X X  Incidence and intensity of strong wind events damage thatch roofs intensity of strong and village agriculture. wind events

5.4.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING The following section documents the participatory risk mapping session held in Panabeli with local women, elders, and youths. The site members were divided into three groups and were allocated the three infrastructure group (economic, social & water/coastal) to discuss the importance of the infrastructure and the vulnerability of the infrastructures to climate events.

Figure 40 Evidence of the recent strong wind that hit Panachais days before the introduction of C-CAP in the site. Thatched roofing houses were destroyed. More images from Panabeli can be found here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/13209378634/in/set- 72157642469973624/

75 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 41 Panabeli Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kdLxZvl8ksYA

5.4.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Incidence and intensity of drought Semi-subsistence agriculture practiced by the  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events 1. Plantation community. (salt water intrusion).

 Increased incidence and intensity of 2. Oil Palm Main cash crop that the community members strong wind events. Plantations depend on for income generation.

 Increased incidence and intensity of 3. Coconut Copra harvesting is another source of income strong wind events. Plantations for the community.

Cash crop provides income for community  Increased incidence and intensity of 4. Cocoa Plantations members. strong wind events.

 Increasing sea surface temperature Semi-subsistence fisheries are an important (coral bleaching) food source for the community. When there  Changing seasonality (extreme weather 5. Coastal Fisheries is surplus, community members smoke their events occurring outside of season, fish products and sell at the Kavieng Market. impacting fisher-folk productivity). 

76 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 5.4.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Catholic Church Site of village church services.  Increased incidence and intensity of strong wind events (salt spray, corrosion of roof)  Sea level rise / extreme sea level event (flooding).

2. Aid Post Provides medical services to community  Sea level rise / extreme sea level event members. (flooding).

3. Primary School School for village youth.  Increased incidence and intensity of strong wind events  Sea level rise / extreme sea level event (flooding).

4. Community Hall Hall used for workshops, trainings and as an  Increased incidence and intensity of evacuation center during emergencies. strong wind events.

5. Village Court Informal court addresses disputes within the  Increased incidence and intensity of community. Provision of conflict resolution strong wind events. and basis legal services. Court is held outside.

5.4.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Freshwater Spring Spring is the primary source of potable  Sea level rise / extreme sea level water for the community. events (erosion, saltwater intrusion)  Incidence and intensity of drought.

2. Coastal Ecosystem (reef, Mangroves, reef and coastal vegetation  Increasing sea surface temperature mangroves, sea grass) provide ecosystem services including: fish (coral bleaching) habitat; storm surge protection; and soil  Sea level rise / extreme sea level stabilization. Being threatened by rising events (erosion, sedimentation) population, unsustainable exploitation of  Increased incidence and intensity of coastal ecosystems. precipitation (erosion, sedimentation).

5.5 NONOVAUL ISLAND COMMUNITY Nonovaul Island is located in the Tigak Group of Islands – approximately a 45 minute village boat ride from Kavieng. The Island has a total population of 24524. A large proportion of the island land mass is covered with mangrove forest. Semi-subsistence fishing is the main source of livelihoods. The Nonovaul Island CCC—comprised of elders, youth and women from the villages—completed a Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity on 28-29 February, 2014. Figure 42 Sea level rise/extreme sea level events contribute to coastal degradation in Nonovaul Island. Additional Nonovaul images can be found at: www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157642472171693/

24 Oliver, Jeffery. "Nonovaul Village Recorder." Personal interview. 29 Feb. 2014.

77 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 5.5.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Impacts of sea level rise are compounded by extreme sea level events like storm surge and king tides. Sea level rise /  Mangroves are visibly growing in landward direction as sea level Extreme sea level X X X rises. Storm surge is degrading mangroves. events  Extreme tides have resulted in degradation of the coastal beachfront, salt water intrusion.

Increased incidence and  The community reported that the wet season has grown longer— intensity of X X X extending beyond its normal April to October range. precipitation

 In 1997, the community was affected by an extreme drought which was accompanied by strong winds. The drought resulted in a bush fire that destroyed forest and subsistence and cash crops. Incidence and X X X Community exhausted potable water supply – emergencies intensity of drought supplies were collected from the mainland, a 45-minute village boat ride.

 CCC advises that formerly distinct wet and dry seasons are less Shifting seasonality X X predictable, with a longer wet season and a shorter dry season.

Increasing Sea Surface Temperature / X X  The CCC reports incidence of coral bleaching. Ocean Acidification

Increased incidence and X X  Incidence and intensity of strong wind events damage thatch intensity of strong roofs. wind events

5.5.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING The following section documents the participatory risk mapping sessions held in Nonovaul Island with local women leaders, elders, and youth representatives. The exercise started by dividing the community members into three groups (Economic, Social & Water/Coastal). The members of each group were asked to list the infrastructure assets, their significance to the community and their vulnerability to the impacts of climate variability and climate change.

78 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 43 Nonovaul Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kBMXJC3j5Hwk

5.5.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Copra is a local cash crop, and also important  Increased incidence and intensity of 1. Coconut trees subsistence and livestock food source. strong wind events.

Semi-subsistence agriculture is an important local livelihood, but is not viable on the island  Incidence and intensity of drought 2. Gardens due to poor soil quality. The community does  Increased incidence and intensity of their gardening on the mainland. strong wind events.

5.5.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability to climatic events

1. Primary / Local schools are also used as evacuation  Increased incidence and intensity of Elementary centers during disaster emergencies. strong wind events Schools  Incidence and intensity of drought.

2. Aid post Provides medical health service to island  Sea level rise / extreme sea level communities. events.

3. Seventh Day The main building used for spiritual worship  Increased incidence and intensity of Adventist (SDA) strong wind events. Church

5.5.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability to climatic events

 Increasing sea surface temperature / Community is dependent on coastal fisheries ocean acidification 1. Coral Reef for livelihoods. Dead corals are normally  Sea level rise / extreme sea level collected for lime production. events.

79 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Mangroves, seaweed and sea grass provides valuable environmental services including: coastal protection from strong winds and 2. Mangroves and  Sea level rise / extreme sea level wave surges; source for housing materials Coastal Vegetation events (erosion, sedimentation). and firewood; and provides spawning and breeding environment for marine organisms.

3. Water tanks (5) Five rainwater tanks (two located on school  Incidence and intensity of drought. grounds) provide potable water for community use.  Incidence and intensity of drought 4. Water wells Potable groundwater source.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (saltwater intrusion).

5.6 LOSSU 1 COMMUNITY Lossu 1 village has a total population of 54825. All the houses in the village are located along the coast and are highly exposed to the impacts of sea level rise and extreme sea level events. The village is known for lime powder production for use in betel nut chewing where the chief product input is dead corals. The Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping was attended by 49 participants, including elders, youth and women from the village; the activity was completed on 26 Feb, 2014 in the Lossu 1 Elementary School.

5.6.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

C-CAP facilitated a session on the greenhouse effect and the global impacts of climate change. Following this, participants were asked to provide examples of Figure 44 This freshwater spring is vulnerable to sea level rise / extreme sea level events which contaminate the water source. risks associated with climate change that they have More images from Lossu 1 can be found at: experience in the village. The following risks and https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/13231555073/in/set- 72157642520466233 impacts were shared by the members of the group.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Impacts of sea level rise are compounded by extreme sea level events like storm surge and king tides which damage coastal Sea level rise / infrastructure such as local homes and cemetery and result in Extreme sea level X X X erosion. events  King tide event in 2008 caused widespread flooding and damage to coastal infrastructure.

Increased incidence and  The community reported that the wet season has grown longer— intensity of X X X extending beyond its normal April to October range—and rains precipitation are more intense, causing damage to plantations.

25 Malif, Amos. "Lossu 1 Health Worker." Personal interview. 26 Feb. 2014.

80 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Fewer incidences, but greater intensity of drought.  During 1997 drought water supplies were exhausted; shortage Incidence and X X X resulted in disease outbreak such as diarrhea and cholera intensity of drought according to the Bol Sub-Health Centre.

Increased incidence and X X  Incidence and intensity of strong wind events damage thatch intensity of strong roofs, agriculture. wind events

5.6.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING The following section documents the participatory risk mapping sessions held in Lossu 1 with local women leaders, elders, and youth representatives. The infrastructure mapping was conducted by dividing the participants into three (3) groups to discuss the economic, social and water/coastal infrastructure. The task was to list the infrastructure, state the significance to the community and demonstrate the level of vulnerability of the infrastructure to climatic events.

Figure 45 Lossu 1 Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kCanN7hVhT34

5.6.2.1 Economic Infrastructure Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence and intensity of This cash crop is a primary livelihood source 1. Cocoa Plantations strong winds. for community members.

 Increased incidence and intensity of 2. Coconut Copra is a source of local livelihoods. strong winds. Plantations

 Increased incidence and intensity of 3. Oil Palm Mini- Major source of income to the community as strong winds (salt spray). plantations small-holders to New Britain Palm (NBP) Oil.

81 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Increased incidence and intensity of Semi-subsistence agriculture, with surplus strong winds (salt spray) 4. Community sales at Poliamba market or Kavieng main  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Gardens market. (saltwater intrusion). 

5.6.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Resource Centre Main venue for meetings and workshop  Increased incidence and intensity of trainings. Currently used as an elementary strong winds school classroom.  Increased incidence and intensity of precipitation (flooding).

2. New Elementary Newly constructed classroom will soon be  Increased incidence and intensity of Classroom opened, with classes transitioning from the strong winds. Resource Center to the school. 3. United Church Local house of worship.  Increased incidence and intensity of Building strong winds (sea spray).

4. SIL Residence Local church building is used as place for  Sea level rise / extreme sea level Centre bible translation into the local language. events.

5. Cemetery Local cemetery.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events  Increased incidence and intensity of precipitation (erosion). 

5.6.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability 1. Coastal Area Local recreation area.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (Beachfront) (erosion)  Increased incidence and intensity of precipitation (erosion).

2. Rainwater Tanks Rainwater catchment system for community  Incidence and intensity of drought water supply.  Increased incidence and intensity of strong wind events (sea spray).

3. Freshwater Freshwater springs—located along the  Sea level rise / extreme sea level springs (4) coastline—are an important potable water events. source.

4. Sea Wall Informally constructed rock revetment was put  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events in place to reduce the impact of coastal  Increased incidence and intensity of erosion and to protect coastal infrastructure precipitation (erosion). from storm surge.

82 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 6.0 SAMOA CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

C-CAP and the Samoan Ministry of Women, Community and Social Development (MWCSD), Internal Affairs Division (IAD) collaborated to implement the Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping exercise in five new ‘Year 2’ communities —Taelefaga, Sala'ilua, Taga, Laulii and Leusoalii through one day sessions held between February and July 2014. After leading an introduction to C-CAP, representatives of village men, women and youth groups completed climate change risk identification and infrastructure mapping exercises. Community members then gathered inputs—GPS coordinates and photographs—for the village's climate change risk and asset map.

6.1 BACKGROUND

Samoa has two main islands, Savai’i and Upolu, with eight smaller coastal islands, four of which are inhabited. The country’s total area is 2,931 square kilometers, with 403 kilometers of coastline. According to the Samoa Bureau of Statistics, 187,820 people live in Samoa, with 70-percent of the population in coastal communities. The capital, Apia, has a population of approximately 40,000. The economy is based on tourism, agriculture, fisheries and forestry product exports; tourism now accounts for approximately 25% of the economy26.

6.1.1 CLIMATE CHANGE GAP ANALYSIS OVERVIEW

6.1.1.1 World Bank-funded Samoa Infrastructure and Asset Management (SIAM) Program

Four of five C-CAP communities—Taelefaga, Sala'ilua, Laulii and Leusoalii—participated in the World Bank-funded Samoa Infrastructure and Asset Management (SIAM) program. Through the program, the Samoan Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) completed mapping and management

26 ADB.2012 Asia Development Outlook 2012 Update. Manila

83 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 planning for major structural assets at a District level. Communities were eligible to apply for small grants funding to implement interventions identified under their district’s Coastal Infrastructure Management Plans (CIMPs). C-CAP worked with communities to build off CIMPs for more in depth mapping of all community assets and climate change risk areas.

6.1.2 SAMOA’S CLIMATE The islands are of volcanic origin, clearly visible in the form of several dormant volcanoes and lava fields. The climate in Samoa has two distinct seasons. The dry season runs from May to September, while the wet / cyclone season spans the remaining seven months of the year. Among the observed climate trends in Samoa, as reported by the Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP)27:  There is significant year to year rainfall variability in Samoa, but distribution of rainfall is concentrated in the wet season when the country receives 75-percent of annual rainfall, on average. On average, Samoa receives 350 mm rainfall per month in the wet season and 150 mm per month in the dry season.  The position and strength of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ)—which lies between Samoa and Fiji during the wet season—and El Niño-Southern Oscillation have a strong influence on incidence of drought and flooding. Droughts have had greatest impacts in the northwest regions of Savai’i and Asau.  There are positive annual and seasonal mean air temperature trends in Samoa for the period 1950-2009, with a mean increase of 0.14°C per decade.  There is no clear trend, but on average, Apia experiences 10 cyclones per decade. Cyclones have occurred more frequently in El Niño years.  Across Samoa’s Year 2 communities, CCCs reported that coastal erosion, flooding and inundation are impacting their communities. This is consistent with analysis conducted by the Pacific Climate Change Science Program which reports a 4 mm rise of sea level near Samoa each year since 1993.

The Samoa CCC’s indicated that sea level rise, extreme sea level events (including tsunamis) and incidence of cyclones were their paramount concerns. This likely relates to the acute impacts of extreme events over the past 25 years and the population’s concentration along the coast. The 2009 tsunami resulted in more than 150 deaths, left 2.5 percent of all Samoans homeless and destroyed transport, water and energy infrastructure across large areas28. Tropical cyclone recovery and rehabilitation costs can exceed the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). In fact, the cost of damages from cyclones in back-to-back years—Ofa in 1990 and Val in 1991—were more than four times Samoa’s GDP.

Observed climate change trends and impacts on small scale infrastructure—as reported by each CCC—for each new C-CAP beneficiary community are found in the section below.

6.2 TAELEFAGA COMMUNITY Taelefaga is located at the base of the Fagaloa bay in northeastern Upolu. The village population of 181 is comprised of 91 males and 90 females, according to the 2011 national census29. With guidance on site selection and on composition of the CCC from the Samoa Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (MNRE), Ministry of Women, Community and Social Development (MWCSD) and Red Cross, C-CAP completed the Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping exercise in Taelefaga on 13 February 2014; 38 villagers with representation from village leadership bodies, and women’s and youth groups participated in the activity.

27 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011. Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research.Volume 2: Country Reports. 28 World Bank. 2012 World Bank Development Blog. 29 Samoa. Bureau of Statistics. Population and Housing Census 2011 Analytical Report. Apia, 2012.

84 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 6.2.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

As an initial exercise, the community assessed how climate change is currently affecting their village and how they see it potentially impacting them in the future. C-CAP led an introduction to the project, followed by a brief overview on climate change, and the global impacts of climate change. The community representatives then identified and analyzed a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Community reported that they now experience more intense dry periods that affect their water supply and agriculture coupled with Changing Weather fewer, but more intense rain showers. X X X Patterns  Heavy rain and extreme events increase risk of landslides and landslips from the village’s hilly slopes.

 CCC advises that cyclones have increased in intensity and exacerbate coastal erosion.  Cyclones Ofa and Val (1990 and ’91, respectively) resulted in widespread damage. The taro leaf blight disease that followed was a major hindrance to taro growth and export. Increased intensity  Free range livestock (pigs and chickens) suffer higher mortality of cyclones / X X X rates following extreme weather events and resulting flooding. extreme weather events  According to the village Coastal Infrastructure Management (CIM) plan; all village church buildings are either located in the coastal erosion hazard zone or the coastal flooding hazard zones; the village school is the only community facility that can viably serve as an evacuation center.

 Impacts of sea level rise are compounded by extreme sea level events like storm surge and king tides which cause coastal erosion. Sea level rise /  Community reports that sea level rise and extreme sea level Extreme sea level X X events caused the collapse of fords/river crossings connecting events Salimu and Musumusu to the main road through Taelefaga during extreme weather events. Damaged culverts and fords also block tidal flow to the wetlands.

 The community also reported higher temperatures over the past 10 years, which most severely impacts the young. Increasing air X X  CCC notes that increasing temperatures affects agriculture temperature productivity.

6.2.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Following identification of local climate change impacts, the men, women and youth completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, and coastal and water infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. All infrastructure are catalogued in the tables below.

6.2.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increasing air temperature (fungal growth) Kava is an important cash crop that is sold 1. Kava Plantation  Changing weather patterns (fungal locally. growth).

85 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Changing weather patterns (increasing intensity of rain and flooding impacts 2. Livestock (pigs, food source) Source of livelihood for the community. cows, chickens)  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events.

Semi-subsistence fisheries are the main  Community reported vulnerability to 3. Coastal fisheries livelihood for the community. coastal pollution from hydro power station discharge . Pandanus trees are the source of weaving 4. Pandanus  Increased intensity of cyclones / materials. Finely woven Samoan mats are a Plantations extreme weather events (flooding). source of livelihoods for village women.

6.2.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

A privately owned fale reserved for meetings 1. Women's and other important activities for women.  Increased intensity of cyclones / committee house The fale belongs to the headperson of the extreme weather events. women's committee.  Increased intensity of cyclones / extreme weather events There are four (4) churches; all are located 2. Church buildings  Sea level rise / extreme sea level within the coastal flooding hazard zone. events.

 Increased intensity of cyclones / 3. Dance hall Village dance hall hosts social events. extreme weather events.

 Changing weather patterns (flooding, inundation) 4. Volleyball court Site of village sports competitions.  Increased intensity of cyclones / extreme weather events.

 Changing weather patterns (flooding, The school has been used as an evacuation inundation) 5. Taelefaga Primary center during cyclones and tsunamis. Also School  Increased intensity of cyclones / used as a meeting hall. extreme weather events.

6. Samoan Provides free electricity for Taelefaga and Government surrounding villages. Operational since  Increased intensity of cyclones / Electric Power 1996. Community believes that discharge extreme weather events. Corporation (EPC) from power plant impacts coral reefs and

Hydropower marine life. Station

6.2.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Taelefaga has two natural springs; the bigger one continuously supplies the village throughout the year, with the smaller spring only used for bathing, washing and cleaning by a few families. 1. Taelefaga natural The village has piled rocks around the small  Changing weather patterns (flooding spring pools open spring to form a pool. The larger spring and landslides from intense rainfall). source is located further up in the base of the mountain. The water flow is collected in a pool surrounded with rocks which then enters into a concrete chamber with steel.

86 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Mangroves provide ecosystem services  Sea level rise / extreme sea level 2. Mangroves, Reef including: fish habitat; storm surge protection; events & Coastal and soil stabilization. Being threatened by  Increased intensity of cyclones / Vegetation rising population, unsustainable exploitation extreme weather events. of coastal ecosystems.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level Beachfront is a tourist attraction and source of 3. Beachfront events (erosion). domestic sand mining for construction.

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level Provides access to Salimu and Musumusu events (inundation, erosion) villages along the western coast of the 4. Bridge  Increased intensity of cyclones / Fagaloa bay. Regulates incoming surge extreme weather events. during high tide.

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (erosion) Rock revetment serves as a barrier to sea 5. Revetment  Increased intensity of cyclones / level rise / prevents erosion. extreme weather events.

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (erosion) 6. Drainage and Channels streams into the ocean; requires  Changing weather patterns (flooding culvert ongoing maintenance. from intense rains).

 Increased intensity of cyclones / 7. Beachfront Small structures used for community extreme weather events. Bungalows recreation.

Local infrastructure—including a privately- owned general store—is located along the coast. Despite high rates of erosion, the  Sea level rise / extreme sea level 8. Coastal village continues to build along the coast. In events (flooding) Infrastructure discussing the future climate scenarios, the  Increased intensity of cyclones / (village store, CCC acknowledged the risks of extreme extreme weather events. homes) events, sea level rise and landslides and

openly discussed the potential for future relocation further upland.

6.3 SALA’ILUA COMMUNITY Sala'ilua and Siutu (a section of Sala'ilua) has one governing body of Pulega a Alii ma Faipule. For the purpose of C-CAP work, Siutu is considered a part of Sala'ilua and therefore collectively referred to as Sala'ilua. Sala'ilua is located on the southern tip of Savai’i and has a population of 1,442—759 men and 683 women30. Sala'ilua was formerly known as ‘Apia 2’ because it was the center for businesses, telecommunication and transportation services in the 1950s. Given its importance, Sala'ilua was the first village in Savai’i to receive electricity. Figure 46 Upper reservoir of EU IWS-funded water system; Sala'ilua has received funding assistance from the reservoir lacks shelter to protect water from contamination. European Union (EU) for the rehabilitation and upgrade of its Independent Water Scheme (IWS) in 2012. This secondary water source has ensured water availability for the whole village for very minimum cost of WST 2 / month per household. Due to the high cost of water, the village elected to supplement their supply from the Samoa Water Authority by implementing a community-managed water system. The IWS rehabilitated this secondary supply system in 2012. IWS

30 Samoa. Bureau of Statistics. Population and Housing Census 2011 Analytical Report. Apia, 2012.

87 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 increased the available water supply but is not meeting its potential due to insufficient water reservoir facilities; the community is discussing the potential for further upgrades to protect the reservoir. The Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping exercise —held on 21 February at the Sala'ilua Women's committee Hall—was attended by 66 villagers with representation across village leadership, women and youth groups.

6.3.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

As an initial exercise, the community assessed climate change’s current and projected impact on the village. The community was given C-CAP project background and a brief overview of climate change and global impacts of climate change; the community representatives then analyzed and presented the local impacts of global warming, prolonged droughts, coastal process and extreme events experienced in Sala'ilua. Impacts are catalogued in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Community reported incidence of drought—which is often driven by ENSO—affects their groundwater supply, livestock and agriculture. Changing weather X X X patterns  Changing rainfall patterns and intensity of precipitation / extreme weather events have resulted in incidence of flooding in the village. Community linked flooding with the spread of diseases

Increased  A 1966 tropical cyclone destroyed most of the local businesses, intensity of wharf, district hospital and airport. Cyclones Ofa and Val (1990 X X X cyclones / and ’91, respectively) also resulted in widespread damage. extreme events  Impacts of sea level rise are compounded by extreme sea level events like storm surge and king tides which cause coastal erosion, flooding of freshwater springs and coastal pools. Sea level rise /  Impacts of sea level rise and extreme sea level events are Extreme sea level X X events exacerbated by poor drainage and disregard of maintenance of a village culvert; some areas of the village are inundated during king tide events.

 CCC notes that increasing temperatures affects agriculture Increasing air and productivity. sea surface X X  Community reported that declines in marine resources may be temperature attributed in part to increasing sea surface temperatures.

6.3.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the men, women and youth completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social and water infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events All infrastructure is catalogued in the tables below.

88 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 47 Sala'ilua Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.k9oIa6bbJZFk

6.3.2.1 Economic Infrastructure Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Semi-subsistence agriculture and animal  Changing weather patterns (drought, husbandry are the primary livelihood source 1. Village Plantations flooding) for Sala'ilua. Some farmers also farm cacao and livestock areas  Increased intensity of cyclones / and produce cocoa for local sales. extreme events.

Small business developed under the Women in Business initiative that employs 2. Coconut oil  Increased intensity of cyclones / local residents. One barrel of coconut oil is processing house extreme events. sold at WST$180.

 Increased intensity of cyclones / Pandanus trees are the source of weaving extreme weather events 3. Pandanus materials. Finely woven Samoan mats are a  Changing weather patterns (drought, Plantations source of livelihoods for village women. flooding).

 Increased intensity of cyclones / A harbor for fishing boats. Fishing is one of extreme weather events 4. Boat landing area the main livelihood sources for the  Sea level rise / extreme sea level community. events.  Business center for the Salega district includes local branches of Western union,  Increased intensity of cyclones / 5. Salega District Post Office, National bank and Ministry of extreme weather events Business Center Agriculture office. Local businesses also  Sea level rise / extreme sea level located in the business center. events.

89 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 6.3.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The five Church buildings are used as evacuation shelters during cyclones. These  Increased intensity of cyclones / 1. Community include 2 London Missionary Society (LMS), extreme weather events Church Methodist, Catholic and Assembly of God  Sea level rise / extreme sea level (AOG). events. 2. Sala'ilua Primary School buildings are also used as evacuation  Increased intensity of cyclones / School and centers during cyclones and tsunamis. extreme weather events. College  Increased intensity of cyclones / extreme weather events 3. Pre-school Pre-school is located along the coast.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events.

 Increased intensity of cyclones / Generally used for village meetings, extreme weather events 4. Women’s welcoming guests, village dance and bingo Committee Fale  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events games. Located along the coast. (flooding).

 Changing weather patterns (floods from 5. Rugby fields Sports events hosted at the field. intense rain).

 Increased intensity of cyclones / A privately owned beach resort that extreme weather events 6. Beach resort generates job opportunities for villagers.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events.

6.3.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Constructed in 2012 to serve as secondary 1. Sala'ilua  Changing weather patterns (drought) water source. Source reservoir is not Independent  Increased intensity of cyclones / enclosed and is thereby vulnerable to Water Scheme extreme weather events contamination. (IWS) Reservoir (contamination).

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events 2. Village Pool (Vai Pool is used by the village for bathing. A (erosion of pool wall). Salele) concrete wall encloses that pool.

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events 3. Natural springs Natural springs along the coast are a source (salt water intrusion). (Vai o Saovaa) of drinking water for the community.

A coastal barrier against king tides, storm surges and average sea level rise. Used by  Sea level rise / extreme sea level 4. Sea Wall some anglers for fishing and for general events (erosion). recreation.

Ford / culvert was recently upgraded to a concrete ford to serve as a low water  Changing weather patterns (flooding, 5. Ford crossing that helps drain water towards the runoff and sedimentation). sea.

Reef provides ecosystem services including:  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events fish habitat; and storm surge protection. (runoff, sedimentation) 6. Coral reef Being threatened by runoff and resulting high  Changing weather patterns (flooding, nitrate concentration; evidence of algal runoff and sedimentation). blooms sticking to the reef.

90 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 6.4 TAGA COMMUNITY

Like its neighboring village Sala'ilua, Taga is vulnerable to extreme weather events due to its location at the southern coastal tip of Savai’i; here, the village is exposed to strong southeast trades from May to October. Taga has population of 763 with 379 males and 384 females31. The Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping exercise—held on March 11 at the village hall —was attended by 68 villagers with representation across village leadership, women and youth groups.

6.4.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

As an initial exercise, the community assessed the current and projected impacts of climate change. The community was given the background to the project and a brief overview on climate change and global impacts of climate change; the community representatives then analyzed and presented the local impacts of global warming, precipitation pattern changes, and natural disasters experienced in Taga. Impacts are catalogued in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Community reported that they now experience more intense dry periods that affect their water supply and agriculture; more intense droughts are interspersed between fewer, but more intense rain showers. Community charges that changing weather patterns Changing Weather contributes to incidence of disease in humans and agriculture. X X X Patterns  Runoff from heavy rain impacts water source and access roads.  Community reported incidence of drought affects their groundwater supply and agriculture. Forest fires have also occurred as a result of prolonged periods of drought.

 A 1966 tropical cyclone destroyed infrastructure and drove some community members to relocate to higher elevation. Cyclones Ofa and Val (1990 and ’91, respectively) also resulted in widespread Increased intensity damage. Following these cyclones, the majority of the village of cyclones / X X X relocated from the coast to its current site. extreme events  CCC reports that extreme events damage pipelines and affect water supply.

 Impacts of sea level rise are compounded by extreme sea level events like storm surge and king tides which cause coastal Sea level rise / erosion, flooding of freshwater springs and coastal pools. Extreme sea level X X  2009 tsunami reached 50m inland destroying remaining ‘old events village’ infrastructure.

 CCC notes that increasing average sea surface temperatures impact marine life; they believe that this has contributed to Increasing average reduced stock of fish and shellfish. Emergence of new shellfish sea surface X X species has also been reported; this is being correlated with temperature changing sea temperature. Further studies would be required to attribute causation.

6.4.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the men, women and youth completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events All infrastructure is catalogued in the tables below.

31 Samoa. Bureau of Statistics. Population and Housing Census 2011 Analytical Report. Apia, 2012.

91 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

Figure 48 One meter vertical drop in beach profile as a result of erosion from extreme weather events and sea level rise / extreme sea level events.

Figure 52: Taga Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kVOqaecp0sFI

6.5.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increasing average air surface Semi-subsistence staples such as taro and temperature 1. Plantations bananas are grown in community plantations.  Increased intensity of precipitation  Increased incidence of drought.

 Increased intensity of cyclones / 2. Local Shops extreme events Easy access to basic imported goods. (four, privately  Sea level rise / extreme sea level owned) events.

92 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 6.5.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased intensity of cyclones / extreme events  Increased intensity of precipitation 1. Primary School Local school for village youth. (village is located alongside river and at risk to flooding)  Increased incidence of drought.

Used for community events such as village  Increased intensity of cyclones / 2. Church hall meetings, youth gatherings and as polling station extreme events.  Increased intensity of cyclones / Primarily used for church services, meetings and extreme events 3. Churches (LMS, church functions. Methodist  Sea level rise / extreme sea level Churches) events.

Provides easier access to plantations in highlands. 4. Access road Built by government and inaugurated in May 2014.  Increased intensity of precipitation.

Revetment protects coastal areas, reducing impact  Sea level rise / extreme sea level 5. Revetment of natural coastal processes such as wave action. events. The nursery was installed through the Ministry of Environment (MNRE) Integration of Climate Change Risk and Resilience into Forestry  Increased intensity of cyclones / Management in Samoa (ICCRIFS) project; project 6. Community extreme events Nursery was funded by the Global Environment Fund (GEF). Varieties of native trees and plants are  Sea level rise / extreme sea level cultivated in nursery for reforestation and coastal events. protection purposes.

6.5.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence of drought Secondary source of drinking water for the  Increased intensity of precipitation 1. Natural spring village. (runoff contaminates supply following drought).

Previously used as water source; no longer  Sea level rise / extreme sea level 2. Beach spring used due to inundation. events.

Established in October 2013 as primary water  Increased incidence of drought 3. Leusoalii supply for community.  Increased intensity of precipitation Independent (runoff contaminates supply following Water Scheme drought).

 Increased incidence of drought Used for bathing, washing, fishing and as  Increased intensity of precipitation 4. Rivers (2) emergency water supply. (flooding).

 Increased incidence of drought  Increased intensity of precipitation 5. Rainwater Cement rainwater tanks are for church (flooding) Catchment Tanks congregation, but open to community during (2) drought.  Increasing average air temperature (cement tanks vulnerable to cracking).

 Increased intensity of cyclones / 6. Church buildings Village congregations. extreme events.

93 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Increased intensity of cyclones / extreme events Bridges traverse the two rivers in the village. 7. Bridges (2)  Increased intensity of precipitation (flooding).

 Increased intensity of cyclones / extreme events Reef provides ecosystem services including: 8. Reef  Sea level rise / extreme sea level fish habitat; and storm surge protection. events.

6.6 LAULII COMMUNITY Laulii is an eastern suburb village of Apia with a total population of 1,973 comprising of 987 male and 986 females32. The eastern part of the main settlement is located near a break in the reef and therefore the coast is directly exposed to the open sea33. The absence of a reef at the center of the settlement, combined with steep beaches, exposes the coast to high levels of wave action and results in a rocky coastline. Two minor reef systems are located further east and west of the main settlement. In contrast to areas west of Laulii— such as Vailele and Letogo which have access to freehold or Government administered land away from the coast—the topography of Laulii limits development options to coastal areas and two main valleys. Village activities are dominated by fishing and plantation works. The majority of the families in Laulii own plantations for cultivation of semi-subsistence staple crops. Many families also own poultry. The Laulii community receives free water supply a part of the Independent Water Supply Scheme implemented by the Samoan Ministry of Women, Community and Social Development in 2009. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment's (MNRE) Disaster Management Office (DMO) is also considering proposals to fund development of a riverbank stabilization intervention under the Cyclone Recovery Project. Members of the Division of Internal Affairs (DIA) and C-CAP Samoa Country Mobilizer facilitated the Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping exercise with 25 villagers, representing village men, women and youth groups. The risk assessment exercise took place on the 16 May 2014.

6.6.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

As an initial exercise the community assessed how climate change is currently affecting their village and how they see it potentially impacting them in the future. C-CAP led an introduction to the project, followed by a brief overview on climate change, and the global impacts of climate change. The community representatives consisting of men, women and youth then analyzed and presented the local impacts of global warming and climate change on their gender as well as on the future generation. The groups reported on climate change impacts such as sea level rise, rising air temperature, extreme events and natural disasters experienced in Laulii.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Increased  The community reported that they, and village infrastructure, are intensity of vulnerable to cyclones regardless of whether there is an cyclones / X X X intensification effect related to climate change projections. extreme events

32 Samoa. Bureau of Statistics. Population and Housing Census 2011 Analytical Report. Apia, 2012. 33 Samoa. Ministry of Natural Resources and Enviornment. Coastal Infrastructure Management Plan - Vaimauga East District. Apia: World Bank, 2002.

94 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Flooding—most acute in low-lying areas proximal to the river—is mostly experienced during the wet season with frequent occurrences blamed on sedimentation from soil erosion raising the river bed.  Land slide events usually occur during heavy rainfall periods. In Increased the past, select houses and plantations near the base of the cliffs, intensity of X X X located in the rear of the village, experience damage. precipitation  The village youth group noted that water resources are vulnerable to contamination during heavy rainfall events.  The CCC reported a risk to from increased incidence of vector borne conditions related to standing pools of water resulting from flood events.

 Current impacts of warmer temperatures and increased Increased incidence/intensity of drought reported by the groups include average air hotter days, water problems, and increasing incidence of temperature and X X X diseases. With projections—made with ‘very high confidence’—for incidence / 34 intensity of an increase in intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat , drought the youth group foresees crop damage due to dry soil conditions.

Sea level rise /  The women's and men's groups reported rising sea level since extreme sea level X X over the last 50 years. events

6.6.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the men, women and youth groups completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events.

6.4.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Semi-subsistence agriculture and animal 1. Village  Changing weather patterns (drought) husbandry are the primary livelihood sources Plantations and  Increased intensity of cyclones / for Taga. livestock areas extreme events.

The blowholes are a natural feature along the Taga coast where water from incoming ocean water shoots into the air like fountains due to  Increased intensity of cyclones / 2. Taga Blowholes force of waves pushing water through extreme events. openings in the reef. It is popular attraction for tourists and locals and a source of income from user entrance fees. 3. Coconut oil processing A small-scale business run by local  Increased intensity of cyclones / unit/house population. extreme events.

A family-owned, organic-certified agri- business. Main products are coffee and 4. Coffee and Vanilla  Increased intensity of cyclones / vanilla for coffee and vanilla. Products are plantation extreme events sold locally and nationally.

Privately owned stores which provide the  Increased intensity of cyclones / 5. Village stores basic necessities for the community. extreme events

6. Vai Lata (local Bottled water purveyor with sales across  Increased intensity of cyclones / water supply Samoa. extreme events business)

34 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011. Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research.Volume 2: Country Reports.

95 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 6.4.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Village’s six churches--Jehovah’s Witness, AOG, 2 SDA, Latter Day Saints (LDS), and Congregational Christian Church of Samoa—  Increased intensity of cyclones / 1. Church buildings used as evacuation centers during cyclones extreme events. and natural disasters.

2. Taga Primary School for village children. The primary School and  Increased intensity of cyclones / school is used as an evacuation shelter Preschool extreme events. during disasters and extreme events.

Since the 2009 tsunami, the women's  Increased intensity of cyclones / 3. Community Hall committee hall was built further inland. Hall is extreme events. used for women's functions and gatherings.  Changing weather patterns (extreme 4. School cricket For village/school sports competition. rainfall, flooding). field

6.4.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The reservoir / water pump at the village’s 1. Community natural spring was installed by Samoa Water  Changing weather patterns (drought) Reservoir / Water Authority and pumps piped water to homes  Increased intensity of cyclones / Pump every day from 11 am to 4 pm. extreme events.

 Changing weather patterns (drought) Freshwater spring was formerly the primary water source, but is presently used to  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events 2. Freshwater supplement the piped supply. A well (which (saltwater intrusion) springs was damaged by cyclones in the 1990s) is  Increased intensity of cyclones / believed to have cultural significance, with extreme events (runoff and ties to myths and legends of Samoa. contamination).

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events The freshwater pool, enclosed in concrete (saltwater intrusion) 3. Community boundary, at the old village site is still being  Increased intensity of cyclones / bathing pools used by many for bathing and washing extreme events (runoff and clothes. contamination).

96 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 6.5 LEUSOALII COMMUNITY

The Leusoalii village, with a population of 381 as of the 2011 National Census, has a physical setting characterized by steep headlands and bays with raised alluvial deposits above sea level forming the foundation for the village. The reef system is broken opposite the village’s two rivers. The beach is made up of coral rubble with black sand near the river mouths. The beach at Leusoalii is protected by an existing seawall but coastal erosion is still a concern to the villagers. Immediately behind the village are steep slopes, which limit inland development. Most of the agriculture areas and plantations are located on the top of the headlands and hills; the community now has improved access to plantation areas stemming from government construction of tar-sealed feeder roads.

Apia is located approximately 10 km west of Leusoalii; a large portion of the working community is employed in Apia, the country’s economic center. Leusoalii has easy access to Apia via paved roads and bridges that traverse rivers between the two areas; during heavy rainfall and extreme weather events, however, access can be inhibited due to flooding damage in the areas around the bridge. While most of the village activities are dominated by plantation work on the top of the headlands and hills, fishing is restricted because the coast is generally exposed and the reef and lagoon fishing opportunities are limited35.

Figure 53 Community members listened during the men's presentation. Additional Leusoalii photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157645263683529/

Members of the Samoa Division of Internal Affairs (DIA) and the C-CAP Samoa Country Mobilizer facilitated the Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping exercise with 42 villagers, representing village men, women and youth groups. The risk assessment exercise took place on the 18 June 2014.

35 Samoa. Ministry of Natural Resources and Enviornment. Coastal Infrastructure Management Plan - Anoama’a West District. Apia: World Bank, 2002.

97 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 6.5.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  The women's group reported cyclones as the most dangerous hazard due to its widespread damage affecting their plantations which is the main livelihood source for most families.  Due to the projected increase in strength of cyclones in the future, the youth pointed out the likelihood of increasing incidence of diseases due to poor living and health standards. Houses will Increased intensity need to be cyclone proofed in order to counter the strength of of cyclones / cyclonic winds in the future. X X X extreme events  Topography of their village leaves community vulnerable to cyclones. Location of community behind breaks in the reef allows for high waves to enter its shore; there is a steep barrier just behind the village, which can ‘trap’ villagers between the sea and steep slope. Recently, a new tar sealed access road was built by the Samoan government to serve as an evacuation route to the highlands where most of the village plantations are located.

 Community reports increased intensity of precipitation and longer periods of drought.  Youth identified that water resources are vulnerable to contamination during heavy rainfall events. Incidence of soil erosion, flooding, and landslides also increase alongside flooding Increased intensity events. X X X of precipitation  The steep slope behind the village is a threat during the rainfall season especially for families near the base of the cliffs and mountains. Most plantations are located on the top of the headlands and highlands they are also subject to damage from landslides and heavy rainfall.

Increased  Community reports increased intensity of precipitation and longer incidence of X X X periods of drought which impacts agriculture and water supply. drought  CCC reports that extreme sea level events cause coastal flooding, impacting infrastructure, including roads and culverts, as well as marine life.  The men's group reported that in addition to storm surge, sea Sea level rise / level rise (SLR) has also increased annually. The alarming rate of extreme sea level X X SLR is mirrored in the erosion processes taking place at the events beach. Coastal erosion was discussed as a threat to the community; community expansion is already limited due to steep mountains behind the village. .

 Warmer temperatures impact planting seasons and yields. Increasing average  CCC attributes reduced production of marine life to increasing sea air and sea surface X X X surface temperature; community theorizes that fish are migrating temperature due to changing temperature profiles.

6.5.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING As an initial exercise the community assessed how climate change is currently affecting their village and how they see it potentially impacting them in the future. C-CAP led an introduction to the project, followed by a brief overview on climate change, and the global impacts of climate change. The community representatives consisting of men, women and youth then analyzed and presented the local impacts of global warming and climate change on their gender as well as on the future generation. The groups reported on climate change impacts such as sea level rise, rising air temperature, extreme events and natural disasters experienced in Leusoali

98 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 54 Leusoalii Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kdlCopD--wMM

Figure 55 Laulii Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kq_8XAtb75BE

99 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 6.6.2.1 Economic Infrastructure Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased intensity of precipitation 1. Retail store Easy access to basic imported goods (flooding).  Increased average air temperature and incidence / intensity of drought (impacts agricultural inputs) 2. Food Stalls and Income-generating small-scale projects for  Increased intensity of precipitation Roadside Markets village development. (flooding impacts agricultural inputs)  Increased intensity of cyclones / extreme events.

 Increased average air temperature and incidence / intensity of drought 3. Pandanus Pandanus plants are used as inputs for Plantations traditional woven Samoan handicrafts.  Increased intensity of precipitation (flooding).

6.6.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Laulii Primary School is also used as an evacuation center during  Increased intensity of cyclones / School cyclones and extreme events. extreme events. Used for community events, village meetings and  Increased intensity of cyclones / 2. School hall to host fundraisers. extreme events

3. Churches (SDA Outside of church services and functions, also  Increased intensity of cyclones / [2], LDS [2], LMS, used as evacuation centers by members of their extreme events. Catholic, AOG) respective congregations.

4. School sports For school sporting events, inter-village sports  Increased intensity of precipitation field competitions and family functions. (flooding).

Feeder roads enable improved access to  Increased intensity of precipitation 5. Feeder Roads plantations and properties away from the coast. (flooding).

6.6.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Spring is secondary source of drinking water for the community. Those who live further  Increased intensity of precipitation 1. Natural spring inland—without household connections to the government supply—rely on the spring as (flooding, erosion and sedimentation). their primary source.

Alternative source of water during  Increased intensity of precipitation 2. River emergencies. (flooding, erosion and sedimentation).  Sea level rise / extreme sea level 3. Sea wall Provides protection for coastal areas. events.  Increased incidence of drought  Increased intensity of precipitation 4. Independent Established in October 2013 as primary water (runoff contaminates supply following Water Scheme supply for community. drought). 

100 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 7.0 SOLOMON ISLANDS CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

The C-CAP team facilitated one day Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activities in five Malaita Province villages— Lilisiana, New Kaloka and South Dala, between 5 and 7 February; and North Dala and Ngongosila, between 15 and 16 April. In each session, the team led an introduction to C-CAP, and each community’s C-CAP Community Committee (CCC) participated in climate change risk identification and infrastructure mapping exercises. Following the workshop, the community’s C-CAP Social Mobilizer and interested CCC members led the C-CAP team on a tour of the village’s social, economic, coastal and water infrastructure. C-CAP geo-referenced and photographed these community assets and uploaded data points to the open-source Google Maps platform. These Climate Change Risk & Asset Maps will be applied by C- CAP and community stakeholders through all project components.

Each CCC was initiated by the community Social Mobilizer, with guidance from the C-CAP Country Mobilizer for Solomon Islands. All CCCs have representation across gender, religious and ethnic groups and affiliations. 7.1 BACKGROUND Malaita Province, the most populous Solomon Islands province and island, has a population of 137,596—27- percent of Solomon Islands’ population of 515,87036. The 11.6-percent average annual growth rate in Malaita’s urban area—surrounding island capital Auki—far outpaces the Provincial average of 1.2-percent; however, the bulk of the population—96-percent—resides rurally.

Relative to other Solomon Islands provinces, Malaita has some of the poorest development indicators in the country, with the lowest:

 Life expectancies at birth for males and females, 64 and 70.7 years, respectively;  School attendance status for primary school-aged children (6 to 15 years old) at 77-percent; and  Literacy rate for males and females aged 15 to 24, 82.3- and 77.5- percent, respectively.

36 Solomon Islands Government. Solomon Islands Population & Housing Census 20009. By Douglas Kimi. Provincial Profile of the 2009 Population & Housing Census—Malaita. Honiara: Solomon Islands National Statistics Office, 2009.

101 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 In Malaita, 19-percent of males and 35-percent of females have not completed any formal schooling while 59-percent of males and 51-percent of females only completed their primary school education. In line with these trends, three out of four households depend on subsistence activities—including agriculture, fishing and handicraft sales—or remittances as their main source of income. Among the subsistence activities practiced, 95-percent of all families are involved in farming; 68-percent of households raise livestock; and 49-percent of households practice fishing. Public service provision is also lacking in Malaita, where two-percent of all households were connected to the Solomon Islands Water Authority metered system; and three-percent of all households were connected to the electricity grid. Water supply, sanitation and hygiene are particular concerns in Malaita given the population’s significant dependence on the natural resource base for their livelihoods. Nearly half of all households lack access to a toilet facility and practice open defecation. Water supply varies by village, but 78-percent of all Malaita households rely on a stream or communal standpipe/borehole.

7.1.1 CLIMATE CHANGE GAP ANALYSIS OVERVIEW All gap analysis inputs for Solomon Islands may be found within each respective community’s Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping report.

7.1.2 SOLOMON ISLANDS’ CLIMATE

Located northeast of the seat of government in Guadalcanal Province, Malaita is situated at 9° S, 161° E. According to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP), air and sea surface temperatures show little variation throughout the year, but there are distinct dry and wet seasons; an average of nearly 70- percent of annual precipitation (according to measurements in Honiara) falls in the wet season between November and April37. This period also coincides with Solomon Islands’ tropical cyclone season. The country experiences an average of 10 cyclones every decade; impacts are acute in Malaita Province, where severe flooding has occurred following the most recent cyclones. Additional observed climate trends (from the 1950s to today) in the Solomon Islands as reported by PCCSP38, include:  There are warming trends in annual and season mean air temperatures, with an average decadal increase of 0.18°C.  Average sea surface temperature is increasing nearly in parallel to air temperatures, at an average of +0.12°C per decade.  Sea level rise is increasing by more than 8 mm per year, compared to the global average of 3.2 +/- 0.4 mm per year.  Coral reef health in the Solomon Islands has declined from ‘optimal’ levels in the 18th century to ‘adequate’ levels currently. Coral reef health is measured by seawater aragonite saturation; in the 18th century, waters around the Solomon Islands had an aragonite saturation state of 4.5, which is .5 above the cutoff for ‘optimal’ coral growth. As of 2000, the observed value fell to approximately 3.9.

Observed climate change trends and impacts on small scale infrastructure—as reported by each CCC—for each new C-CAP beneficiary community are found in the section below. 7.2 LILISIANA COMMUNITY Lilisiana is an informal, peri-urban community north of Auki city center. According to the 2009 census, the total population is 47139; however, C-CAP Social Mobilizer Vincent Foarara reports that the population has increased significantly since census figures were collected. Project Helpim Lilisiana, an informal charity

37 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011. Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Volume 2: Country Reports. 38 All figures and patterns are for Honiara, which formed the base of PCCSP trend analysis and projections. 39 Solomon Islands Government. Solomon Islands Population & Housing Census 20009. By Douglas Kimi. Provincial Profile of the 2009 Population & Housing Census—Malaita. Honiara: Solomon Islands National Statistics Office, 2009.

102 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 organization run by Solomon Island expatriates from Lilisiana, reports that the population is approximately 1,00040. Lilisiana households have no current access to public utilities, though in 2013 through support from the Solomon Islands Rural Development Program (SIRDP), each household was outfitted with rooftop solar panels that have electricity generation capacity sufficient for household lighting. The community previously had access to a communal standpipe with water supply from the Solomon Islands Water Authority; this was disconnected in the early 2000s, however due to the community’s inability or election not to pay for the service. No Lilisiana Figure 56 The view of Lilisiana from central Auki. Additional Lilisiana households have access to a toilet facility; photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c- there are designated open defecation areas cap/sets/72157643231602513/ for men and women along the beach north of the village. Sea level rise and extreme sea level events (storm surge, king tides) pose significant risks to the village; during December 2013 king tides, community members reported that water levels inundated coastal areas— and homes—approximately 25 yards inland from the coast. Malaita Provincial Government officials are aware of this risk and have already prioritized Lilisiana—along with other coastal communities in east Malaita and the Province’s small satellite islands—for a relocation program that is under government consideration. Officials are currently addressing land tenure issues in the island’s interior, where the government intends to designate new village plots. Development work in Lilisiana within the past five years has focused on community water supply. The community advised that the Australia Agency for International Development (AusAID) funded installation of three 5,000 liter rainwater catchment tanks in 2010. This complemented rainwater catchment capacity in the village which had been supported previously through donation of six rainwater catchment tanks by the New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAID), the Solomon Islands Rural Development Program (SIRDP), the Solomon Islands Parliament and the NGO Live and Learn. Even with increased capacity, the community reports that without any rainfall over a one week period, they exhaust their potable water supply. In these instances, community members travel by boat to neighboring settlement New Kaloka to gather water in containers from that community’s more reliable groundwater source. C-CAP Social Mobilizer Vincent Foarara and the Lilisiana CCC took part in C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping between 5 and 6 February 2014 in the Lilisiana Table House (town hall).

7.2.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Lilisiana CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on Lilisiana Village. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea surface  The men and youth groups implied an increase in average sea temperature surface temperature, with men linking this to coral reef health warming trend X X X degradation and youth citing the impact of degraded coral reefs on fisheries.

40 Batalibasi, Amie. "Project Helpim Lilisiana." Pacific Community Partnerships. N.p., n.d. Web.

103 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Increased  Women and youth groups reported an increase in the incidence Incidence / and intensity of droughts. Intensity of  Youth highlighted the community’s limited rainwater catchment droughts capacity and need gather water from neighboring villages if there X X X is no rain in a one week period.  In addition to the impact on the village potable water supply, the women’s group also noted that drought leads to stunted agriculture growth and reduced yields.

Increased Intensity  Each group cited increased incidence of erosion from storm water of Rain storms / runoff which impacts agriculture and coral reef health Changing (sedimentation). Men and women’s groups linked coral reef Seasonality degradation to declining fisheries. X X X  The women’s group linked changing seasonality to degradation of agriculture – noting that it is more difficult to follow traditional planting cycles.

Increased  The Men’s group noted far-reaching impacts on livelihoods, the incidence and ecosystem (primarily agriculture), and health (potable water, intensity of infrastructure). cyclones  The Men’s group also noted the impact of cyclones on culture. X X X They cited due to damage caused by coral reefs during cyclones, the supply of coral shells has dwindled. Shells are used to make ‘shell money’ necklaces which are important elements of the dowry paid to a bride’s family.

Sea level rise /  Each group cited increasing sea level rise as a significant Extreme sea level community concern that causes inundation and flooding. events  The Men’s group noted that continued sea level rise may result in land tenure conflicts, as the community may be forced to relocate inland.

7.2.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

104 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 57: Lilisiana Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kgVlE_XQoR8U

7.2.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence / intensity of drought  Increased Intensity of Rain storms / Changing 1. Community Semi-subsistence farming is a Seasonality Plantation Site primary source of livelihoods.  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones.

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion and resulting sedimentation of coral reefs) Semi-subsistence fisheries are a  Sea surface temperature warming trend 2. Coastal Fisheries significant source of livelihoods.  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones (impact of coral reef degradation on fisheries).

7.2.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 1. Lilisiana  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) Village-run kindergarten. Kindergarten  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events

 Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones Table House hosts community 2. Table House (Town  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) meetings and events. Hall)  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events

Government nurse provides weekend  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 3. Government service to the community. Health Clinic  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion)

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion) Village cemetery.  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 4. Cemetery  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events

105 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Bridge connects the only road on the peninsular portion of Lilisiana to the  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) 5. Bridge larger community and mainland.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events

 Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) 6. Catholic Church Lilisiana congregation.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events

 Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 7. South Seas  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) Evangelical Lilisiana congregation. Church  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events 8. Sports Field Village general purpose sports field.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

7.2.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence / intensity of drought Source of drinking water for church 1. Catholic Church  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (tanks events; for use by village families. Rainwater Tank (2) are located on coastline).

2. South Seas  Increased incidence / intensity of drought Evangelical Source of drinking water for church  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (tanks Church Rainwater events; for use by village families. are located on coastline). Tank  Increased incidence / intensity of drought 3. Kindergarten Source of drinking water for school  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (tanks Rainwater Tank children; for use by village families. are located on coastline).

Rainwater tanks donated by various 4. Village Rainwater  Increased incidence / intensity of drought. donors for general village use. Tanks

 Increased incidence / intensity of drought Local stream is used for bathing and 5. Stream  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding). washing.

Communal standpipe, with water  Increased incidence / intensity of drought 6. Solomon Islands supply from SIWA, was disconnected  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events Water Authority in the early 2000s due to the (Inundation). (SIWA) Standpipe community’s inability or election not

to pay for the service.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (community noted that storm surges damage the reef) Semi-subsistence fisher folk depend  Sea surface temperature warming trend (not 7. Reef on reef fish for their livelihoods. reported by community)  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion, sedimentation) (not reported by community).

Community set designated areas 8. Communal Toilet along the beach north of the village  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events. Area for men and women.

Freshwater spring becomes 9. Coastal Freshwater accessible at low tide and is used for  Sea level rise (not reported by community). Pool watering livestock.

106 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 7.3 NEW KALOKA COMMUNITY Like Lilisiana, New Kaloka is an informal, peri-urban community within the boundaries of Auki; it is located just south of Auki city center. There are no official population statistics for this settlement, but through a community initiative aimed at setting up a community based organization, a completed household survey through a 2013 Vulnerability & Adaptation Assessment (V&A) of New Kaloka reported a population of 529 comprised of 112 households. The local economy is dominated by semi-subsistence fishing—mainly pelagic, benthic and reef fish species—and animal husbandry. There are three functioning governance bodies in the community—a church committee, village committee (for ad-hoc village clean-ups); and a water committee which coordinates water resource management and distribution. The water committee oversees the village- funded and –run reservoir and distribution system, which was constructed in the 1970s. The community diverts stream flow into two reservoir tanks at an elevated area northeast of the village and then manages a water pump that distributes water to multiple taps spread throughout the village. Due to a lack of maintenance, there are multiple leaks in the piping system which impacts water Figure 58 Sea walls off the coast of New Kaloka. Additional New Kaloka photos pressure. To supplement this primary can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157643317456165/ water supply source, the community also has eight 5,000 liter rainwater catchment tanks shared by surrounding households. Sanitation is a concern for the village; there are two functioning toilets in the village—built for elders with limited mobility. The majority of the village practices open defecation and household waste disposal in mangrove swamps in the southern section of the community. There are areas of the swamp designated for men and women. As New Kaloka and other areas of Auki increase in population, the lack of access to sanitation has potential to impact coastal fisheries that the community depends on as a primary source of livelihoods. Similar to Lilisiana, sea level rise and extreme sea level events (storm surge, king tides) pose significant risks to this coastal community. Set on low-lying land with poor drainage, terrestrial New Kaloka is water-logged for much of the wet season. Homes along the coast have built stone sea walls—the majority of which have fallen into disrepair and require frequent maintenance—to secure land from the impacts of sea level rise and extreme sea level events. C-CAP Social Mobilizer Tony Wale and the New Kaloka CCC took part in C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping between 6 and 7 February 2014 in the New Kaloka Catholic Church Hall.

7.3.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The New Kaloka CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on New Kaloka Village. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

107 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea surface  The Men’s group reported an increase in average sea surface temperature temperature, with men linking this to coral reef health degradation warming trend X X X and migration of fish from shallow coastal waters that have historically been productive fishing grounds.

Increased  Men and youth groups reported an increase in the incidence and Incidence / intensity of droughts and the impacts on water supply. Intensity of X X X  In addition to the impact on the village potable water supply, the droughts youth group also noted that drought leads to stunted agriculture growth and reduced yields.

Increased  The men and youth groups noted that increased intensity of Intensity of Rain rainstorms has increased coastal erosion. storms /  The men’s group noted that stormwater runoff impacts coral reef X X X health (sedimentation) and that standing pools of water that remain after intense rains act as a breeding ground for mosquitos, increasing risks of malaria.

Increased  The youth group noted far-reaching impacts on livelihoods, the incidence and X X X ecosystem (primarily agriculture), and infrastructure. intensity of cyclones Sea level rise /  Each group cited increasing sea level rise as a significant Extreme sea level community concern that causes inundation and flooding. events  All groups cited inundation of coastal infrastructure including kitchens which are typically located under stilted homes; water taps; and plantations. X X X  Men and youth groups called attention to increased erosion from sea level rise and extreme sea level events.  The women and youth groups reported that sea level rise impacts the mangrove swamps used as village toilets—forcing them further inland or into the water. Women also noted that the village has overharvested mangroves.

Changing  The men and women’s groups cited the impacts of changing Seasonality seasonality on traditional agricultural cycles, which has caused X impacts on crop yields and quality.

7.3.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events.

108 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 59 New Kaloka Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.k949RImBGBUg

7.3.2.1 Economic Infrastructure Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence / intensity of drought  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion) 1. Community Subsistence farming is an important  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones Plantation Site source of livelihoods.  Changing seasonality  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events.

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion Semi-subsistence fisheries are the and resulting sedimentation of coral reefs) 2. Coastal Fisheries primary source of livelihoods.  Sea surface temperature warming trend.

7.3.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

New Catholic Church building 1. Catholic Church construction has stalled due to lack of  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones (new) funding. There is a foundation, roof  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) and support beams but no walls.  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 2. Catholic Church Catholic Church building still used for  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) (old) some church functions.

Table House hosts community  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones meetings and events. Structure does  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) 3. Table House not have walls.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level event

109 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 School grounds include administration 4. Primary and building and buildings for primary and  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones Secondary secondary classrooms which are  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level event Schools separated by a large playing field.

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) Village cemetery plots. 5. Cemetery Plots (3)  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (some plots are proximal to the coast.

Palm fronds used for household and  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) 6. Palm Plantation building roofing.  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones.

Village general purpose sports field; located in low-lying village center and  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events 7. Sports Field is frequently water logged during wet  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding). season.

7.3.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Community-run reservoir and distribution system, which was constructed in the 1970s. The community diverts stream flow into two  Increased incidence / intensity of drought. 1. Reservoir / Dam reservoir tanks at an elevated area

northeast of the village and then manages a water pump that distributes water to multiple taps spread throughout the village.  Increased incidence / intensity of drought Source of drinking water for church 2. Catholic Church  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones events; for use by village families. Rainwater Tank (1) (guttering and water tank stand).

 Increased incidence / intensity of drought  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 3. Community Source of drinking water for use by (guttering and water tank stand) Rainwater Tank (3) surrounding households.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (tanks are located on coastline).

 Increased incidence / intensity of drought 4. Community Source of drinking water for use by  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events. Standpipes (4) surrounding households.

5. Community Cisterns for storage of groundwater  Increased incidence / intensity of drought. Groundwater piped from reservoir site. Reservoir Local stream is used for bathing and  Increased incidence / intensity of drought 6. Stream washing and emergency drinking  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding). water.  Increased incidence / intensity of drought Standpipe, with water supply New  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events 7. School Standpipe Kaloka reservoir, for school water (Inundation). supply.

Unlined drainage channels run  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events throughout the village to divert storm 10. Drainage Channels (Inundation) water from the land, channeling it to  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) outlets on the coast.  Sea surface temperature warming trend Semi-subsistence fisher folk depend 11. Reef  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion, on reef fish for their livelihoods. sedimentation).

Community set designated areas 12. Mangroves / along the beach south of the village for Communal Toilet  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events. men and women. Area

110 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Homes along the coast have built stone sea walls—the majority of which have fallen into disrepair and require 13. Sea Walls / Boat frequent maintenance—to secure land  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events Anchorage from the impacts of sea level rise and (private)  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones. extreme sea level events. Also serve as boat anchorage.

7.4 SOUTH DALA COMMUNITY South Dala community is separated from North Dala by a stream that dissects the larger settlement. Not an official village, per census designation, the community—in meetings with C- CAP—indicated that the population is between 600 and 700 people41. The community is anchored by the Society of Mary Catholic (Primary and Secondary) School and congregation.

South Dala is a well-organized community; Figure 60 The Dala River, pictured here, separates North and many members of the South Dala CCC are well South Dala. Additional South Dala photos can be seen here: educated and aware of both human and climate https://www.flickr.com/photos/c- impacts on the local ecosystem. The group cap/sets/72157643323614055/ expressed strong interest in support for land use planning to address human-induced environmental degradation from mangrove deforestation for firewood collection and the impact of ‘beach toilets’ on coastal fisheries. There is an active watershed management activity led by David Suiramo, a community cooperative. The water supply committee is focusing current work on reforestation around the community’s water source, the upstream portion of Dala River, which is located approximately 5-6 kilometers northeast of the village. The group also hopes to transition firewood collection from mangroves along the coast to managed firewood collection (and replanting) southeast from the community center.

The community - funded and –run reservoir and distribution system, was constructed in the 1970s to meet the water needs of the village population of approximately 100; the community expressed concern that continuing population growth will render the current system insufficient for meeting corresponding increased demand for water. Due to increased use and unplanned development of new standpipes, water pressure is typically low throughout the distribution system and taps.

C-CAP Social Mobilizer Raymond Iliau and the South Dala CCC took part in C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping on 7 February 2014 in a Society of Mary Catholic School classroom.

7.4.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The South Dala CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts in South Dala. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

41 South Dala C-CAP Community Committee. "Socio-economic Background - South Dala." Personal interview. 7 Feb. 2014.

111 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Increased  Men and youth groups reported an increase in the incidence and Incidence / intensity of droughts and the impacts on water supply and Intensity of agriculture—leading to stunted agriculture growth and reduced X X X droughts yields.

Increased  The men and youth groups noted that increased intensity of Intensity of Rain rainstorms has increased coastal erosion and impacted storms / agriculture, reducing yields and quality. X X X  The women’s group noted that erosion and resulting sedimentation degrades coral reefs affecting coastal fisheries.

Increased  The youth group noted impacts on coastal erosion and incidence and X X X infrastructure as well as damage to the village plantation and intensity of forested areas. cyclones Sea level rise /  Men and youth groups cited increasing sea level rise as a Extreme sea level significant community concern that causes inundation and events erosion.  Youth group noted that sea level rise causes erosion. Combined X X X effects of erosion and inundation impact coconut trees, mangroves and other coastal vegetation compromising food resources, soil stabilization and coastal defense from extreme sea level events.

Changing  The women’s group cited the impacts of changing seasonality on Seasonality traditional agricultural cycles, which has caused impacts on crop X yields and quality.

7.4.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Coordinates of each infrastructure point identified were then uploaded into a Climate Change Risk & Asset Map.

Figure 61 South Dala Climate Change Risk structure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: isk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrashttps://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kqCWcLEld4Zc

112 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 7.4.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion, flooding) 1. Coconut The community harvests and sells  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones Plantations copra to traders.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events.

2. Copra Storage Shed is used for copra storage prior  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones Shed to selling to traders.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion and resulting sedimentation of coral reefs) Semi-subsistence fisheries are an 3. Coastal Fisheries  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones important source of livelihoods. (community reports that cyclones and resulting wave action damages reefs).

 Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion, Subsistence farmers grow taro and flooding) 4. Plantations sweet potato.  Changing seasonality  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones.

7.4.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones Catholic Church was built in 1958 and 1. Catholic Church  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding). is well maintained.

School grounds include 2. Society of Mary administration building and buildings  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones Catholic School for primary and secondary  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding). classrooms.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding, Village cemetery plot located along erosion) 3. Cemetery Plot the coast.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (plot is proximal to the coast).

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding). 4. Sports Field Village general purpose sports field.

7.4.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Community-run reservoir and distribution system, which was constructed in the 1970s. The community diverts stream flow from the Susu Langi Stream at an elevated  Increased incidence / intensity of drought 1. Reservoir / Dam area northeast of the village and then  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding). manages a water pump that distributes water to multiple taps spread throughout the village.

Two working standpipes are source 2. Water Standpipes  Increased incidence / intensity of drought of water for the village. (2)  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding).

 Increased incidence / intensity of drought River divides Dala into North and  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding, 3. Dala River South communities and is used for erosion). washing and swimming.

113 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Two areas along coast designated for  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events 4. Sanitation Areas men and women. (Inundation).

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion, Semi-subsistence fisher folk depend 5. Reef / Coastal sedimentation) on reef fish for their livelihoods. Fisheries Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones.

Mangroves and coastal vegetation 6. Mangroves /  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events provide ecosystem services including: Coastal  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion, fish habitat; storm surge protection; Vegetation sedimentation). and soil stabilization.

7.5 NORTH DALA COMMUNITY The North Dala community sits above South Dala, separated by Dala River. Both are proximately 20 kilometers from Auki town. Not an official village, per census designation, the community—in meetings with C-CAP—indicated that the population is approximately 1,000 people42. The community is comprised of seven tribes and is represented with two chiefs; one is the tribal chief and the other is the “head of tribe” chief that leads overall community matters. North Dala has been the recipient of limited development program funding over the past decade. The Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) funded construction of a health clinic that has provided services to the village since 2007. In the early 2000s, the Solomon Islands Ministry of Fisheries provided North Dala residents with fish aggregating devices (FADs), which resulted in increased skipjack tuna catches through 2005; FADs were destroyed, however, during tropical storms which occurred in December 2005. While the community was not able to replace the lost FADs, they continue to rely on coastal fisheries as their principal source of livelihoods. The primary coastal fisheries site—at the mouth of the river that separates North and South Dala—is vulnerable, however, to human activities including pollution and open defecation. Subsistence agriculture is also an important source of livelihoods for the community. Local gardens are located inland along Dala River. While access to freshwater is a boon for agriculture, flooding is a growing issue; the community attributes increased flooding risk to changing weather patterns that have grown increasingly unpredictable. Water supply is another emerging area of concern for North Dala community. The main source of water is from a dam located further inland. Water is piped from the source to a local reservoir before being distributed to four communal standpipes in the village. During periods of heavy rainfall and flooding this source is rendered unhealthy given the heavy sedimentation being piped in with the water. C-CAP Social Mobilizer Hendrick Aremao and the North Dala CCC took part in the C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping on 16 April 2014 in a classroom at North Dala School.

7.5.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION The North Dala CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on North Dala Village. In a mixed group of—men, women and youth and people with disability—they have identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

42 David Oto. "Socio-economic Background - North Dala." Personal interview. 16 April 2014.

114 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea surface  Increasing average sea surface temperature stresses marine temperature resources. Decreased productively of coral reefs has cascading X X warming trend impacts on coastal fisheries and local livelihoods.

Increased  Men, women and youth mentioned that with soils drying up, Incidence / agriculture would be heavily affected contributing to poor health X X X Intensity of and food insecurity. droughts Increased  The participants have identified the potential areas that will be Intensity of Rain affected by intense rainfall/storms. More concern has been raised storms / on flooding associated with heavy rainfall and how it will impact X X X Changing the water supply (sediment) and natural resources of the Seasonality community.

Increased  The mixed group of men, women and youth suggested that incidence and intense cyclones will severe impacts on the livelihoods. Pressure X X X intensity of will be placed on agriculture, infrastructure and the water supply. cyclones Sea level rise /  Each group cited increasing sea-level rise as a significant Extreme sea level community concern that causes inundation and saltwater intrusion events that will spoil farm land close to the coast.

7.5.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Figure 62 Climate change risk map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kziY5tmLk0jc

115 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 7.5.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  Increased Intensity of Rain storms / Changing Semi-subsistence agriculture is an Seasonality (landslides, flooding) 1. Farming Area important source of local  Incidence / Intensity of droughts livelihoods.  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones.

Primary source of livelihoods. Threatened by pollution and  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 2. Coastal Fisheries nitrate concentrate (open  Sea surface temperature warming trend. defecation).

7.5.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Church Local house of worship.  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones.

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms / Changing Seasonality (flooding) Provides medical services to the 2. Clinic  Incidence / Intensity of droughts community.  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones

 Sea level rise / extreme sea level events. 3. School Local elementary school.

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms / Changing This de-facto community hall is 4. Rest House Seasonality (flooding) frequently used by community (Community Hall)  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones. elders.

Site for sports and other social  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones. 5. Soccer Field events for the community.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms / Changing 6. Local Access Lone exit road from the village to Seasonality (flooding). Road other population centers.

7.5.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms / Changing Water supply infrastructure Seasonality (landslides, flooding) 1. Reservoir, Piping provides access via four  Incidence / Intensity of droughts and Standpipes communal standpipes.  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones.

 Increased incidence / intensity of drought River divides Dala into North and  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding, 2. Dala River South communities and is used erosion). for washing and swimming.

7.6 NGONGOSILA COMMUNITY Ngongosila is an oval-shaped island situated between Kwai Island and the mainland off the eastern coast of Malaita province. The island is approximately 12 kilometers from Atoi’fi airport and two kilometers from the closest mainland point. The population is estimated at around 50043; this figure is inclusive of those temporarily living on the mainland but who maintain permanent residence in Ngongosila.

43 Ngongosila C-CAP Community Committee. "Socio-economic Background - Ngongosila." Personal interview. 15 April 2014.

116 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 The community has three existing religious denominations—South Sea Evangelical, Anglican and Seventh Day Adventist churches— with one head chief that leads the community. Under this leadership, the community built a stone revetment to protect the coastline from sea level rise and extreme sea level events. Ngongosila Chief Titus Loleba advises that the impacts of climate change have changed the landscape, reducing the amount of land area available for households. Chief Loleba advises that sea level has risen gradually over the past decades. Approximately 30 years ago, the Figure 63 View of Ngongosila Island from the coast. Additional community was still able to walk from Ngongosila photos can be seen here: Ngongosila to Kwai Island during low tides— https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157644367246131/ now Kwai, and its primary school, health clinic and markets are only accessible via canoe. Due in part to these issues, three family groups have moved to mainland villages. The CCC also reported that many households comprise two or three families due to the shortage of land area, which is exacerbated by coastal erosion.

Potable water supply is another significant issue facing the village. The community has eight (8) 5,000 liter water tanks, which were funded by Deputy Prime Minister Hon. Manaseh Maelanga in 2012. This is the only recent development assistance received by the community. Due to saltwater intrusion, the approximately 500 families with wells are only able to use that supply for washing and sanitation. The Ngongosila community is more dependent on coastal fisheries than agriculture as a source of livelihoods. Gardening is not practiced on Ngongosila as land is a major limiting factor. Semi subsistence agriculture activities are conducted on the mainland; gardens usually suffer during cyclone season due to difficult passage across the sea. While fishing is of greater importance to the community, it has also suffered declines in recent years. Community elders stated that their fishing grounds are no longer healthy; fish populations have declined in recent years. The community attributes this to deforestation that has impacted sedimentation from the mainland that travels to the sea via storm water runoff. C-CAP Social Mobilizer Titus Loleba and the Ngongosila Climate Change Committee (CCC) took part in the C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping on 15 April 2014 in the South Sea Evangelical Church (SSEC) meeting house.

7.6.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION The Ngongosila CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on Ngongosila Village. In a mixed group of—men, women and youth and people with disability—they have identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea surface  The men, women and youth suggested the increase in temperature temperature is affecting their daily livelihood, ecosystem and warming trend health. Some elderly men linked this to the disappearance of sea X X grass and decrease in number of fish in their reefs as compared to past decades.

117 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Increased  The participants highlighted the impacts of drought to their Incidence / X X X community; they recently experienced six weeks of drought. Intensity of droughts Increased Intensity  The participants linked increasing intensity of rainstorms to recent of Rain storms / flooding and cited damage to local gardens. Changing X X X  Men linked flooding to sedimentation, which affects the Seasonality community’s coastal fisheries.

Increased  Due to remote location and a lack of adequate facilities, the incidence and X X community is particularly prone to cyclones and other natural intensity of disasters. cyclones Sea level rise /  Given their own observations of sea level rise, the group fears Extreme sea level X X that saltwater intrusion issues will increase in the coming decades events and will threaten the viability of making the island home.

7.6.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Infrastructure and climate change risks are highlighted in the tables below.

Figure 64 Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kl5H7TMw-9Hg

118 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 7.6.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms / Fishing and shellfish are vital sources Changing Seasonality (flooding, of livelihoods, but are vulnerable to sedimentation) 1. Coastal Resources high nitrate concentration in the water  Increased incidence and intensity of driven by open defecation along the cyclones coast.  Sea surface temperature warming trends.

Coconuts are an important part of local  Increased incidence and intensity of diets; community members also earn cyclones, the coconut plantation is at the 2. Coconut plantation money from production and sale of mainland on the coast. coconut oil.

7.6.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms 1. SSEC Church Local place of worship. (flooding).

Local place of worship.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms 2. SDA Church (flooding).

Local place of worship.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms 3. Anglican Church (flooding).

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms 4. SSEC Rest House Meeting place (flooding).

 Increased incidence and intensity of 5. Community-run Local kindergarten. cyclones. Kindergarten

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms 6. SSEC Kitchen To do catering for community events (flooding). house

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms 7. School Education of young children (flooding).

7.6.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence / intensity of drought  Increased incidence and intensity of 1. Rainwater Eight 5,000 liter rainwater tanks are the cyclones catchment primary source of water for daily systems household consumption.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (for tanks along the coast).

Groundwater is harvested by households  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events 2. Well water for secondary uses. (saltwater intrusion).

 Increased incidence and intensity of The coastal area is used for recreation cyclones 3. Seafront and as community fishing grounds.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events.

 Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 4. Cemetery Local burial site.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events.

119 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Increased incidence and intensity of Safe anchorage for the community’s cyclones 5. Boatyard boats/canoes.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events.

Separate facilities for men and women are  Increased Intensity of Rain storms stilted over the ocean with a small (flooding) 6. Communal Toilet footpath to connect the structure to the  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Facilities coast; untreated waste flows directly into  Increased incidence and intensity of the ocean. Open defecation is also cyclones. practiced along the coast.

120 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 8.0 KINGDOM OF TONGA CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

The C-CAP team facilitated one day Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activities in five Vava’u Group villages—Hunga, Tefisi and ‘Utulei, between 21 and 23 January; and Makave and Okoa between 14 and 16 May. In each session, the team led an introduction to C-CAP, and each village’s C-CAP Community Committee (CCC) participated in climate change risk identification and infrastructure mapping exercises. Following the workshop, the community’s C-CAP Social Mobilizer and interested CCC members led the C- CAP team on a tour of the village’s social, economic, coastal and water infrastructure. C-CAP geo- referenced and photographed these community assets and uploaded data points to the open-source Googlemaps platform. These Climate Change Risk & Asset Maps will be applied by C-CAP and community stakeholders through all project components.

Each CCC was initiated by the community Social Mobilizer, with guidance from the C-CAP Country Mobilizer for Tonga. All CCCs have representation across gender, religious and ethnic groups and affiliations. 8.1 BACKGROUND Vava’u Island Group has a population of 14,922—15-percent of the Kingdom of Tonga’s population of 103,036—spread across 18 inhabited islands; however, more than 90-percent of the Vava’u Group’s population is concentrated on the main island, Vava’u Lahi. The Vava’u economy is driven by tourism, agriculture and fisheries. Vava’u’s protected anchorage, in the Port of Refuge, draws yachts which often stay in the island group during the dry season from May to October. This coincides with the annual migration of humpback whale pods from feeding grounds in Antarctica to mate and calf in Vava’u’s waters from June to November.

121 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 8.1.1 CLIMATE CHANGE GAP ANALYSIS OVERVIEW

There are two major donor-funded environmental sector projects being implemented across the Vava’u Island Group: the Global Environment Fund- (GEF) and Australia Agency for International Development- (AusAID) supported Integrated Water & Coastal Management (IWCM) program and the Japanese Technical Cooperation Project for Promotion of Regional Initiative on Solid Waste Management in Pacific Island Countries (J-PRISM).

IWCM is funding a government-run groundwater system with service to homes in the Neiafu District. With the goal to facilitate development of sustainable water resource management practices and to protect Neiafu groundwater resources, the project concentrates activities in:  Mitigation of threats to human health from contaminants focusing on agricultural practices, land-use, and liquid waste;  Monitoring compliance of the Water Resource Management Bill;  Institutional strengthening and community awareness for water resources management and monitoring; and  Development of a Water Resource Management Plan.

The project has also dedicated funding to two composting sites in Fungamisi and Falaleu (eastern Neiafu). AusAID has contributed funding to the project to establish a sub-focus on waste management / sewage system; this is still in development. There is potential for C-CAP to coordinate with IWCM if communities prioritize implementation of water resource projects / infrastructure under C-CAP’s component one goal to help communities to climate-proof community assets. In 2013, IWCM developed and facilitated workshops and manuals to train and certify community outreach workers, environment and health sector public servants, and community leaders as facilitators for community-based water safety planning and water quality monitoring. These materials may be useful complements to any water-focused projects implemented through C-CAP. J-PRISM is a regional project funded by JICA and coordinated by the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP), which will be implemented in Vava’u from 2011 to 2016. The project is focused on improved management and operations of the island’s waste management site (kalaka), located in Okoa village. The project will also pilot a waste collection system in coordination with interested communities in Vava’u’s Neiafu District. J-PRISM delivers support through technical assistance rather than a dedicated project office.

8.1.2 VAVA’U’S CURRENT CLIMATE Vava’u is situated at 18.65° S latitude, compared to Tongatapu—the site of C-CAP’s five communities that initiated collaboration with the project in 2013—which is found at 21.21° S. Consistent with its more proximal location to the equator, Vava’u experiences higher year-round temperatures44:

 The highest annual mean monthly temperature in Vava’u occurs in January, at 30.3°C, compared to 29.9°C, which occurs in Tongatapu in February; and  The lowest annual mean monthly temperature in Vava’u is 1.9°C higher than in Tongatapu (20° and 18.1°, respectively). Among the observed climate trends in Tonga, as reported by the Pacific Climate Change Science Program45:  There is a distinct wet and dry season, with almost two-thirds of Tonga’s rainfall occurring in the wet season from November to April. Annual variation in rainfall levels in Tongatapu and Vava’u are not statistically significant.

44 "Climate Summaries." Tonga Meteorological Services. Government of Tonga, 2006. Web. 45 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011. Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Volume 2: Country Reports.

122 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Across Vava’u, CCCs reported that sea level rise and resulting coastal inundation and erosion is impacting their communities. This is consistent with analysis conducted by the Pacific Climate Change Science Program which reports a 6 mm rise of sea level near Tonga each year since 1993.  While there are warming trends in both annual and seasonal mean air temperatures, which are most pronounced in the wet season, figures were only available for Tongatapu.  Coral reef health in Tonga has declined from ‘optimal’ levels in the 18th century to ‘adequate’ levels currently. In fact, as of February 2014, the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme reports that the first stages of a coral bleaching event are occurring in Vava’u46.

Observed climate change trends and impacts on small scale infrastructure—as reported by each CCC—for each new C-CAP beneficiary community are found in the section below.

8.2 HUNGA COMMUNITY

Hunga village is a small community on Hunga Island in the Motu (Island) District of the Vava’u Group. The village, with a population of 229 across 52 households47, is situated on the southern end of Hunga Island, northeast of the island’s natural harbor. At a distance of two hours by village boat from the Vava’u Group’s capital city of Neiafu, economic development on Hunga is constrained by lack of access to markets. Villagers supplement subsistence fishing and agriculture with limited sales from the Neiafu Market and receipt of remittances. Figure 65 The Hunga C-CAP Community Committee poses with the C-CAP team following Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activities. Additional Hunga photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c- While there is little opportunity for cap/sets/72157643324897903/ economic development, since 2008, Hunga Village has received donor-funded project assistance from JICA, New Zealand AID and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) [through support to the Mainstreaming of Rural Development Innovation (MORDI) Tonga Trust], the Government of India, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) [through support to Tongan NGO Act for Peace]; and Oxfam New Zealand. No current or recent projects are focused on climate change adaptation, however. In 2008, MORDI facilitated community development planning for construction of a paved road and sidewalk from the island’s protected bay, up steep terrain to Hunga village. MORDI supported village fundraising efforts which contributed to MORDI and Government of India funds; together, this funding made the wharf and road construction possible. The ability to transport people, and most importantly goods and village supplies, up the steep terrain regardless of inclement weather relieves a significant community burden. In 20012, MORDI funded construction of a garage for safe storage of the village truck and tractor. In 2014, MORDI has plans to rehabilitate the Hunga Town Hall to structurally withstand cyclone-force winds.

In 2009, JICA contributed funding to Hunga and Vava’u’s 10 other outer island villages for electrification. In Hunga, JICA provided one solar panel, stand and building connections at each home, and two panels, stands and connections at the Hunga Town Hall, Health Clinic, Government Primary School (GPS) and Free

46 Survey Finds Evidence of Coral Bleaching Event Beginning in Tonga. Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, 14 Mar. 2014. Web. 47 Kingdom of Tonga. Department of Statistics. Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing. By ‘Ata’ata M. Finau. Vol. 1: Basic Tables and Administrative Report. Nuku'alofa: Tonga Department of Statistics, 2013.

123 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Wesleyan Church, Free Church of Tonga, Latter Day Saints Church, Church of Tonga-Ho’eiki and Tongan Constitutional Church.

Figure 49 Hunga Village Wharf Figure 67 Hunga Village Road

The Vava’u Youth Congress funded development and equipment for a virgin coconut oil processing station on Hunga. All virgin coconut oil produced is sold to the Tongan National Youth Congress for export. Finally, Act for Peace has applied USAID-funding to facilitate development of a disaster risk management plan for Hunga; and installation of four communal rainwater catchment systems—which use the ‘first flush’ system design applied by C-CAP—at the Town Hall, Government Primary School, the Free Church of Tonga and the Wesleyan Church.

8.2.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

Town Officer and C-CAP Social Mobilizer Napa’a Halatanu and the Hunga CCC took part in C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping on 22 January 2014 in the Hunga Town Hall. The Hunga CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on Hunga Village. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth48—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Air Temperature  Each group reported a decline in productivity associated with Warming Trend increased air temperatures.  Men and youth groups reported a decline in agriculture productivity with men advising that farmers increase the use of X X X chemicals in attempts to counter decreased yield / stunted growth.  Youth reported a cultural impact of increased air temperature, where hotter temperatures make it difficult to wear traditional Tongan clothing.

Sea surface  Men reported having to travel further distances offshore to fish temperature X X due to sedimentation and bleaching. warming trend

Sea level rise /  The village has been built on high ground, but youth reported Extreme sea level X concern that sea level rise and more extreme storm surges and events tidal changes may impact the wharf and coastal areas.

48 In the Pacific Islands Region, ‘youth’ typically applies to unmarried individuals under the age of 40.

124 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Increased  Women reported that drought stunts the growth of Pandanus Incidence / Trees and degrades the quality of its leaves, which are used for Intensity of traditional weaving. droughts  Shortages of potable water for human consumption and for rain- fed agriculture. X X X  Youth reported that drought limits the village’s enjoyment of kava, a traditional drink enjoyed both recreationally and during important village ceremonies and events.  While impacts have not been observed, the youth group was concerned that increased exposure to the sun may result in increased incidence of skin cancer.

Increased Intensity  Men and women’s groups attributed increasing incidence of of Rain storms X X X erosion from storm water runoff which impacts agriculture and coral reef health.

Incidence and  Each group noted far-reaching impacts on livelihoods and the increased intensity X X X ecosystem (primarily agriculture), as well as health (potable water, of cyclones infrastructure).

8.2.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Each infrastructure point and its vulnerability profile are catalogued in the tables below.

Figure 68 Hunga Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kCaNMVm5b05Q

125 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 8.2.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Air temperature warming trend  Increased incidence / intensity of drought 3. Community Semi-subsistence farming is  Increased intensity of rainstorms Plantation Site primary source of livelihoods.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones.

Income-generating project for  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 4. Youth Coconut Oil youth group members. Source of Factory  Air temperature warming trend (productivity). livelihoods and training.  Erosion and resulting sedimentation Semi-subsistence fisheries are a 5. Coastal Fisheries  Increased sea surface temperature (not reported significant source of livelihoods. by community).

8.2.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

7. Government School for village youth in grades Primary School  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. 1-6. (GPS) Used for community events, village meetings and to host 8. Town Hall  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. fundraisers.

Government nurse provides 9. Government weekend service to the  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. Health Clinic community.

Village cemetery. 10. Cemetery  Erosion during periods of heavy rainfall.

Village recently paved a road from the wharf, up a steep incline to the 11. Town Road to village site. Road—and one  Erosion during periods of heavy rainfall. Wharf village vehicle—is used to transport goods and equipment.

Garage for village-owned truck,  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 12. Town Garage tractor and agriculture equipment.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms.

In 2009, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) provided one solar panel, stand and building connections at each 13. Solar Panels home, and two panels, stands and  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. connections at the Hunga Town Hall, Health Clinic, GPS, and all community churches.

14. Free Wesleyan Hunga congregation.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. Church 15. Free Church of Hunga congregation.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. Tonga 16. Church of Latter Hunga congregation.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. Day Saints (LDS) 17. Church of Tonga— Hunga congregation.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. Ho’eiki 18. Church of Tonga— Hunga congregation.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. Constitutional

126 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Village general purpose sports  Increased intensity of rainstorms field.  Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts 19. Sports Field  Air temperature Warming trend.

8.2.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Source of drinking water for community  Incidence and increased intensity of 3. Town Hall events; for use by families during emergency; cyclones Rainwater Tanks and for use by families without household  Increased incidence / intensity of (2) water tanks. drought.

Source of drinking water for school children;  Incidence and increased intensity of for use by families during emergency; and for 4. GPS Rainwater cyclones use by families without household water Tank  Increased incidence / intensity of tanks. drought.

Source of drinking water during church events  Incidence and increased intensity of and for Pastor and family; for use by families 5. Free Church of cyclones during emergency; and for use by families Tonga Water Tank  Increased incidence / intensity of without household water tanks. drought.

Source of drinking water during church events  Incidence and increased intensity of 6. Free Wesleyan and for Pastor and family; for use by families cyclones Church Water during emergency; and for use by families  Increased incidence / intensity of Tank without household water tanks. drought.

Wharf provides anchorage for village boats  Increased Intensity of Rain storms and is site for on/off loading goods and (erosion) 7. Wharf equipment.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms Semi-subsistence fisherfolk depend on reef (erosion, sedimentation) 8. Reef fish for their livelihoods.  Sea surface temperature warming trend.

Mangroves provide important ecosystem services such as serving as fish habitats,  Increased Intensity of Rain storms 9. Coastline / stabilizing the coastline and absorbing wave (erosion, sedimentation) Mangroves energy during storm surges and extreme  Sea surface temperature warming trend. tides.

8.3 TEFISI COMMUNITY

Tefisi is located in Vava’u’s Hihifo (Western) District off steep terrain rising from the southern end of the village which borders the coast. The village has a population of 588 comprised of 113 households49. The most recent donor-financed initiative in Tefisi was a JICA-funded groundwater resource project in 2005 for a borehole, water pump, reservoir, piping to households and installation of household meters. The United States Peace Corps has also arranged for a Figure 69 There is acute erosion in Tefisi, a Vava’u village situated volunteer to serve in the Tefisi GPS for two years on steep terrain rising from the southern end of the village which border’s the coast. Additional Tefisi photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157643323781725/ 49 Kingdom of Tonga. Department of Statistics. Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing. By ‘Ata’ata M. Finau. Vol. 1: Basic Tables and Administrative Report. Nuku'alofa: Tonga Department of Statistics, 2013.

127 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 from late 2013 through the 2015 school year.Town Officer and C-CAP Social Mobilizer Lingikoni Kaafi and the Tefisi CCC took part in C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping on 23 January 2014 in the Tefisi Free Wesleyan Church Hall.

8.3.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Tefisi CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on Tefisi Village. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system  Each group reported a decline in productivity associated with increased air temperatures.  Men and youth groups reported a decline in agriculture Air temperature productivity with men advising (like those in Hunga) that farmers warming trend increase the use of chemicals in attempts to counter decreased X X X yield / stunted growth.  Men and youth groups also reported a decline in the health of livestock.  Men and women groups cited health concerns related to increasing air temperature, particularly as it relates to the elderly.

 Women reported that drought stunts the growth of Pandanus Trees; Pandanus leaves are used for traditional weaving. Increased  Women reported shortages of potable water for human Incidence / consumption and for rain-fed agriculture. Intensity of  Youth reported that drought limits the village’s enjoyment of kava, X X X droughts a traditional drink enjoyed both recreationally and during important village ceremonies and events.  While impacts have not been observed, the men’s group was concerned that increased exposure to the sun may result in increased incidence of skin cancer.

 Each group cited increased incidence of erosion from stormwater runoff which impacts agriculture, coral reef health and village Increased X X X infrastructure (homes and community infrastructure). Impacts are Intensity of Rain acute, as the village is situated on steep terrain, with runoff storms streaming through the center of the village.

 Men and youth groups noted far-reaching impacts on livelihoods and the ecosystem (primarily agriculture), as well as health Incidence and (potable water, infrastructure). increased X X X intensity of cyclones

8.3.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Each infrastructure point and its vulnerability profile are catalogued in the tables below.

128 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 70 Tefisi Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kAXEbDkzqe3k

8.3.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Air temperature warming trend  Increased incidence / intensity of drought 1. Community Semi-subsistence farming is a  Increased intensity of rainstorms Plantation Site primary source of livelihoods.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones.

Income-generating project for Free Wesleyan Church group – 2. Event Catering renting tables, chairs and supplies  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Rentals for meetings, conferences, funerals and other events.

 Erosion and resulting sedimentation Semi-subsistence fisheries are a 3. Coastal Fisheries  Increased sea surface temperature (not reported significant source of livelihoods. by community).

8.3.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Government School for village youth in grades Primary School  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. 1-6. (GPS) Town hall was condemned due to  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 2. Town Hall poor design / construction.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

Government nurse provides 3. Government weekend service to the  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Health Clinic community.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

129 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Village cemetery. 4. Cemetery  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

Youth library and internet café primarily used by school aged 5. Library / Computer  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones children for tutoring and general Cafe  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion). computer use.

 Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Small village police patrol station. 6. Police Station  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

Garage to protect village-run school buses; buses transport  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 7. School Bus Garage village youth to high school each  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion). day.

 Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 8. Free Wesleyan Tefisi congregation. Church  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

FWC hall is also commonly used 9. Free Wesleyan  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones for village events because town Church Hall  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion). hall is condemned. Tefisi congregation.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 10. Free Church of Tonga  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

Hall for church meetings and  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 11. Free Church of events. Tonga Hall  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

12. Church of Latter Church, town hall and recreation Day Saints (LDS) center located on fenced-in  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Complex compound.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 13. Church of Tonga— Tefisi congregation. Ho’eiki  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

 Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 14. Church of Tonga— Hall for church meetings and  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion). Ho’eiki Hall events.

 Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 15. Catholic Church Tefisi congregation.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

 Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 16. Assembly of God Tefisi congregation. Church  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

 Increased intensity of rainstorms Village general purpose sports  Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts 17. Sports Field field.  Air temperature Warming trend.

8.3.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Channel intercepts water flowing on / across village road and 1. Roadside Drainage diverts for return to natural flow Channel  Increased intensity of rainstorms. process.

Source of drinking water for church events; for use by families 2. Free Wesleyan during emergency; and for use by  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Church Rainwater families without household water Tank  Increased incidence / intensity of drought. tanks.

130 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Source of drinking water for church events; for use by families 3. Free Wesleyan during emergency; and for use by  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Church Hall families without household water Rainwater Tank  Increased incidence / intensity of drought. tanks.

Source of drinking water for 4. Assembly of God church events; for use by families  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Church Rainwater during emergency; and for use by  Increased incidence / intensity of drought. Tank families without household water tanks. Source of drinking water during  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones church events and for Pastor and  Increased incidence / intensity of drought. 5. Free Church of family; for use by families during Tonga Hall Water emergency; and for use by Tank families without household water tanks.

Source of drinking water during  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones church events and for Pastor and  Increased incidence / intensity of drought. 6. Church of Tonga- family; for use by families during Ho’eika Hall Water emergency; and for use by Tank families without household water tanks.

Source of drinking water for school children; for use by 7. GPS Rainwater families during emergency; and  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Tank for use by families without  Increased incidence / intensity of drought. household water tanks.

Groundwater pump is housed in a 10. Groundwater small building; pumps via  Increased incidence / intensity of drought. Pump Station reservoir to village household connections. Tefisi-run. Three, 10,000 litre cement 11. Groundwater cisterns—source of gravity fed  Increased incidence / intensity of drought. Reservoir (3) household distribution. Wharf was built in 1920 as site for on/off loading goods and  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion, equipment. Also functions as 12. Wharf / Breakwater breakwater, altering current, sedimentation). sediment flow.

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion, Semi-subsistence fisherfolk 13. Reef depend on reef fish for their sedimentation) livelihoods.  Sea surface temperature warming trend.

Mangroves provide important ecosystem services such as  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion, serving as fish habitats, stabilizing 14. Coastline / sedimentation) the coastline and absorbing wave Mangroves  Sea surface temperature warming trend (not energy during storm surges and reported by community). extreme tides.

Freshwater spring becomes 15. Coastal Freshwater accessible at low tide and is used  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (not Pool for watering livestock. reported by community).

131 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 8.4 ‘UTULEI COMMUNITY

‘Utulei is a small community located along the mouth of Vava’u’s Port of Refuge, in Pangaimotu District. The population of 132 is comprised of 26 households50. There are no current or near-term development programs being implemented in ‘Utulei. The most recent donor support was provided by the European Union—funding of a potable water project in 2010 that supplied the ‘Utulei town hall and Government Primary School with 10,000 liter rainwater catchment tanks and systems. In 2005, New Zealand Aid and New Zealand Rotary International Figure 71 The ‘Utulei town hall is vulnerable to sea level provided funding for borehole drilling, a water pump and rise and extreme sea level events. Additional ‘Utulei meter, reservoir and piping to households for groundwater photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c- supply which is primarily used for non-potable purposes. cap/sets/72157643325070133/ Town Officer and C-CAP Social Mobilizer Viliami Toluta’u Latu and the ‘Utulei CCC took part in C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping on 21 January 2014 in the ‘Utulei Wesleyan Church Hall.

8.4.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The ‘Utulei CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on the community. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea level rise /  Sea level rise has compounded the impacts of storm surge; extreme sea level X X coupled with periods of intense rains and runoff, the coastal zone events in ‘Utulei is experiencing increasing rates of erosion.

Increased  Incidence of cyclones affected all sectors, including livelihoods incidence & X X X and the ecosystem (primarily agriculture) and health (potable intensity of water, infrastructure). cyclones

Increased  Villagers reported that drought causes shortages of potable water incidence of and can lead to cracks in cement rainwater tanks, drought  Women reported that drought stunts the growth of Pandanus X X X trees which is used by women for making of handicrafts, an important cultural and income generation activity.  Prolonged drought affects agricultural yield according to the men’s group. Decrease in  Impacts livelihood in terms of food and water security. frequency but  Also impacts subsistence and semi-commercial farming in the increased X X X community as this reduces yields / quality of root crops & tubers. intensity of rainy days

8.4.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Each infrastructure point and its vulnerability profile are catalogued in the tables below.

50 Kingdom of Tonga. Department of Statistics. Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing. By ‘Ata’ata M. Finau. Vol. 1: Basic Tables and Administrative Report. Nuku'alofa: Tonga Department of Statistics, 2013.

132 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

Figure 72 Utulei Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zJX_4iZUphAw.kvEVH7B8Y1KI

8.4.2.1 Economic Infrastructure Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence of drought Semi-subsistence agriculture is a  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones primary source of livelihoods for 1. Plantation Area the community. Pandanus is also  Decrease in frequency but increased intensity of planted within bush allotments. rainy days (flooding).

 Sea level rise (sedimentation of reefs) Semi –subsistence fisheries are a 2. Coastal fisheries  Decrease in frequency but increased intensity of significant source of livelihoods. rainy days (flooding, sedimentation).

 Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones (damage to fence, shelter) Community has built a fenced in  Decrease in frequency but increased intensity of area with a shelter and seating to 3. Tourist Site rainy days (flooding, erosion) host tourists for Tongan feasts and ‘floor shows’ of Tongan dancing.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (erosion, inundation).

8.4.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

School for village youth in grades 1. Government  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones 1-6. Primary School (damage to roof, building).

133 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Community town hall is the center for regularly held village meetings,  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones development program meetings (damage to roof, building) 2. Town Hall and all discussions of village policy.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (erosion, It is also used for community inundation). events and informal social gatherings. A common ground for the  Decrease in frequency but increased intensity of community for proper burial place rainy days (flooding, erosion) 3. Cemetery for deceased.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (erosion, inundation).  Decrease in frequency but increased intensity of Center of religious activities for rainy days (flooding, erosion) 4. Free Wesleyan church members. Church Building  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones (damage to roof, building).

Center for village play and sporting  Decrease in frequency but increased intensity of 5. Sports Field events. rainy days (flooding).

 Decrease in frequency but increased intensity of Used as a safe house in times of rainy days (flooding, erosion) 6. Free Wesleyan disaster, and for church meetings Church Hall  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones and related church activities. (damage to roof, building).

 Decrease in frequency but increased intensity of rainy days (flooding, erosion) 7. Catholic Church Center of religious activities for  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones Building church members. (damage to roof, building).

 Decrease in frequency but increased intensity of Used as a safe house in times of rainy days (flooding, erosion) 8. Catholic Church disaster and for church meetings Hall  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones and related church activities (damage to roof, building).

8.4.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence of drought Pumps groundwater from borehole 1. Village Water  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones to the community; used for Pump (damage to pump, shelter). cleaning, washing.

 Increased incidence of drought (both water shortages and damage (cracking) to cement tank 2. Community Supplies ground water to all  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones Reservoir households. (damage to piping).

 Increased incidence of drought (water shortages, Water supply for church services, damage [cracking] to cement tank, and produces 3. Free Wesleyan employees and volunteers. Supply dust on catchment area which contaminates Church Rain Water for church members without a rain water during rains) Tank water tank.  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones (damage to catchment area and gutters). Emergency collection point from 4. Catholic Church groundwater pump. Supplies  Increased incidence of drought Reservoir Tank groundwater to households when  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones. pump isn’t functioning properly.

134 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Increased incidence of drought (water shortages, damage [cracking] to cement tank, and produces dust on catchment area which contaminates water during rains) 5. Community Water Water supply for all community  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones Tank members. (damage to catchment area and gutters)  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (access to tanks).

 Increased incidence of drought (water shortages, Potable water source for students, and produces dust on catchment area which 6. Primary School staff and surrounding neighbors contaminates water during rains) Rain Water Tank who lack water tanks.  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones (damage to catchment area and gutters). Community has begun moving aggregate for construction of a  Decrease in frequency but increased intensity of 7. Foreshore / community-planned coastal road. rainy days (flooding, erosion) Community Road At present, stones are being used  Increased incidence & intensity of cyclones Construction as a foreshore.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events

8.5 MAKAVE COMMUNITY Situated along the Vava’u coastline within the island’s central peninsula, the village of Makave has a population of 443, comprised of 88 households51. Given the village’s proximity to the capital, many residents work in Neiafu, with others practicing mixed-subsistence farming and fishing. Makave is a village with historical significance as the site of Kilikilitefua, an ancient Tongan census site where families across Vava’u added a large rock to a wall, located 30 yards from the village coastline, for every first born son. Translated literally, Makave means “take a stone.” The site is protected by a fence and stands today as a tourist attraction. There is evidence of coastal erosion along the southern coastline opposite Kilikilitefua. Town Officer and C-CAP Social Mobilizer Sateki Lea and the Figure 73 Kilikilitefua, an ancient Tongan census site—and current tourism Makave CCC took part in C-CAP Climate site—in Makave. Change Risk & Asset Mapping on 16 May 2014 in the Makave Town Hall.

8.5.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

Prior to the Risk Mapping, Social Mobilizer Sateki Lea indicated that the most acute impact of climate change experienced in Makave is drought and water shortages. In concert with the Tongan Ministry of Lands, Environment, Climate Change and Natural Resources (MLECCNR) and Joint National Action Plan (J-NAP) committee for donor coordination, Mr. Lea provided a survey which indicated that of the village’s 88 households, 31—35-percent—do not have functioning water tanks. While the community demonstrated interest in participating in DRR, land use planning and other aspects of C-CAP, they indicated that their overwhelming adaptation goal is to improve water security.

51 Kingdom of Tonga. Department of Statistics. M. Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing. By ‘Ata’ata M. Finau. Vol. 1. Nuku'alofa: n.p., 2011.

135 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 During the Risk & Asset Mapping activity, the Makave CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts—in addition to drought—on Makave Village. In three breakout groups the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Figure 74 Stormwater runoff, sea level rise and extreme sea level events have eroded the Makave coastline. The village has installed a makeshift foreshore to address the problem. Additional Makave photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c- cap/sets/72157643323781725/

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea level rise /  Two of three groups cited increased incidence of coastal erosion Extreme sea level from sea level rise and extreme sea level events (storm surge, x x events king tides). This damages the village’s boat launching point and threatens coastal fisheries (primarily shellfish).

Increased  Each group cited shortages of potable water for human Incidence / consumption and for rain-fed agriculture; all crops are damaged Intensity of by drought except for taro, which is resistant to drought. droughts X X X  Two groups noted that during drought, dust collects on rainwater catchment areas, which contaminates water during the first rains.  One group pointed out risk to cement water tanks, which are prone to crack during drought.

Increased  Two of the three groups cited increased incidence of coastal Intensity of Rain erosion from stormwater runoff. X X X storms  One group noted that the road to the plantation is difficult to pass during intense rain / flooding.

Incidence and  One group cited the impact of cyclones on health (potable water, intensity of X X X infrastructure). cyclones

Increased  One group noted that increasing air temperatures can result in average air X increased incidence of vector-borne disease such malaria, temperature dengue and other mosquito-bred conditions.

136 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 8.5.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand- drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Each infrastructure point and its vulnerability profile are catalogued in the tables below.

Figure 75 Makave Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.k1wfO9tsbmSo 8.5.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Climate Change Impact / Risk

 Increased incidence / intensity of drought  Increased intensity of rainstorms (flooded 1. Community Semi-subsistence farming is a primary roads) Plantation Site source of livelihoods.  Incidence and intensity of cyclones.

According to oral tradition, site was established 400 years ago; families across Tonga brought a stone to the wall to record  Increased intensity of rainstorms (flooded 2. Kilikilitefua Tourist the birth of its first son—served as a de roads) Site facto census. Wall is fenced in, and has  Incidence and intensity of cyclones served as a tourist site in the past during (damage to fence, wall). cruise tours.

Village project to produce vegetable  Incidence and intensity of cyclones seedlings for village consumption is housed 3. Vegetable Seedling (damage shadehouse). in a shadehouse. There is also a large Greenhouse  Increased incidence / intensity of drought. demonstration plot.

8.5.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Government Primary School School for village youth in grades 1-6.  Incidence and intensity of cyclones. (GPS) Community town hall is the center for regularly held village meetings, development program meetings, 2. Town Hall / fundraising, community events and informal  Incidence and intensity of cyclones Computer Lab social gatherings. Room within Hall houses a computer lab/internet cafe for school- aged village youth.

137 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Increased Intensity of Rain storms Village cemetery. 3. Cemetery (3) (erosion).

4. Free Wesleyan  Increased intensity of cyclones. Makave congregation. Church Makave congregation.  Increased intensity of cyclones. 5. Church of Tonga

 Increased intensity of cyclones. 6. Pentecost Church Makave congregation.

7. Church of New Makave congregation.  Increased intensity of cyclones. Light 8. Catholic Church Makave congregation.  Increased intensity of cyclones Hall  Increased intensity of rainstorms 9. Sports Field Village general purpose sports field. (erosion).

8.5.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts (lack of rainwater; Rainwater catchment system includes two dust/contaminated water) (plastic) tanks and one cement tank that is 1. Town Hall  Incidence and intensity of cyclones no longer functional and is disconnected Rainwater (damages to catchment area, guttering) from the gutter system. Provides rainwater Catchment for community events and for families  Increased Intensity of Rain storms System without rainwater tanks. (limited rainwater storage capacity limits ability to capture all rainfall during heavy rains).

 Increased Incidence / Intensity of 2. Free Wesleyan Rainwater tank is broken; large catchment droughts (lack of rainwater; Church Rainwater area is not currently being put to use for dust/contaminated water) Catchment rainwater collection/storage.  Incidence and intensity of cyclones System (damages to catchment area, guttering).

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events Informally built foreshore put in place to limit 3. Foreshore  Increased intensity of rainy days erosion. (flooding, erosion).

8.6 OKOA COMMUNITY Okoa is located in the far eastern side of Vava’u Island’s central peninsula; divided in two by a causeway that connects Vava’u Island to Okoa Island, the village is surrounded on three sides by the ocean. While a subset of the community works in Neiafu, the majority of its 266 residents52 are mixed-subsistence farmers and fishers. The village has an active youth group that is running a recycling program in partnership with the Ministry of Environment. In 2013, the Tongan government named Okoa Vava’u’s cleanest village; somewhat ironically, the island group waste collection site is situated at the base of the community; the nearby coast is vulnerable to runoff from the open-air dump. Town Officer and C-CAP Social Mobilizer Aleki Faletau and the Okoa CCC took part in C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping on 14 January 2014 in the Okoa Town Hall.

52 Kingdom of Tonga. Department of Statistics. M. Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing. By ‘Ata’ata M. Finau. Vol. 1. Nuku'alofa: n.p., 2011.

138 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 8.6.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Okoa CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on Okoa village. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below. Prior to the Climate Change & Asset Mapping activity, the Social Mobilizer and CCC indicated that the most acute impact of climate change experienced in Okoa is drought and water shortage. The participants also indicated that the nearby government primary school, Hakoka—which services students from Makave, Okoa and Utui— does not have a working rainwater tank. Hakoka is also the site of Okoa’s village borehole and water Figure 76 The Vava’u Island Waste Collection site, located at the top of pump. The committee advised that Okoa Island the frame, places risk on coastal fisheries in Okoa. groundwater is too saline even for non-potable uses; they therefore pump water from Hakoka, which is located further inland on Vava’u Island. The village indicated that the water pump and piping system is fraught with problems due to the community’s difficulty in maintaining the pump, and in ensuring sufficient pressure to reliability deliver the water to Okoa. In discussions regarding Okoa’s rainwater storage capacity, the group indicated that 18 of the village’s 50 households—36-percent—do not have a working rainwater tank. Two of the village hall’s four rainwater tanks are functioning—but the Town Officer noted that the roof is beginning to rust; and unless replaced, the water collected will not be safe for consumption. Given the village’s dependence on near shore fisheries for their livelihoods, participants also indicated concerns regarding coastal erosion and climate change impacts on coral and marine life; runoff from the nearby Vava’u waste collection site may also impact local fisheries. They expressed interest in the potential of establishing marine protected areas to rehabilitate their fisheries. Finally, the Town Officer indicated that during sea swells at high tide, the ocean submerges the causeway that connects Okoa Island with Vava’u Island.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea level rise /  The Okoa CCC expressed that sea level rise and extreme sea Extreme sea level level events (king tides, storm surge) result in temporary events X X inundation that submerges the bridge the links the two sections of the village; and causes erosion both of the bridge and the coastline.

139 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Increased  The Okoa CCC reported shortages of potable water for human Incidence / consumption and for rain-fed agriculture. Intensity of  Drought also impacts water quality—the CCC reported that dust droughts produced during drought collections on rooftop catchment areas and flows into rainwater catchment tanks during the first rains, contaminating the water supply. X X X  Youth reported that drought limits the village’s enjoyment of kava, a traditional drink enjoyed both recreationally and during important village ceremonies and events.  While impacts have not been observed, the men’s group was concerned that increased exposure to the sun may result in increased incidence of skin cancer.

Increased  The CCC cited increased incidence of erosion from stormwater Intensity of Rain runoff from the elevated halves of the village to the bridge and storms coastline. X X X  Flooding from intense rains carries loose trash to the lagoon, clogging the culvert that allows flow between the lagoon and open ocean.

Increased  The CCC noted far-reaching impacts on livelihoods and the intensity of X X X ecosystem (primarily agriculture), as well as health (potable water, cyclones infrastructure).

8.6.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community

Figure 77 Okoa Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.k8RYi4XKkVh0 infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Each infrastructure point and its vulnerability profile are catalogued in the tables below.

140 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 8.6.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Climate Change Impact / Risk

 Air temperature warming trend  Increased incidence / intensity of drought 1. Community Semi-subsistence farming is a primary  Increased intensity of rainstorms Plantation Site source of livelihoods.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones.

Income-generating project for Okoa community – renting tables, chairs and 2. Event Catering supplies for meetings, conferences,  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. Rentals funerals and other events.

 Increased intensity of rainstorms (erosion, sedimentation) Semi-subsistence fisheries are a 3. Coastal Fisheries  Sea surface temperature (not reported by significant source of livelihoods. community).

Fenced in piggeries prevent pigs from roaming and destroying crops; pigs  Increased intensity of rainstorms 4. Piggery Fence prone to escape during rain when soil  Increased intensity of cyclones. is malleable and they can burrow under fences.

8.6.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

School for village youth in grades 1-6. 1. Government Serves youth from Okoa, Makave and Primary School  Increased intensity of cyclones. Utui villages. (GPS)

Community town hall is the center for regularly held village meetings, 2. Town Hall development program meetings,  Increased intensity of cyclones. fundraising, community events and informal social gatherings.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion) Village cemetery. 3. Cemetery  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (erosion, inundation).

4. Free Wesleyan  Increased intensity of cyclones. Okoa congregation. Church 5. Church of Tonga –  Increased intensity of cyclones. Okoa congregation. Ho’eiki  Increased intensity of cyclones. 6. LDS Church Okoa congregation.

A causeway (with culvert) connects two segments of Okoa village, one on  Increased intensity of rainstorms (erosion) 7. Causeway / Culvert Vava’u Island and the other on Okoa  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events. Island. Dump site for Vava’u Island refuse. 8. Kalaka Waste Sits close to lagoon. Disposal Site  Increased intensity of rainstorms (runoff).

141 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 8.6.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts Rainwater catchment system includes (lack of rainwater; dust/contaminated water; two (cement) tanks connected via prolonged drought leads to cracks in cement guttering to the catchment area (roof). tanks) 1. Town Hall Two additional tanks are no longer in  Incidence and intensity of cyclones (damages Rainwater use. Provides rainwater for community to catchment area, guttering) Catchment System events and for families without  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (limited rainwater tanks (36% of families do not rainwater storage capacity limits ability to have tanks). capture all rainfall during heavy rains; rusted roof contaminates water supply).

Groundwater pump station is located on Vava’u Island outside of the Hakoka GPS grounds (Okoa Island 2. Groundwater groundwater too brackish for use). Pump Station, Pump is housed in a small building;  Increased incidence / intensity of drought Reservoir & pumps to reservoir located between Distribution  Increased intensity of cyclones. Hakoka and Okoa. Village household System connections are metered. Payments managed by village Water Committee.

Mangroves provide important ecosystem services such as serving as fish habitats, stabilizing the coastline  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion, 3. Coastline / and absorbing wave energy during sedimentation) Mangroves storm surges and extreme tides.  Sea surface temperature warming trend (not Human activity also contributes to loss reported by community) of mangroves.

142 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 9.0 TUVALU CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

The C-CAP team facilitated Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activities in Kavatoetoe, an informal community in Funafuti that is primarily comprised of Tuvaluans from outer islands, on 14 February. In the one-day session, the team led an introduction to C-CAP, and the community’s C-CAP Community Committee (CCC) participated in climate change risk identification and infrastructure mapping exercises. Following the workshop, the community’s C-CAP Social Mobilizer and interested CCC members led the C-CAP team on a tour of the village’s social, economic, coastal and water infrastructure. C-CAP geo-referenced and photographed these community assets and uploaded data points to the open-source Google Maps platform. These Climate Change Risk & Asset Maps will be applied by C-CAP and community stakeholders through all project components.

CCCs are initiated by the community Social Mobilizer, with guidance from the acting C- CAP Country Mobilizer for Tuvalu. All CCCs have representation across gender, religious and ethnic groups and affiliations. 9.1 BACKGROUND Tuvalu is comprised of five coral atolls and four raised limestone islands with a NW to SE orientation between 5° S and 11° S latitude and 176° E to 180° E longitude; it is situated approximately 1,100 km north of Fiji in the Pacific Ocean. A low-lying island nation, Tuvalu’s maximum height above sea level is approximately 4 m. According to International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecasts for 2013, Tuvalu’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is approximately $37,000,000, while the GDP per capita is $3,317. The Tuvalu economy is driven by subsistence agriculture, lease of the “.tv” internet domain, and fishing—primarily from sales of fishing rights within its 5,128 sq km exclusive economic zone. The primary livelihoods in Tuvalu are subsistence farming and fishing. Traditional crops include pit-grown pulaka (swamp taro), breadfruit, coconuts and bananas. Many families also raise pigs and chickens; while chicken is used for everyday cooking, pigs are traditionally conserved for ceremonies and family events.

An estimated population of 10,837 resides across Tuvalu’s nine islands. Tuvalu’s average population density, 427 people/km2, is the second highest in the region. This number is driven by the high proportion of citizens who reside in Funafuti—estimated at 57-percent of the population53. Internal migration from outer islands to Funafuti is a product of lifestyle changes, concentration of employment opportunities in the capital, and dependence on imported food54. Tuvalu’s population is projected to increase 10-percent to 12,300 by 2030, driven primarily by higher growth rates in Funafuti55. Tuvalu’s largest island, Fongafale, is the seat government. While Fongafale is commonly referred to holistically as Funafuti, it is split into three main districts—Funafuti, Lofeagai, and Kavatoetoe.

53 2012 Tuvalu Population & Housing Census Preliminary Analytical Report 54 Tuvalu. Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment, Agriculture and Lands. Department of Environment. Tuvalu's National Adaptation Programme of Action. By Tavau Teii, Hon., 2007. 55 Australia. Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency. Pacific Adaptation Strategy Assistance Program (PASAP). Report on Water Security & Vulnerability to Climate Change and Other Impacts in Pacific Island Countries and East Timor. By Tony Falkland., 2011.

143 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 9.1.1 CLIMATE CHANGE GAP ANALYSIS OVERVIEW

The Government of Tuvalu is heavily dependent on donor-funded projects to supplement public service provision in the Atoll nation, particularly its heavily populated capital, Funafuti. There have been a number of large projects implemented in Funafuti over the past five years, the majority of which have been concentrated on the water sector.

9.1.1.1 EU-funded Global Climate Change Alliance Program The European Union (EU) funded Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) program has completed procurement of 15 3 kilo Liter (kL) rainwater tanks, hand pumps and piping for Funafuti community. The community identified the most water insecure households to accept the tanks. Recipient families are expected to contribute the labor and supplies for construction of two meter stands for each tank. Once completed individuals will pump water from their primary reservoir to the new 3 kL tank for gravity-fed distribution to the home. Should Funafuti community seek to improve water security through C-CAP, the team will coordinate with GCCA to avoid duplication.

9.1.1.2 SPREP Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project Operating under the project’s “Water Resources Management” pillar, the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP) Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) project has funded construction of two rainwater catchment cisterns on Funafuti Atoll. PACC focused this water security intervention on two of Funafuti’s most water insecure communities—Lofeagai and Kavatoetoe—which are primarily comprised of landless internal migrants from outer islands. PACC applied project funding towards construction of the tank (by the Tuvalu Public Works Department) and development of a management plan; no capacity building or maintenance training was offered. The Lofegai community cistern has 700 kL storage capacity and the Kavatoetoe cistern has 280 kl storage capacity. Both were built as foundations of a local branch of the Tuvalu Christian Church (EKT church). The Kavatoetoe EKT Church, however, has not been constructed; only the dual-purposed foundation / rainwater cistern are completed. The community is actively fundraising for procurement of materials and construction of the church and catchment system. C- CAP will coordinate with PACC on any water security activities to be implemented in Kavatoetoe.

9.1.1.3 Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Project Tuvalu’s IWRM project recently completed two water security programs. The team implemented a composting toilet program and coordinated across donors from the EU, Australia Agency for International Development (AusAID), and the Global Environment Fund (GEF) for completion of a water security program to increase household rainwater catchment capacity for each Tuvalu household.

The project—to fund one 10 kL rainwater tank and gutter system per every household in Tuvalu—was completed in 2013. Through the project, the team upgraded or provided gutter systems for all households without working systems. IWRM also implemented a rainwater tank and catchment system maintenance training in each island – but only for Kaupule members. Under the composting toilet program, IWRM provided funding for construction of compost toilets and facilitation of operations and maintenance training for 40 households in Funafuti.

While IWRM succeeded in ensuring that each Tuvalu household has access to one 10 kL rainwater catchment tank, the Government of Tuvalu reports that this has not provided sufficient storage capacity to meet water security needs. Before implementing any water security projects, C-CAP will coordinate closely with the Tuvalu Public Works Department and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) to access data on rainwater catchment needs and best practices for implementation and maintenance of catchment systems.

144 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 9.1.1.4 National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) I, I+ and II Projects

NAPA I, funded by the GEF Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) and I+, an add-on funded by AusAID, are supporting food and water security and coastal protection initiatives across Tuvalu with a budget of US$3.3 million. NAPA II has been approved by the GEF with a budget of US$4.2 million but has not yet begun implementation; the Government of Tuvalu is currently recruiting for its staff. NAPA II will support projects focused on near shore (within 12 miles) fisheries and disaster risk reduction activities across Tuvalu.

According to Fisheries Officer Semese Alefaio, the Tuvalu Ministry of Fisheries will lead implementation of NAPA II’s near shore fisheries component and are interested in collaborating with C-CAP on activities to take place in Vaitupu and Nukufetau. Opportunities for collaboration could include:

 Conservation education;  Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) procurement and training;  Fish preservation techniques for an additional source of livelihoods; and / or  Establishment of Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs). C-CAP is coordinating with USAID to identify and mobilize viable approaches to collaboration with NAPA, as appropriate.

9.1.1.4 New Zealand Aid Programme (NZAID) Tuvalu Borrow Pits Remediation Project

NZAID is accepting Expressions of Interest (EOI) for the Tuvalu Borrow Pits Remediation project, which has been designed to:

 Improve water and sanitation for those living in and around the Borrow Pits.  Improve climate change resilience through increased access to clean water.  Increase available land in Fongafale.  Improve living standards for the Funafuti community.

In 1942, ten borrow pits were excavated on Fongafale for aggregate to build an airport runway. The pits are not directly open to the sea, but they fill and empty with water on a regular tidal cycle, accumulate refuse, and pose a health hazard to the community. The pits have a surface area of 174,000 square metres (8% of Fongafale). Reclamation of the pits will require approximately 200-250,000 cubic metres, to be pumped from lagoon sediment56.

Internal migrants from outer islands are living with informal rights on the land surrounding the borrow pits. According to the Government of Tuvalu, NZAID has assigned responsibility for land tenure issues to them. The government’s current stance is that:  Landowners and current ‘tenants’ must reach their own agreements on leasing / land rights;  During construction, the Government will have to relocate households in TBD resettlement area;  Following reclamation, if landowners take back their borrow pit land—and former tenants voluntarily leave—the Government will convert the temporary resettlement area to a permanent ‘new’ settlement; and  If the landowners and borrow pit tenants are not able to negotiate a tenable solution, the government will intervene to prevent social conflict / unrest.

C-CAP’s two communities represent both ends of this mediation. Borrow pit landowners reside in Funafuti community while internal migrants—many of whom lack formal land rights—are concentrated in

56 New Zealand. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. New Zealand Aid Programme. Expression of Interest for Procurement of Civil Works Contractor for Tuvalu Borrow Pits Remediation. Suva: NZAID, 2014.

145 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Kavatoetoe. C-CAP has informed the Kavatoetoe CCC that the project will not support construction of any permanent infrastructure unless the community has secured formal land rights for the location in question. C-CAP is approaching all work in Kavatoetoe with sensitivity and in full coordination with the Government and Funafuti community.

9.1.2 TUVALU’S CURRENT CLIMATE Tuvalu has two distinct seasons: the wet season spans November through April, while the dry season is from May to October. According to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP), air temperature is near constant throughout the year, with a maximum average temperature of 31°C and a minimum ranging from 25° to 26°C. Sea level rise –measured since 1993 by satellite altimeters—is 5 mm/year. While there is significant year to year variability in rainfall, driven primarily by El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Tuvalu typically experiences high humidity and rainfall throughout the year. The mean annual rainfall in the southern islands (including Funafuti) is 3,400 mm/year; at Nanumea in the northern islands, the mean annual rainfall is slightly less at 2,900 mm/year57. The PCCSP also projects—with moderate confidence— the incidence of drought in Tuvalu to decrease, while annual and seasonal mean rainfall is projected—with high confidence—to increase over the course of the 21st century. Furthermore, the Pacific Adaptation Strategy Assistance Program (PASAP) cautioned that the “highest risks to water security are from increasing water demands due to population increases.” Water security impacts stemming from population increases are likely to be most acutely felt by those living in crowded urban and peri-urban areas. In Tuvalu, areas of particular concern would be on Fongafale Island— particularly in the Lofeagai and Kavatoetoe communities, which are the primary destinations of internal migrants and suffers from poor water infrastructure, relative to neighboring districts. Tuvalu islands’ thin, underground freshwater lenses are too saline—and/or contaminated by poor waste disposal practices—to meet everyday drinking water needs. The population’s primary source of potable water is through household and community rainwater catchment tanks that direct rainwater from building roofs through a gutter system into a plastic, cement or fiberglass cisterns. The Ministry of Utilities & Infrastructure oversees the Public Works Department (PWD) including community water supply issues and management of Tuvalu’s three Funafuti-based desalination plants (one of which is portable) and three portable systems based on Nanumea, Nukulailai and Vaitupu. During droughts, the Government—through PWD—takes control of all community water reservoirs (but not household systems). The Ministry also serves as a contractor—using technical experts in water and staff engineers for project design and maintenance while hiring locals for short-term manual labor / implementation of projects; Outside of the Ministry, there is one other private contractor.

9.2 KAVATOETOE COMMUNITY Kavatoetoe is an informal, peri-urban community south of Funafuti city center. While there are no official population statistics for this settlement, the community and the SPREP’s PACC project report that it is comprised of 14 households with approximately 70 people. The community was developed on grounds surrounding one of the island’s many ‘borrow pits,’ sites of aggregate harvesting during World War II for use in constructing the runway. The pits were used as informal dumping grounds, but in the early 1990s, as internal migration from Tuvalu’s outer islands increased, there was a significant clean-up effort and families began to settle in land adjacent to the pits; multiple houses are built on top of the pits, precariously supported by stilts. Pits are collection sites for human and inorganic waste and are also used to house village pig pens.

57 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011. Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 2: Country Reports.

146 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

A private contractor has also invested significantly on a facility on top of the pits, building a bridge and sea wall to protect his property. During regular tidal changes, water flushes from the pits to the open ocean to the northeast of the village. While most land in the community has not been formally leased to inhabitants, Kavatoetoe has secured land rights for construction of an Ekalesia Kelisiano Tuvalu (EKT) church and community hall building. The

Figure 78 This borrow pit is the central point of Kavatoetoe community. Additional Kavatoetoe photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157643325262933/ PACC project has built the church foundation—which is a dual purposed building foundation / rainwater collection cistern, while the community is currently raising funds to build their church and community hall building. When built, the community will develop a catchment system to divert rainwater into the reservoir. The EKT – Kavatoetoe church catchment reservoir is 18 x 8 x 2 meters and is slated to serve the parish community—14 households—as well as the larger Kavatoetoe area. The community is not formally linked into the Tuvalu Electricity Corporation (TEC)-run power grid; the community is currently illegally splicing power from power lines—which is a significant risk following cyclones and high-wind events. To address this risk, TEC is exploring a new project to provide solar power to homes in the community. C-CAP Social Mobilizer Panama Niuatui and the Kavatoetoe CCC took part in C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping on 14 February 2014 at a home in Kavatoetoe.

9.2.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Kavatoetoe CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on the village. In two breakout groups—men and women—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

147 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea surface  Both groups cited a sea surface temperature warming trend that temperature causes significant risk to this community, which depends on warming trend fisheries as a primary livelihoods source.  The women’s group referenced the algal blooms that have been observed in the waters within the Te Namo lagoon to the west of Funafuti. The community postulates that blooms are caused by X X X increased run of, particularly human and pig waste. There have been cases of ciguatera—food poisoning—from eating reef fish that consumed the algae.  The men’s group linked increased temperatures to degradation of coral reefs—which impacts coastal fisheries.

Increased  Both groups cited the far-reaching impacts of drought on the Incidence / village water supply and agriculture. Intensity of  Schools frequently cancel classes during extreme drought. droughts X X X  The groups also cited health concerns, explaining that children get sores when they are unable to wash and do not get enough drinking water.

Increased  The women’s group explained that the entire community is Intensity of Rain affected by increased intensity of rain storms and resulting storms flooding as the polluted borrow pit waters flow throughout the X X X village.  Standing water pools resulting from intense rains also serve as mosquito breeding grounds.

Increased  While Tuvalu does not typically experience many cyclones incidence and (Funafuti is the only atoll at risk), the women’s group noted that X X X intensity of there is risk to infrastructure from cyclones and gale force winds. cyclones Sea level rise /  Each group cited increasing sea level rise as a significant Extreme sea level community concern that causes inundation, flooding and erosion. events  The groups noted that erosion is impacting coastal vegetation and further reduces the limited supply of land.

9.2.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

148 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 79 Kavatoetoe Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.k7oVV29UuYfc

9.2.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence / intensity of drought Community pig farms / pens are  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) 1. Pig Farms located along the borrow pit—for  Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones access to water.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events .  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion and Semi-subsistence fisheries are a resulting sedimentation of coral reefs) 2. Coastal Fisheries significant source of livelihoods.  Sea surface temperature warming trend.

9.2.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

 Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 1. Assembly of God  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) Church Pre- Church-run preschool.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events. School

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding, Health clinic meets community’s 2. Government erosion) primary care needs. Health Clinic  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events.

 Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion) Village cemetery. 3. Cemetery  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events

 Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 4. Assembly of God  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) Local congregation. Church  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events

149 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding, 5. Sports Field Village general purpose sports field. erosion).

9.2.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Church foundation—which is a dual purposed building foundation / rainwater collection cistern—is in place while the community is 1. EKT Church currently raising funds to build their  Increased incidence / intensity of drought Foundation / church and community hall building.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (church Reservoir When built, the community will is located on coastline) develop a catchment system to divert rainwater into the 280 kL reservoir.

 Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events Boat ramp is used to transport boats 2. Boat Ramp  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion) to/from land to the lagoon.

Privately built sea wall on the ocean 3. Sea Wall (Borrow side of the village protect village  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events Pit) infrastructure.

Privately built sea wall on the lagoon 4. Sea Wall (Lagoon side of the village protect village  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events Side) infrastructure.

Coastal vegetation such as mangroves, Lakau, Gasu and Fetau trees, and sea grass provide environmental services including: 14. Coastal stabilize coastal soil; protect the  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events Vegetation community from storm surge; serve  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion) as habitat for fisheries; and are used to make cultural items such as headbands, necklaces and other ornamental items.

150 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 10.0 VANUATU CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

The C-CAP team facilitated one day Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activities in five communities in Shefa Province—Pele, Tassiriki, Unakapu, Nekapa and Wiana in May 2013 (Pele), October 2013 (Unakapu and Nekapa), May 2014 (Tassiriki and Wiana) ; and five communities in Tafea Province— Loanialu, Launapikruan, Lamenaura, Lonamilo and Iru—between 3 and 6 March 2014. In each session, the team led an introduction to C-CAP, and each community’s C-CAP Community Committee (CCC) participated in climate change risk identification and infrastructure mapping exercises. Following the workshop, the community’s C-CAP Social Mobilizer and interested CCC members led the C-CAP team on a tour of the village’s social, economic, coastal and water infrastructure. C-CAP geo-referenced and photographed these community assets and uploaded data points to the open-source Google Maps platform. These Climate Change Risk & Asset Maps will be applied by C-CAP and community stakeholders through all project components.

Each CCC was initiated by the community Social Mobilizer, with guidance from the C-CAP Country Mobilizer for Vanuatu. All CCCs have representation across gender, religious and ethnic groups and affiliations. 10.1 BACKGROUND Vanuatu is an archipelago of 82 islands of volcanic origin—65 of which are inhabited. Vanuatu’s population is estimated to be approximately 253,000. The economy is based on tourism, agriculture, fisheries, forestry and livestock. Tourism now accounts for approximately 25% of the economy. Most households are engaged in the agriculture economy.

10.1.1 CLIMATE CHANGE GAP ANALYSIS OVERVIEW

All gap analysis inputs for Shefa Province sites may be found within each respective community’s Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping report. The gap analysis for Tafea Province communities is located in the introductory section before the community specific sections below.

10.1.2 VANUATU’S CURRENT CLIMATE The climate in Vanuatu has two distinct seasons. The dry season runs from May to September; Vanuatu typically experiences cyclones from October to April, during the wet season. Between the 1969/70 and 2009/10 cyclone seasons, the center of 94 tropical cyclones passed within approximately 400 km of Port

151 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Vila. This represents an average of 23 cyclones per decade. There is significant inter-annual variability in cyclone occurrence, however, limiting climate scientists’ capacity to identify any long-term trends58.

There have been significant recent disasters with the latest Cyclone Luzi that caused dramatic impact on resources in Santo—the country’s largest island, located in the center of the country; three people lost their lives. More recently drought has caused widespread water needs in the capital and its surroundings. Vanuatu’s main concerns related to climate change are the potential implications of a change in the frequency and/or intensity of extreme weather events, coastal erosion and sea level rise. Long dry periods associated with the El Nino Southern Oscillation are also a concern.

Observed climate trends (from the 1950s to today) in Vanuatu, as reported by Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP), include59:  There are warming trends in annual and season mean air temperatures, with an average decadal mean increase of 0.17°C in Port Vila; and 0.21° C in Aneityum.  Sea-level rise since 1993 near Vanuatu is about 6 mm per year, compared to the global average of 3.2 +/- 0.4 mm per year.  Coral reef health in Vanuatu has declined from ‘optimal’ levels in the 18th century to ‘adequate’ levels currently. Coral reef health is measured by seawater aragonite saturation; in the 18th century, waters around Vanuatu had an aragonite saturation state of 4.5, which is .5 above the cutoff for ‘optimal’ coral growth. As of 2000, the observed value fell to approximately 3.9.

Across all C-CAP communities, participants reported the following climate change impacts: coastal erosion, flooding, depleting water sources, storm surges and salt water inundation. Given that 70-percent of Vanuatu's population and infrastructure are located along the coast and in low-lying areas, this puts a high proportion of the population at risk to the impacts of climate change and sea-level rise. Climate projections show that sea level rise could further exacerbate coastal erosion, loss of land and property and dislocation of island settlements. Coastal floods are also likely to become more frequent and severe.

Observed climate change trends and impacts on small scale infrastructure—as reported by each CCC—for each new C-CAP beneficiary community are found in the section below. 10.2 PELE COMMUNITY Pele is located on the Northern tip of Efate and consists of four villages. It is a 30 minute boat ride from its Efate jetty and another 45 minutes by vehicle from Port Vila. The island’s population comprises of 700 people; however, only 330 are permanent residents in Pele (National accounts of Vanuatu 2012).

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) has been an active supporter of the Nguna- Pele Marine Reserve, which was founded in 2002 by 16 partner communities on the islands of Nguna and Pele. Through the Reserve initiative, the local communities are promoting sustainable use of marine and terrestrial resources in 3,000 hectares of community-managed reefs, sea grass beds, mangrove forests and intertidal lagoons; and coordinating a network of fishing communities in conducting biological monitoring, environmental education, waste management, and alternative livelihood projects60. The Reserve and communities earned the Ratu Aisea Katonivere Leadership Award (Community / Group Category) at the inaugural Pacific Islands Environment Leadership Awards in Suva, Fiji in December 2013. The European Union Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) program is also supporting island communities through adaptation projects designed to improve water security.

58 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011. Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Volume 2: Country Reports. 59 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011. Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Volume 2: Country Reports. 60 Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP). Nguna-Pele Does Vanuatu Proud. SPREP, 4 Dec. 2013. Web.

152 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 10.2.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Pele CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on Pele Island. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea surface  Increasing sea surface temperature trends has impacts on coral temperature x x x reef health, and fish habitats. Community reports declines in warming trend marine resources and thereby food security.

Sea level rise /  The community is highly dependent on marine resources, with Extreme sea level x x x significant community infrastructure located proximal to the events coastline.

Incidence and  Vanuatu is the most disaster prone country in the world61. While intensity of there are no clear trends in cyclone incidence, Vanuatu cyclones x x x experiences more cyclones each decade than any other Pacific Island countries – resulting in widespread damage to infrastructure and natural resources in Pele.

Changing  There is high inter-annual variability in rainfall due primarily to Seasonality ENSO. Drought drives water insecurity and has impacts on soil x x x fertility and agricultural yields. Drought is most frequent and pronounced during El Nino years.

10.2.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING The community was then asked to identify their local infrastructure and its vulnerabilities to climate change impacts. The CCC split into three groups to identify the local infrastructure in the following categories: Economic, Social and Coastal/Water. Community members highlighted infrastructure locations and climate vulnerabilities on hand-drawn community maps. Following this session, community representatives accompanied the Country Mobilizer in taking the Global Positioning System (GPS) co-ordinates and photographing the vulnerable infrastructure and risk areas / environmental degradation sites which were identified by the Figure 80 Pele Climate Change Risk and Asset Map, with geo-referenced economic, group in the brainstorming sessions. social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.k1HjtZtwtp9s

61 World Risk Report 2014. Rep. no. ISBN 978-3-9814495-4-9. Berlin: United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security; and Alliance Development Works, 2014.

153 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 10.2.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Coastal Resort and Tourist’s attraction, income  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Bungalows generation through tourist  Incidence and intensity of cyclones activities.  Sea surface temperature warming trend.

2. Coral Reefs and Coral reef provides ecosystem  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Marine Resources services including: fish habitat and  Incidence and intensity of cyclones storm surge protection.  Sea surface temperature warming trend Community dependent on marine  Changing seasonality (flooding, coastal erosion, resources for their livelihoods. sedimentation).

3. Plantations Community practices semi-  Incidence and intensity of cyclones subsistence agriculture.  Changing seasonality (drought, flooding).

10.2.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Community Shelter Site for community meetings and  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events shelter during disaster events.  Incidence and intensity of cyclones .. 2. Church house Spiritual gathering and other  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events important gathering events.  Incidence and intensity of cyclones  Changing seasonality (flooding, erosion)

3. Clinic / Aid Post Aid post delivers basic medical  Incidence and intensity of cyclones services to community.  Changing seasonality (flooding).

4. School Local primary school.  Incidence and intensity of cyclones  Changing seasonality (flooding).

5. Playground Community recreational area.  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events  Changing seasonality (flooding, erosion).

10.2.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Jetty Boat landing; community’s main  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events supply of goods is transported via  Incidence and intensity of cyclones boat from Efate.  Changing seasonality (flooding, erosion).

2. Community Well Water well for drinking water  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events and Groundwater supply. (inundation)  Incidence and intensity of cyclones (sea spray)  Changing seasonality (drought).

3. Community Water Potable rainwater source.  Incidence and intensity of cyclones (sea spray) Tank  Changing seasonality (drought).

4. Revetment Protects community from the  Sea level rise / extreme sea level events impacts of the sea level rise and  Changing seasonality (flooding, erosion) controls erosion, sedimentation. .

154 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Figure 50 This revetment helps to protect the community from sea level rise. Additional Pele photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c- cap/sets/72157632988784421 10.3 UNAKAPU COMMUNITY Unakapu is located on the island of Nguna, a small island in the Shepherds group within the Shefa Province. The community is located 30 minutes by boat from the main land (Efate) jetty. The community’s main infrastructure is restricted along the coastal area due to its mountainous terrain just meters away from the coast. The site therefore is not focused on agriculture, but depends primarily on marine resources. The village population is approximately 300 to 350 people; only 79 of whom reside permanently in Unakapu (National accounts Vanuatu 2012). C-CAP Social Mobilizer John Ronnette and the Unakapu CCC took part in this C-CAP Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping.

10.3.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on the villages. In three breakout groups— men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Ocean  Ocean acidification impacts coral growth and crustaceans – which Acidification can impact marine resources that the community depends on for x x food security.

Sea surface  Sea surface temperature changes impact coral growth and fish temperature habitats –which the community depends on for food security. x x warming trend

Sea level rise /  Community voiced out that there is a decline and gradual loss of Extreme sea level coastal plants especially shrubs, which was there to protect the events coastal settlement from salt water spray and other impacts. x x  Community infrastructure is located close to the coast and is heavily impacted by extreme sea level events.

155 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Increased  The village women reported they have to collect water from the Incidence / main land during drought. Intensity of x x x  Drought also impacts agriculture, particularly banana, yields. droughts

Increased  More rainfall causes dramatic change to farming productivity or Intensity of Rain x x x crop yields. storms Incidence of  Infrastructure and agriculture are highly vulnerable to cyclones cyclones / and extreme weather events. x x x Extreme weather events

10.3.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

The community was then asked to identify their local infrastructure and its vulnerabilities to climate change impacts. The CCC split into three groups to identify the local infrastructure in the following categories: Economic, Social and Coastal/Water. Community members highlighted infrastructure locations and climate vulnerabilities on hand-drawn community maps. Following this session, community representatives accompanied the Country Mobilizer in taking the Global Positioning System (GPS) co-ordinates and photographing the vulnerable infrastructure and risk areas / environmental degradation sites which were identified by the group in the brainstorming sessions.

Figure 82 Unakapu Climate Change Risk & Asset Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.k6zs1L1IpOgc

156 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 10.3.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Semi-subsistence Semi subsistence farming is a  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events Agriculture primary source of livelihood.  Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding, erosion)  Incidence of cyclones / Extreme weather events.

2. Coral Reefs and Coral reef provides ecosystem  Ocean Acidification Marine Resources services including: fish habitat and  Sea surface temperature warming trend storm surge protection.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding, Community dependent on marine sedimentation). resources for their livelihoods.

10.3.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Community hall Community gathering, social  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events activities and visitors meeting  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion) place.  Incidence of cyclones / Extreme weather events.

2. Kindergarten Kindergarten building also has a  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events rainwater catchment system.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion)  Incidence of cyclones / Extreme weather events.

3. Church building Church is also used as evacuation  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events center; hosts a rainwater  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion) catchment system.  Incidence of cyclones / Extreme weather events.

4. Graveyard Local cemetery.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

5. Volleyball court Local recreation area.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events  Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding).

6. Primary School Local primary school building.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion, flooding)  Incidence of cyclones / Extreme weather events.

7. Women’s club Woman’s gathering building for  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events building social activities, selling and buying  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion, or exchange of goods and flooding) entertainment.  Incidence of cyclones / Extreme weather events.

10.3.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Rainwater Potable water systems are located at  Increased Incidence / Intensity of Catchment community hall, church and kindergarten. droughts Systems Total reservoir size across systems is 34,800  Incidence of cyclones / Extreme weather liters. events.

157 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 2. Marine protected Keeps the trophic structure of the marine  Ocean Acidification area (MPA) environment in tact; enriches the marine and  Sea surface temperature warming trend shrub biodiversity.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (coastal erosion, sedimentation).

3. Groundwater Well Source of water for washing and domestic  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level and Pump use, especially useful during long periods of events (saltwater intrusion) drought.  Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding, contamination)  Incidence of cyclones / Extreme weather events.

4. Three 11,000 liter Source of clean water to community and  Intense tropical cyclones water tanks and household use.  Salt water spray one 1,800 litter  Drought which changes the water water tank quality.

10.4 NEKAPA COMMUNITY Nekapa community is located on the southern part of Nguna Island, around 15-20 minutes by boat from the Unakapu community. The community comprises approximately 450 people of which 157 permanently reside in the community (National accounts Vanuatu 2012); residents’ primarily livelihood source is through semi-subsistence agriculture. The village of Nekapa is clearly divided by those living along the coastline and those that have already decided to move to the upper ridge. There has been limited donor-funded assistance to the Figure 83 The view of coastal Nekapa from residents living on the community; however NZAID and Australian Aid village’s upper ridge. Additional Nekapa photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157644758704411/ have supported installation of rainwater catchment systems in the community; each donor organization funded two 6,000 liter rainwater tanks.

10.4.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Nekapa CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on Nekapa Village. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Air and Sea  Community linked a decline in crop yields to increasing air surface temperatures; and noted that sea surface temperature increase x x x temperature risk of coral bleaching. warming trend

Sea level rise /  Increased salinity of soil impacts agriculture and infiltrates the Extreme sea level x x x freshwater lens, compromising an important potable water source. events

158 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Increased  Drought impacts agriculture yield / soil fertility, drinking water Incidence / availability and livestock health, compromising community health x x x Intensity of and livelihoods. droughts

Increased  Intense rains that follow periods of drought resulting in flooding Intensity of Rain x x x and runoff. Plants and food crops has been washed away and storms decline in yield.

Incidence and  Cyclones and extreme weather impacts community infrastructure increased and agriculture. intensity of x x x cyclones

10.4.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Each infrastructure point and its vulnerability profile are catalogued in the tables below.

Figure 84 Nekapa Climate Change Risk & Asset Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.k6zs1L1IpOgc

159 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 10.4.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Agriculture Community practices semi-  Air and Sea surface temperature warming trend subsistence agriculture.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events  Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts  Increased Intensity of Rain storms  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones.

2. Coastal and Marine Coral reef and sea grass beds  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (coastal Ecosystem provide ecosystem services erosion, sedimentation) including: fish habitat and storm  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (coastal erosion, surge protection. Community sedimentation) dependent on marine resources  Air and Sea surface temperature warming trend. for their livelihoods.

3. Roadside Market Community members sell  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) agriculture products, and other  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. goods.

4. Boat landing Only access to Efate for purchase  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events of goods and services is via boat.  Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion).

5. Bakery Local community bakery is source  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding). of jobs and food that is particularly important following cyclones / extreme weather events.

10.4.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Community Hall Social gathering and community  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) activities.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones.

2. Playground Village recreation area.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding, erosion).

3. Church Local place of worship.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding)  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones.

4. Public road Links communities on Nguna.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding, erosion).

5. Woman’s Club Woman’s social gathering site.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding)  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones.

6. Kindergarten Center for early childhood  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) education.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones.

160 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 10.4.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Community water Source of clean water access to  Salt water spray tanks – 5 large the community.  Cyclone community  Drought. infrastructure tanks 2. Hand pump to Important for washing and bathing  Drought well and aquifer  Flooding  Soil erosion. 3. Household water Important for household use  Cyclone tanks  Drought  Salt water spray. 

10.5 WIANA COMMUNITY

Wiana, located on the island of Emao, is in Vanuatu’s Shefa Province. Wiana is approximately15 km from Efate, or a 40 to 50 minutes boat ride. The community consists of approximately 300 people with 97 living permanently in the community (National accounts Vanuatu 2012) ; there is a significant urban-rural migration pattern with many youth moving away from the community. The island has a steep central topography with a low coastal front. Very few plants/shrubs exist along the coastline as the villagers continue Figure 85 The Wiana coastline is severely eroded. Additional development in this zone. Community members Wiana photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157644796117053/ practice semi-subsistence fishing and agriculture, with limited sales to the Port Vila Market. The main activities are gardening and fishing. Village-produced food crops are taken to the main Port Vila market. NZAID supported the community through funding for four 6,000 liter rainwater catchment tanks—which are the community’s primary source of potable water.

10.5.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Wiana CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on Wiana Village. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Air and Sea  Increasing air temperature has an impact on agriculture health surface and yields. temperature  Community reports that inshore marine life is declining due to the warming trend X X warming of the seawater compared to previous years; this contributes to greater competition for resources, conflict between residents.

Sea level rise /  Sea level rise has put pressure on the coastal resources as reefs Extreme sea level X X and inland vegetation are affected. events

161 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Increased  Drought impacts soil quality, and thereby, crop yield. Incidence /  Community depends on rain as primary water source Intensity of X X X droughts

Increased  Community cites impacts of intense rain in the form of flooding Intensity of Rain X X X and erosion. storms

Incidence of  Group advises that they have not been directly impacted by cyclones and cyclones in recent years – but are vulnerable to extreme weather X X extreme weather events. events

10.5.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Each infrastructure point and its vulnerability profile are catalogued in the tables below.

Figure 86 Wiana Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kCaNMVm5b05Q

162 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 10.5.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Coastal and Marine Coral reef and sea grass beds  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (coastal Ecosystem provide ecosystem services erosion, sedimentation) including: fish habitat and storm  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (coastal erosion, surge protection. Community sedimentation) dependent on marine resources  Air and Sea surface temperature warming trend. for their livelihoods.

2. Farming and Community practices semi-  Incidence of cyclones and extreme weather events Livestock subsistence agriculture and  Cyclone animal husbandry.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding, erosion)  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events.

10.5.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Community Hall Hall hosts meeting events and  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events serves as an evacuation center.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding)  Incidence of cyclones and extreme weather events.

2. Village Chief’s Nakamal is site for traditional  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events Nakamal events and community meetings  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding) led by local chief.  Incidence of cyclones and extreme weather events.

3. Graveyard Local cemetery.  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding, erosion)  Incidence of cyclones and extreme weather events.

4. Church Local place of worship also has a  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events rainwater catchment system.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding)  Incidence of cyclones and extreme weather events.

5. Coastal Shelter Coastal shelters are used for  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events family recreation.  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (flooding)  Incidence of cyclones and extreme weather events.

10.5.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

6. Boat Landing Communities use boats as primary  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events means of transportation, connection  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (erosion). to goods and services in Efate. 7. Community Hall Four water tanks and catchment  Incidence of cyclones and extreme weather Water Tanks system have capacity to store events 24,000 liters of potable water for  Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts . community use.

163 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 10.6 TASSARIKI COMMUNITY

Tassariki village is situated on the island of Moso, a 20 minute boat ride off the north west of Efate Island. The island has a land area of 2,355 hectares. The island consists of two villages Sunae and Tassariki. The village of Tassiriki was settled in 1991 due to overcrowding in the old village of Sunae. Tassiriki is located 5-10 m above sea level and occupies approximately one kilometer of coastline. The highest point on the island was about 100 m above sea level. The village has a population of 174 (National accounts for Vanuatu 2012). The C-CAP risk mapping exercise was attended by 12 villagers representing village leadership, and women and youth groups. The community’s main source of income is from farming and fishing. From the mainland the community is another 2 hour’s drive to Port Vila where local produce is sold in the main market. The community also sells firewood and charcoal. Villagers also have root crop and vegetable gardens in a piece of land that they communally own in the main island of Efate.

10.6.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Tassariki CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on the village. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea level rise /  Coastal community is vulnerable to sea level rise and extreme Extreme sea level X X X sea level events. events

Increased  The C-CAP committee reports that their village has experienced Incidence / more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall Intensity of episodes that fall between longer and more intense dry periods. droughts These changes impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply. X X X  The village relies on rainwater catchment and shallow wells for its water supply, which can run dry during periods of extended drought.  The community also reports that the impacts of climate change such as intense dry weather are affecting local livelihoods, food production.

Increased  The C-CAP committee reports that their village has experienced Intensity of Rain more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall storms episodes that fall between longer and more intense dry periods. These changes impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply. X X X  Marine resources have been affected by sedimentation of the reefs due to periods of heavy rain—and may contribute to dwindling fish stocks; further research would be required to attribute the cause of reduced near-shore fish populations , which may also be reflective of over-fishing.

Incidence and  The wettest and hottest months are December through April, increased which also constitute the cyclone season. A number of cyclones intensity of have affected the community over the years. In 1992 Cyclone cyclones Betsy caused widespread damage in Efate and its associated X X islands such as Moso with storm surges experienced in all areas. The cyclone damaged many houses in the village. In the recent years the community has also been affected by Cyclone Ivy in 2004 and Cyclone Jasmine in 2012.

164 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 10.6.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Each infrastructure point and its vulnerability profile are catalogued in the tables below.

Figure 517 Tassiriki Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://www.google.com/maps/ms?msid=208005538255266014458.0004e713c88c923e4c1a1&msa=0

10.6.2.1 Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Coastal and Marine Coral reef, mangroves and sea  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events (coastal Ecosystem grass beds provide ecosystem erosion, sedimentation) services including: fish habitat and  Increased Intensity of Rain storms (coastal erosion, storm surge protection. sedimentation) Community dependent on marine  Air and Sea surface temperature warming trend. resources for their livelihoods.

Semi-subsistence agriculture and 2. Village Plantations animal husbandry is one of the  Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts and Livestock main sources of income for the areas  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. village. Guest house serves village guests  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events 3. Community and tourists, generates income for Guesthouse  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. community.

10.6.2.2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The chief’s nakamals small community buildings located in the  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events 1. Chief’s Nakamals center of the village. Used for  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. meetings and community events.

165 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 The village cemetery is situated 2. Cemetery around 20 meters from the  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events. seafront. While situated outside of the coastal zone, the community’s 3. Community main Churches are vulnerable to  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events Churches cyclones and other extreme  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. weather events.

School for village children in grades 1-6. The school serves as the  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events 4. Primary School village evacuation center for  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones. disaster events. The clinic provides primary health care and ante natal care to the  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events 5. Health Clinic community.  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones.

10.6.2.3 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

The village is stills protected with mangrove swamps. 15 boat jetties/ 1. Sea front and landings have been cut in the  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events. boat jetties/ mangroves to allow easy access to landings the sea for the community.

The community has a number of shallow wells which provided brackish  Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts water for use in toilets and washing. (water supply) 2. Community wells The water is not treated and most  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones wells are un-protected. (structural damage).

The Canada Fund and Vanuatu volunteers have provided  Increased Incidence / Intensity of droughts polyethylene and concrete tanks to (water supply) 3. Community water the community. Some households  Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones tanks have also provided their own tanks. (structural damage) These tanks collect rainwater from  Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events. roof catchments. The water is not treated.

10.7 TANNA ISLAND – TAFEA PROVINCE Tanna Island is unique and merits a special section to describe its social and environmental characteristics. This information will provide the context through which to better understand the climate change challenges that the population on Tanna are faced with. Based on the population census in 2009, Tanna has a population 28,799. Isangel, the provincial administrative capital, is on the west coast near the island's largest town of Lénakel. Geographically it is located 19°29′15″S 169°19′50″E. The physical features of Tanna are: 40 km long and 19 km wide, with a total land area of 550 km². Its highest point is the 1,084 meter summit of Mount Tukosmera in the south of the island. Mount Yasur is an active volcano which is located on the southeast coast. In 1950, Cyclone Serpek caused severe damage to houses and other village assets. There was also continuous volcanic ash due to frequent volcanic activity which immensely affected crops, and coconut trees. The community main source of food was destroyed and most of the community members relied on Tahitian chestnut, the local name is Namambe as their main source of protein and diet. The other source of food during difficult times was palm tops. Hence conservation of Tahitian chestnut trees has been imperative for all the communities in Tanna because of its resilience attributes during harsh environmental condition or events plus it is the only food source that is easily accessible and readily available. In 1966, there was

166 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 drought which affected most of their main potable water source followed by a tropical cyclone in 1967. The 1967 tropical cyclone caused huge storm surges which led to coastal erosion. Furthermore, some livestock died, houses were damaged and coconut plantation destroyed due to very strong winds and flooding. Similar chaotic conditions were experienced by the communities in 1972 due to hurricane force winds caused by Tropical Cyclone Carlotta. U nfortunately, due to lack of external assistance, the local and national governments did not have adequate resources to assist affected communities. Most of these communities lived on wild bush foods for their survival and livelihood during this period.

In 1973, there was a prolonged drought event. It dried up the rivers and creeks, crop production dropped and the villagers could not plant kava because of the very dry soil. Kava is consumed during communal social gatherings and is very important in Tanna culture. Tropical cyclone Pam hit the island in 1974 however, only some houses were destroyed, and these were mainly the locally traditional thatched houses. Some of the community members had their gardens destroyed and livestock killed due to flooding. Most of the communities reported that the 1987 Tropical Cyclone Uma caused more damage and fatality than tropical cyclone Serpek, More houses were destroyed, several people perished, spring water was contaminated due to surface run-off, ships were wrecked, coral reefs were damaged due to the large amount of debris that was swept out to sea from inland sources. There were landslides, some animals died due to flooding. The Government was able to help with external disaster relief and assistance. In 1991, Tropical Cyclone Betsy destroyed houses but it was weaker than cyclone Uma. There were also landslides due to heavy rainfall and poor agricultural practices on steep slopes. Ten years later in 2001 Tropical Cyclone Ivy hit Tanna and again most houses were not damaged because it did not have very strong gusty winds compared to Uma. In mid-April 2000, following unusually heavy rain, the lake burst down the valley into Sulphur Bay, destroying the village with no loss of life. Most of Tanna experienced drought in 2004 and 2008. Gardens and crops were affected drastically. Root crops in particular were worst affected. Potable drinking water became very scarce because of most of the individual and community rainwater catchment tanks and reservoirs dried up. The opposite extreme climatic event occurred in 2010 and 2011 where heavy continuous rainfalls destroyed huge areas of crops. River banks burst open and flooded lowland areas and there was also incidence of landslides at higher elevations. The Tourist Association played a key role in providing food relief. Furthermore, in December 2013, the Tanna chiefs made a first declaration on climate change by a traditional authority in Vanuatu - the Council of Chiefs on Tanna Island. The declaration came after the chiefs were invited for talks with a panel of scientists and government officials. The President of the Council of Chiefs, Chief Freeman Narieu says if moves to counter the effects of climate change are to be successful, then the council has to be closely involved. Tanna Island’s traditional governance structure is based on tribal leadership. Given the small size of each community or village, C-CAP has defined communities in this context at the tribal level with each tribe to include a number of neighboring communities. The communities that are incorporate in each tribe are listed in their respective sections. Gap analysis for Tanna Island

The following sections outline some of the assistance programs, by sector, that have been carried out on Tanna as reported by the C-CAP partner communities.

Land Use Planning There was a land use planning project in collaboration with the Vanuatu Land Use Planning Office implemented by AusAID and the Vanuatu Government Land Program from 2006 to 2008. This support provided technical assistance to promote the reform agenda outlined by the National Land Summit of 2006

167 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 and coordinated by the National Land Steering Committee. The committee is comprised of the Vanuatu Government, Malvatumauri (National Council of Chiefs), civil society and private sector representatives. Australian aid enabled an analysis of the existing lands administration system and land legislation and policy. It supports the development of a long-term reform strategy aimed at improving sustainable social and economic development. This work followed a landowner conservation initiative also funded by the Australian government in the late 1990’s.

Health YAWS and Malaria medication are being currently provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Malaria and dengue eradication programs have been funded by AusAid and JICA. UNICEF has implemented a WASH (water and sanitation) program in a number of communities. World Vision, Save the Children and Australian aid have provided a number of rainwater catchment systems. Live and Learn has carried out an environmental and food (nutritional focus) awareness program in certain communities.

Agriculture In 2012 the New Caledonia government donated vegetable seeds to the Tafea provincial government specifically to assist the communities in the south province. During the 2013 volcanic eruption the national government supplied rice due to the destruction (due to acid rain) of root crops, vegetables and other vegetation. In 2014 the national government provided planting material, taro, kumala (sweet potato), manioc to most of the communities in Tanna.

CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING

The C-CAP team facilitated one day Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activities in each of five Tanna Island communities — Lamenura, Lonamilo, Loanialu, Iru and Launapikruan. In each session, the team led an introduction to C-CAP, and each community’s C-CAP Community Committee (CCC) participated in climate change risk identification and infrastructure mapping exercises. Following the workshop, the C-CAP Country mobilizer, Social Mobilizer, Tafea Province representatives and interested CCC members led the C- CAP team on a tour of the village’s social, economic, coastal and water infrastructure. C-CAP geo- referenced and photographed these community assets and uploaded data points to the open-source Googlemaps platform. These Climate Change Risk & Asset Maps will be applied by C-CAP and community stakeholders through all project components. 10.8 LOANIALU TRIBE

The group of communities in this area are mainly agriculturalists. The Lonialu tribe is comprised of four communities with an estimated population of 250 people. Population figures remain to be confirmed with the Tafea provincial authorities. There are a number of farmers who were present during the assessment and few government workers who taught at the school. Agriculture remains an important livelihood activity with sweet potato, taro, cassava being main crops for family consumption and kava for income generation. Most of the arable land is in area is characterized by steep slopes and clear cutting and burning are common means by which to prepare fields for planting. The root crops being planted are very erosive and provoke landslides in periods of heavy rainfall.

168 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING —YEAR 2

Figure 88 Loanialu public school with water tanks. Additional Loanialu photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c- cap/sets/72157642227471525/

10.8.1 RISK IDENTIFICATI ON The Loanialu CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on the village. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below. The three communities in this tribe are: Lamangauiati, Lowangi and Lowetina communities.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea level rise /  The community is located high up in the hills but community Extreme sea level members are still dependent on fishing and other coastal events X X X resources for some of their food sources. These coastal areas are vulnerable to sea level rise and extreme sea level events.

Increased  The village relies solely on rainwater catchment for its water Incidence / supply, which can run dry during dry season and periods of Intensity of extended drought. X X X droughts  The community also reports that the impacts of climate change such as intense dry weather are affecting local livelihoods, food production.

Increased  The C-CAP committee reports that their village has experienced Intensity of Rain more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall storms episodes that fall between longer and more intense dry periods. These changes impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply. The community reports that heavy rainfall is accompanied with increased acid rain X X X from suspended volcanic particles. The acid has caused crop losses in the past.  Marine resources have been affected by sedimentation of the reefs due to periods of heavy rain—and may contribute to dwindling fish stocks; further research would be required to attribute the cause of reduced near-shore fish populations , which may also be reflective of over-fishing.

Incidence and  The wettest and hottest months are December through April, increased which also constitute the cyclone season. A number of cyclones intensity of X X have affected the community over the years. cyclones  Many homes are made from thatch materials and susceptible to strong winds.

10.8.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Each infrastructure point and its vulnerability profile are catalogued in the tables below.

169 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

Figure 89 Loanialu Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kzk9rTUJxTcM

Lamangauiati community

Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Community gardens Main source of subsistence staple food  Community gardens have been negatively and vegetables for each household and affected by cyclones, landslides, heavy the community in general rain, drought and volcanic ash.

2. Village store Provider of basic household goods in  The village store has been affected and particular essential food and hygiene vulnerable to cyclone and has health items related issues such as infestation of pests mainly rats.

Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  The current structure is very susceptible and 1. Church Source spiritual guidance vulnerable to cyclone.

Provide access to the main public centers (such as school, business  The road condition deteriorated really badly 2. Roads centers) and communities due to heavy rain, landslides and cyclones.

Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  There are ten water tanks and only eight Important basic need for all community in use. During prolong drought periods 1 Water tanks members for drinking, cooking and hygiene there is not enough water and strong (including washing and bathing) winds have damaged the roof guttering

170 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  During prolong drought periods there is Important basic need for all community not enough water and landslides have 2 Underground springs members for drinking and cooking. affected it as well.

 The water tank at the school has run empty because of long drought periods Important basic need for all community 3 School water tank that they have been experiencing for a members for drinking and hygiene while now.

 Water from the river is used for household domestic use but has been affected Important basic need for all community 4 River negatively from occasional riverbank members for washing and bathing landslides and flooding.

Lowangi community

Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  Community gardens have been negatively Main source of subsistence staple food and 1. Community affected by cyclones, landslides, heavy rain, vegetables for each household and the gardens drought and volcanic ash. community in general.

Provider of basic household goods in particular essential food, domestic and  The village store has been affected and 2. Village store hygiene items. vulnerable to cyclone.

Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability Meeting place for the chief, leaders (male) 1. Nakamal and elders in the community  Damaged by tropical cyclone.

 It has been damaged from previous cyclone and Source of basic medication and general there is no secure and safe place to store 2. Aid post health services medicine.

 The current structure is very susceptible and 3. Church Source of spiritual guidance vulnerable to cyclone.

 Houses in the village are susceptible and in Basic need that provide shelter and some cases do not have proper structure and 4. Community houses physical protection from rain and other materials to provide proper shelter for rain and natural events tropical cyclone.

 Pathway to school can be very muddy, slippery, rugged and narrow (not maintained) thus makes Helps students to walk in a safer 5. Pathway to school it difficult for students to go to school during environment to school rainy weather or after a heavy downpour.

 This road was constructed by the community and at times difficult to maintain particularly Provide accessibility to the coastal areas 6. Road to the coast when there is no proper drainage along the for fishing and sea transport edge of the road.

Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  Flooding events when there is a Water from the river is used for household 1 River prolonged heavy rain. domestic use.

171 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Lowetima community

Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  Gardening on sloped land is has resulted to Main source of subsistence staple food and landslides. This is due to clearing of trees for 6. Community vegetables for each household and the the cultivation of root crops such as sweet gardens community in general potatoes and taro.

Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Significance to Community Vulnerability Point

Meeting place for the chief, leaders (male)  The structure is susceptible to high winds and 1. Nakamal and elders in the community heavy rain Provider of education to the local  During heavy rain it is very difficult for children to 2. Lonaialu School communities go to school because of the wet and muddy footpath Basic need that provide shelter and  Houses in the village are susceptible and in some cases do not have proper structure and materials 3. Houses physical protection from rain and other natural events to provide proper shelter for rain and tropical cyclone Recreational activities and community  It is difficult to maintain the grass in the football 4. Football field sports events field because of lack of financial resources to continually purchase fuel for the motor mower.  Pathway to school is pretty rugged and narrow 5. Pathway to Helps students to travel safer and quicker (not maintained) thus makes it difficult for school to school students to be at school on time. Source of spiritual guidance and pastoral  Not quite completed in terms of its construction 6. Church care due to shortage of financial resources.  The community house was damaged by the 7. Communal Community gathering and meeting venue cyclone because the structure is not cyclone house proof.

10.8 LONAMILO TRIBE

The Lonamilo tribe consists of five communities and very diverse to each other with an estimated population of 266 people. This figure is to be confirmed with the Tafea provincial office. The five communities in this tribe are: Lonamilo, Laulipang, Lamak, Laupruan and Lamasak communities. Lonamilo is benefitting from several EU GCCA funded activities including water catchment systems on school buildings, and a fish farming operation.The majority of the people within the community are non-government workers, and their main activities are subsistence agriculture, coffee production and group or community work to assist with their livelihoods.

172 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

Figure 90 Lonamilo public school and water tanks. Additional Lonamilo photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157642324709724

10.8.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Lonamilo CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on the village. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea level rise /  The community is located up on a plateau but community Extreme sea level members are still dependent on fishing and other coastal events X X X resources for some of their food sources. These coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and extreme sea level events.

Increased  The village relies on rainwater catchment and a nearby stream for Incidence / its water supply, which can run low during periods of extended Intensity of drought. droughts  The community also reports that the impacts of climate change X X X such as intense dry weather are affecting food production.  Water shortage also reduces the amount of water available for bathing and washing clothes. Lack of water for washing has an impact on limiting the ability to control the Yaws skin disease.

Increased  The C-CAP committee reports that their village has experienced Intensity of Rain more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall storms episodes that fall between longer and more intense dry periods. These changes impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply. The community reports that heavy rainfall is accompanied with increased acid rain X X X from suspended volcanic particles. The acid has caused crop losses in the past.  Marine resources have been affected by sedimentation of the reefs due to periods of heavy rain—and may contribute to dwindling fish stocks; further research would be required to attribute the cause of reduced near-shore fish populations , which may also be reflective of over-fishing.

173 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Incidence and  The wettest and hottest months are December through April, increased which also constitute the cyclone season. A number of cyclones intensity of X X have affected the community over the years. cyclones  Many homes are of thatch construction and cannot withstand heavy winds.

Figure 91 Lonamilo Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kqJLefdmVm3E

Lonamilo community Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  Community gardens have been negatively Main source of subsistence staple food 1. Community affected by cyclones, landslides, heavy and vegetables for each household and gardens rain, drought and volcanic ash. the community in general

 The village store has been affected and Provider of basic household goods in vulnerable to cyclone and has health 2. Village store particular essential food and hygiene related issues such as infestation of pests items mainly rats.

174 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  The current structure is very susceptible Source spiritual guidance and pastoral 1. Church and vulnerable to cyclone. care

 The road condition deteriorated really badly Provide education to the children in 2. School due to heavy rain, landslides and cyclones. the community

Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability Important basic need for all community  During prolong drought periods there is members for drinking, cooking and not enough water and strong winds have 1 Water tanks hygiene (including washing and damaged the roof guttering. bathing)

Laulipang community

Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  Houses in the village are susceptible Basic need that provide shelter and and in some cases do not have proper 1. Community houses physical protection from rain and structure and materials to provide proper other natural events shelter for rain and tropical cyclones.

Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability Important basic need for all community members  Flooding events when there is a prolonged 1 Water tank for drinking, cooking heavy rain. and hygiene (including washing and bathing)  During prolonged drought periods the water Used for cooking and 2 Well level in the well declines. washing

Lamak community

Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  During heavy rain it is very difficult for Provider of education to the local children to go to school because of the wet 1. School communities and muddy footpath.

 Road is rugged and narrow (not maintained) Access to other communities, thus makes it difficult at times for trucks to 2. Road public and commercial centers travel through.

175 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability Important basic need for all community members for  Flooding events when there is a prolonged 1 Water tank drinking, cooking and hygiene heavy rain. (including washing and bathing)

Laupruan community

Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Vulnerability Community  During heavy rain it is very difficult for children Provider of education to the to go to school because of the wet and muddy 1. School local communities footpath.

 Road is rugged and narrow (not maintained) Access to other communities, thus makes it difficult at times for trucks to 2. Road public and commercial centers travel through.

Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability Important basic need for all community members for drinking,  Flooding events when there is a prolonged 1 Water tank cooking and hygiene (including heavy rain. washing and bathing)

Lamasak community

Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

1. Community house Communal gathering and events  The building structure is susceptible to cyclone. Provider of basic medical  Roof and the structure the building is very 2. Aid Post services and first aid susceptible to cyclone and very strong storms. 

Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Significance to Community Vulnerability Point Important basic need for all community members for drinking,  Flooding events when there is a prolonged 1 Water tank cooking and hygiene (including heavy rain. washing and bathing)

176 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 10.9 LAMENAURA TRIBE

The only community that was assessed in this this tribe is Lamenaura with an estimated population of over 100. This figure must be confirmed with the Tafea Provincial office. Lamenaura is a central area surrounded by seven communities and hosts the only public primary school. In the interior of Tanna island it is dependent on rainwater catchment for drinking and bathing water. In the dry season and during extended drought, the population has a very hard time getting sufficient water. This makes managing the skin disease, Yaws more difficult as it requires frequent washing of the affected areas to heal. Lamenaura tribe and communities are also primarily dependent on subsistence agriculture of mainly root crops such as taro, sweet potato, and cassava.

Figure 92 Lamenaura public school with water tanks. Additional Lamenaura photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c- cap/sets/72157642566836533/

10.9.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION The Lamenaura CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on the village. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea level rise /  The community is located inland but community members are still Extreme sea level dependent on fishing and other coastal resources for some of events their food sources. These coastal areas vulnerable to sea level X X X rise and extreme sea level events.  Water shortage also reduces the amount of water available for bathing and washing clothes. Lack of water for washing has an impact on limiting the ability to control the Yaws skin disease.

Increased  The village relies solely on rainwater catchment for its water Incidence / supply, which can run dry during periods of extended drought. Intensity of X X X  The community also reports that the impacts of climate change droughts such as intense dry weather are affecting local livelihoods, food production.

177 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Increased  The C-CAP committee reports that their village has experienced Intensity of Rain more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall storms episodes that fall between longer and more intense dry periods. These changes impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply. The community reports that heavy rainfall is accompanied with increased acid rain X X X from suspended volcanic particles. The acid has caused crop losses in the past.  Marine resources have been affected by sedimentation of the reefs due to periods of heavy rain—and may contribute to dwindling fish stocks; further research would be required to attribute the cause of reduced near-shore fish populations , which may also be reflective of over-fishing.

Incidence and  The wettest and hottest months are December through April, increased X X which also constitute the cyclone season. A number of cyclones intensity of have affected the community over the years. cyclones

10.9.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Each infrastructure point and its vulnerability profile are catalogued in the tables below.

Figure 93 Lamenaura Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kE2v0RthIoCU

Lamenura community

Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability 1 Water tank (school and Main potable drinking water source  The main issue is the volcanic ash that church) for the community contaminates the water

178 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  The building structure is susceptible to 1. Kindergarten Education for the children cyclone impacts.  Roof and the structure of the building Provider of basic medical services is very susceptible to cyclones and 2. Aid Post and first aid very strong storms.  -

10.10 LAUNAPIKRUAN TRIBE The five communities in this tribe are: Launapikruan, Loutalraun, Loutail and Hebron. Statistics as of May 2014 from the government health post puts the population for the communities at 211. The communities are located along a high cliff on the nothern coast of the island. The vast majority of the houses are made of thatch and are highly susceptible to cyclone winds and rain. The women’s group in the CCC reported that they have no means to get information about weather events as there is little to no mobile phone coverage. The communities in this area are particularly isolated. To get to the provincial capital residents need to walk 3 kilometers, take a 40 minute boat ride to the nearest road access which is another 45 minute drive to the capital. Water is by far the greatest concern for the communities as their present source will dry up during the dry season over several months requiring a very long walk to fetch water from a distant source.

Figure 94 Launapikruan Aid Post. Additional Launapikruan photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157642522180103

10.10.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

The Launapikruan CCC applied their understanding and awareness of the enhanced greenhouse effect and global climate change impacts from C-CAP to identify climate change impacts on the village. In three breakout groups—men, women and youth—the groups identified a range of climate change impacts on local livelihoods, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and health, which are represented in the table below.

179 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea level rise /  The community is located up along a cliff adjacent to the sea on Extreme sea level the North coast of Tanna island and community members are still events X X X heavily dependent on fishing and other coastal resources for some of their food sources. These coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and extreme sea level events.

Increased  The village relies primarily on a gravity feed water system , which Incidence / can run dry during periods of extended drought. Intensity of X X X  The community also reports that the impacts of climate change droughts such as intense dry weather are affecting local livelihoods, food production.

Increased  The C-CAP committee reports that their village has experienced Intensity of Rain more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall storms episodes that fall between longer and more intense dry periods. These changes impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply. The community reports that heavy rainfall is accompanied with increased acid rain X X X from suspended volcanic particles. The acid has cause crop losses in the past.  Marine resources have been affected by sedimentation of the reefs due to periods of heavy rain—and may contribute to dwindling fish stocks; further research would be required to attribute the cause of reduced near-shore fish populations , which may also be reflective of over-fishing.

Incidence and  The wettest and hottest months are December through April, increased which also constitute the cyclone season. A number of cyclones intensity of X X have affected the community over the years. This area is cyclones particularly vulnerable to cyclones and storm winds due to its exposed nature along the high cliffs.

10.10.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Each infrastructure point and its vulnerability profile are catalogued in the tables below.

Figure 95 Launapikruan Climate Change Risk Map, with geo-referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive GoogleMap can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kv571M9s7NlQ

180 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

Launapikruan community

Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  Only two main tap water distributors and once they have problems the community It helps the community to access may have to travel quite a distance to 1 Water tap water efficiently fetch water in particular potable drinking water.

 Pipe system needs to be changed because at times it is not supplying and reticulating adequate water to the Main potable drinking water source 2 Water reservoir/ tank communities. The distance of this water for the community reservoir/ tanks is quite far (1 hour walk or more ) from the community.

Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability This is where the children in the  The structure is mainly thatched leaves 1. School and classroom community receive their pre-school and local timber. Susceptible to cyclone. and primary education

Loutalraun community

Loutalraun community identified water tap, aid post and church as their most important infrastructure. Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  Only two main tap water distributers and once they have problems, the community It helps the community to access may have to travel quite a distance to 1 Water tap water efficiently collect water, in particular potable drinking water.

Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  The thatched material used in the entire Provide basic medical services and building is very susceptible to tropical 1 Aid Post first aid cyclone.

 The building structure is very susceptible Religious and official communal 2 Church to tropical cyclone. gathering venue

Lawtail community

In Lawtail, the key infrastructures that the community identified were water tap, kindergarten, school building for primary and intermediate students, church and their market place. Tropical cyclone according to them is a major threat.

181 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  Only two main tap water distributers and once they have problems, the community It helps the community to access 1 Water tap may have to travel quite a distance to water efficiently collect water, in particular potable drinking water. Hebron community

Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability

Provide pre-school education of  The thatched material used in the entire building 1. Kindergarten children under the age of 6 years is very susceptible to tropical cyclone. old  The building structure is very susceptible to 2. Intermediate Provide education to children up to tropical cyclone. Primary School class 8

 The building structure is very susceptible to 3. Church Gathering place for the community tropical cyclone. (Seventh DayAdventist)

Economic Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability Commercial produce from their plantation and handicraft are sold  Open thatched shed is very susceptible to 1. Market place here so it is an important source of tropical cyclone. income for households.

10.11 IRU TRIBE Iru is located in the Western part of Tanna and closer to the commercial zone where most of the development is occurring, such as tourist bungalows, main port, banks, main markets and hosts the provincial headquarters of the Tafea Province. The 13 communities in this tribe are: Letoupam, Lepakel, Leniakis, Lapkit, Lenamir, Loukatai, Yeluelu, Lokiruar, Imasu, Lounapkmita, Laukaut, Lenus and Letaus communities. The population is greater in the communities near the provincial capital of Lanakel where the port and market are located. The communities higher up in the watershed are more susceptible to water shortages during the dry season and periods of drought and must come down to the coast to get their drinking water.

182 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2

Figure 96 Iru community coastal water source. Additional Iru photos can be seen here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-cap/sets/72157642513531703/

10.11.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION

Climate Change Sector Impacted Description

Impact / Risk Liveli- Eco- Health hoods system Sea level rise /  The community is still dependent on fishing and other coastal Extreme sea level resources for some of their food sources. These coastal areas are events X X X vulnerable to sea level rise and extreme sea level events.  A fresh water source at the coast is susceptible to sea level rise and is inaccessible during periods of high tide.

Increased  The villages higher in the watershed rely solely on rainwater Incidence / catchment for their water supply, which can run dry during periods Intensity of of extended drought. X X X droughts  These communities also report that the impacts of climate change such as intense dry weather are affecting local livelihoods, food production.

Increased  The C-CAP committee reports that their village has experienced Intensity of Rain more variable rainfall patterns, with fewer but more intense rainfall storms episodes that fall between longer and more intense dry periods. These changes impact traditional planting cycles, agricultural production levels, and the village water supply. The community reports that heavy rainfall is accompanied with increased acid rain X X X from suspended volcanic particles. The acid has cause crop losses in the past.  Marine resources have been affected by sedimentation of the reefs due to periods of heavy rain—and may contribute to dwindling fish stocks; further research would be required to attribute the cause of reduced near-shore fish populations , which may also be reflective of over-fishing.

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10.11.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING Following identification of local climate change impacts, the CCC completed hand-drawn community infrastructure maps, highlighting economic, social, water and coastal infrastructure that may be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Each infrastructure point and its vulnerability profile are catalogued in the tables below.

Figure 97 Iru Climate Change Risk Map, with geo -referenced economic, social and water and coastal infrastructure points, photographs and risk profiles. Interactive map can be found here: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=ztaQPXFMkt48.kxYrqmvq6teY&authuser=0& hl=en Lenus community Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  It is exposed and susceptible to natural disaster and daily It helps the community to access 1 Water pump exposure to sea-spray, rain and underground water efficiently sunlight.

Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  The structure seems to be solid but Used for religious and communal overall it needs some maintenance 1. Church meetings and cycle proofing measures.

Loukatai community Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  It is exposed and susceptible to It helps the community to access natural disaster and daily exposure 1 Water pump underground water efficiently to sea-spray, rain and sunlight.

184 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2  During prolong drought periods there Important basic need for all community is not enough water and strong 2 Water Tank members for drinking, cooking and hygiene winds have damaged the roof (including washing and bathing) guttering.

Lenamir community

Social Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  Houses in the village are susceptible and in some cases do not have Basic need that provide shelter and proper structure and materials to 1. Community houses physical protection from rain and other provide proper shelter for rain and natural events tropical cyclone.

Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  During prolong drought periods Important basic need for all community there is not enough water. 1 Water tank members for drinking, cooking and hygiene Volcanic ash contaminates the (including washing and bathing) water in the tanks.

Lapkit community

Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability  During prolong drought periods Important basic need for all community there is not enough water. 1 Water tanks members for drinking, cooking and hygiene Volcanic ash contaminates the (including washing and bathing) water in the tanks.

Letoupan community

Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability Important basic need for all community members  During prolong drought periods 1 Water tanks for drinking, cooking and hygiene (including there is not enough water. washing and bathing) Letaus community

Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability Important basic need for all community  During prolong drought periods 1 Water tanks members for drinking, cooking and hygiene there is not enough water. (including washing and bathing)

185 DELIVERABLES 2.1. A.2, B.2, & C.2 – DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE RISK & ASSET MAPPING—YEAR 2 It source the groundwater which then feeds  Regular maintenance of the 2 Water pump the water tanks/ reservoir that distributes pump is needed. water to the households

Lakaut community Water and Coastal Infrastructure

Infrastructure Point Significance to Community Vulnerability 1 Coastal fresh water Important basic need for all community  Susceptible to sea-level rise. source (a) members for drinking, cooking and washing.  Susceptible to sea-level rise and 2 Coastal fresh water Important basic need for all community coastal disturbances that may be source (b) members for washing caused by storm surges.

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