Identification of the Facial Colliculus in Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Images
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Telovelar Approach to the Fourth Ventricle: Microsurgical Anatomy
J Neurosurg 92:812–823, 2000 Telovelar approach to the fourth ventricle: microsurgical anatomy ANTONIO C. M. MUSSI, M.D., AND ALBERT L. RHOTON, JR., M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Object. In the past, access to the fourth ventricle was obtained by splitting the vermis or removing part of the cere- bellum. The purpose of this study was to examine the access to the fourth ventricle achieved by opening the tela cho- roidea and inferior medullary velum, the two thin sheets of tissue that form the lower half of the roof of the fourth ven- tricle, without incising or removing part of the cerebellum. Methods. Fifty formalin-fixed specimens, in which the arteries were perfused with red silicone and the veins with blue silicone, provided the material for this study. The dissections were performed in a stepwise manner to simulate the exposure that can be obtained by retracting the cerebellar tonsils and opening the tela choroidea and inferior medullary velum. Conclusions. Gently displacing the tonsils laterally exposes both the tela choroidea and the inferior medullary velum. Opening the tela provides access to the floor and body of the ventricle from the aqueduct to the obex. The additional opening of the velum provides access to the superior half of the roof of the ventricle, the fastigium, and the superolater- al recess. Elevating the tonsillar surface away from the posterolateral medulla exposes the tela, which covers the later- al recess, and opening this tela exposes the structure forming -
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • to Learn the Functional
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • To learn the functional organization of the auditory and vestibular systems • To understand how one can use changes in auditory function following injury to localize the site of a lesion • To begin to learn the vestibular pathways, as a prelude to studying motor pathways controlling balance in a later lab. Ch 7 Key Figs: 7-1; 7-2; 7-4; 7-5 Clinical Case #2 Hearing loss and dizziness; CC4-1 Self evaluation • Be able to identify all structures listed in key terms and describe briefly their principal functions • Use neuroanatomy on the web to test your understanding ************************************************************************************** List of media F-5 Vestibular efferent connections The first order neurons of the vestibular system are bipolar cells whose cell bodies are located in the vestibular ganglion in the internal ear (NTA Fig. 7-3). The distal processes of these cells contact the receptor hair cells located within the ampulae of the semicircular canals and the utricle and saccule. The central processes of the bipolar cells constitute the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear (VIIIth cranial) nerve. Most of these primary vestibular afferents enter the ipsilateral brain stem inferior to the inferior cerebellar peduncle to terminate in the vestibular nuclear complex, which is located in the medulla and caudal pons. The vestibular nuclear complex (NTA Figs, 7-2, 7-3), which lies in the floor of the fourth ventricle, contains four nuclei: 1) the superior vestibular nucleus; 2) the inferior vestibular nucleus; 3) the lateral vestibular nucleus; and 4) the medial vestibular nucleus. Vestibular nuclei give rise to secondary fibers that project to the cerebellum, certain motor cranial nerve nuclei, the reticular formation, all spinal levels, and the thalamus. -
Pediatric Hydrocephalus; a Statistical and Historical Approach by R
Global Journal of Medical Research: A Neurology and Nervous System Volume 15 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 2015 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4618 & Print ISSN: 0975-5888 Pediatric Hydrocephalus; A Statistical and Historical Approach By R. Omidi-Varmezani University of Spital Buelach- Zurich, Switzerland Abstract- Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical statistical collection of pediatric hydrocephalus with emphasis on pathology to investigate the epidemiology of pediatric hydrocephalus. Materials and Methods: We performed respectively analysis of the pediatric patients younger than 18 years with or suspected of hydrocephalus in our neuropediatric centre since 2001. Data were obtained from our neuropediatric centre database and from hospital admission records of the university hospital of Homburg. After the patient selection procedure and sort out the hydrocephalus patients were a total of 193 children registered at the University Hospital of Homburg Children Medical Centre, between June 2001 and March 2009. The patients were under age and mechanism of hydrocephalus distributed. Keywords: hydrocephalus, peditric neuroradiology, intracerebral pressure. GJMR-A Classification : NLMC Code: WM 170 PediatricHydrocephalusAStatisticalandHistoricalApproach Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2015. R. Omidi-Varmezani. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Pediatric Hydrocephalus; A Statistical and Historical Approach R. Omidi-Varmezani Abstract- Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine can flow from the 4th ventricle into the subarachnoidal the clinical statistical collection of pediatric hydrocephalus with space through two apertures. -
Locus Coeruleus Complex of the Family Delphinidae
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Locus coeruleus complex of the family Delphinidae Simona Sacchini 1, Manuel Arbelo 1, Cristiano Bombardi2, Antonio Fernández1, Bruno Cozzi 3, Yara Bernaldo de Quirós1 & Pedro Herráez1 Received: 19 July 2017 The locus coeruleus (LC) is the largest catecholaminergic nucleus and extensively projects to widespread Accepted: 22 March 2018 areas of the brain and spinal cord. The LC is the largest source of noradrenaline in the brain. To date, the Published: xx xx xxxx only examined Delphinidae species for the LC has been a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). In our experimental series including diferent Delphinidae species, the LC was composed of fve subdivisions: A6d, A6v, A7, A5, and A4. The examined animals had the A4 subdivision, which had not been previously described in the only Delphinidae in which this nucleus was investigated. Moreover, the neurons had a large amount of neuromelanin in the interior of their perikarya, making this nucleus highly similar to that of humans and non-human primates. This report also presents the frst description of neuromelanin in the cetaceans’ LC complex, as well as in the cetaceans’ brain. Te locus coeruleus (LC) is a densely packed cluster of noradrenaline-producing neurons located in the upper part of the rostral rhombencephalon, on the lateral edge of the fourth ventricle. Te LC is the largest catechola- minergic nucleus of the brain, and it supplies noradrenaline to the entire central nervous system. Noradrenaline neurons are located in the medulla oblongata and pons (termed A1-A7 divisions), while adrenaline neurons are located only in the medulla oblongata, near A1-A3 (and termed C1-C3)1. -
Anatomy of the Brainstem
Anatomy of the Brainstem Neuroanatomy block-Anatomy-Lecture 5 Editing file Objectives At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 01 List the components of brain stem. 02 Describe the site of brain stem 03 Describe the relations between components of brain stem & their relations to cerebellum. 04 Describe the external features of both ventral & dorsal surfaces of brain stem Color guide 05 List cranial nerves emerging from brain stem 06 Describe the site of emergence of each cranial nerve ● Only in boys slides in Green ● Only in girls slides in Purple ● important in Red ● Notes in Grey Development of Brain Brain stem ● The brain develops from the cranial part of neural tube. ● The brainstem is the region of the brain that connects the ● The cranial part is divided into 3 parts: cerebrum with the spinal cord. ● Site: It lies on the basilar part of occipital bone (clivus). - Subdivided into: ● Parts from above downwards : 1. Telencephalon: (cavities: 2 lateral ventricles) 1. Midbrain Two cerebral hemispheres. Forebrain 2. Pons 2. Diencephalon: (cavity: 3rd ventricle) 3. Medulla oblongata thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus & subthalamus ● Connection with cerebellum: Each part of the brain stem is connected to the Midbrain - (cavity: cerebral aqueduct) cerebellum by cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle & inferior). - (cavity: 4th ventricle) - Subdivided into: Hindbrain 1. Pons 2. Cerebellum 3. Medulla oblongata 3 Sagittal section of Brain 4 Functions of the Brain Stem Pathway of tracts between cerebral cortex & spinal cord (ascending and descending tracts). 1 Site of origin of nuclei of cranial nerves (from 3rd to 12th). 2 Site of emergence of cranial nerves (from 3rd to 12th). -
Brainstem and Its Associated Cranial Nerves
Brainstem and its Associated Cranial Nerves Anatomical and Physiological Review By Sara Alenezy With appreciation to Noura AlTawil’s significant efforts Midbrain (Mesencephalon) External Anatomy of Midbrain 1. Crus Cerebri (Also known as Basis Pedunculi or Cerebral Peduncles): Large column of descending “Upper Motor Neuron” fibers that is responsible for movement coordination, which are: a. Frontopontine fibers b. Corticospinal fibers Ventral Surface c. Corticobulbar fibers d. Temporo-pontine fibers 2. Interpeduncular Fossa: Separates the Crus Cerebri from the middle. 3. Nerve: 3rd Cranial Nerve (Oculomotor) emerges from the Interpeduncular fossa. 1. Superior Colliculus: Involved with visual reflexes. Dorsal Surface 2. Inferior Colliculus: Involved with auditory reflexes. 3. Nerve: 4th Cranial Nerve (Trochlear) emerges caudally to the Inferior Colliculus after decussating in the superior medullary velum. Internal Anatomy of Midbrain 1. Superior Colliculus: Nucleus of grey matter that is associated with the Tectospinal Tract (descending) and the Spinotectal Tract (ascending). a. Tectospinal Pathway: turning the head, neck and eyeballs in response to a visual stimuli.1 Level of b. Spinotectal Pathway: turning the head, neck and eyeballs in response to a cutaneous stimuli.2 Superior 2. Oculomotor Nucleus: Situated in the periaqueductal grey matter. Colliculus 3. Red Nucleus: Red mass3 of grey matter situated centrally in the Tegmentum. Involved in motor control (Rubrospinal Tract). 1. Inferior Colliculus: Nucleus of grey matter that is associated with the Tectospinal Tract (descending) and the Spinotectal Tract (ascending). Tectospinal Pathway: turning the head, neck and eyeballs in response to a auditory stimuli. 2. Trochlear Nucleus: Situated in the periaqueductal grey matter. Level of Inferior 3. -
Morphometric Assesment of the External Anatomy of Fourth Ventricle and Dorsal Brainstem in Fresh Cadavers
DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.24942-18.1 Turk Neurosurg 29(3):445-450, 2019 Received: 26.09.2018 / Accepted: 20.11.2018 Published Online: 19.12.2018 Original Investigation Morphometric Assesment of the External Anatomy of Fourth Ventricle and Dorsal Brainstem in Fresh Cadavers Veysel ANTAR1, Okan TURK1, Salim KATAR2, Mahmut OZDEN3, Balkan SAHIN4, Sahin YUCELI5, Erdogan KARA6, Ayse YURTSEVEN6 1Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey 2Selahattin Eyyubi City Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Diyarbakir, Turkey 3Bahcesehir University, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey 4Sultan Abdulhamit Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey 5Erzincan Neon Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Erzincan, Turkey 6Ministry of Justice, Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey Corresponding author: Veysel ANTAR [email protected] ABSTRACT AIM: To investigate the external anatomy of the fourth ventricle and dorsal brainstem using morphometric data, which could be useful for preoperative surgical planning. MATERIAL and METHODS: Between January 2017 and December 2017, 42 fresh adult cadavers were investigated for the measurements of the cadaver brainstems and fourth ventricle, and they were recorded by photography. Measurements were evaluated according to body mass indexes (BMIs) of the patients. We also investigate the visualization of facial colliculus and stria medullaris on brainstem. RESULTS: A total of 42 fresh cadavers with a mean age of 45.38 ± 16.41 years old were included in this research. We found no statistically significant difference between measurements and BMIs. Facial colliculus was visualized in 92.9% (n=39), but it could not visualized in 7.1% (n=3) of the subjects. -
Seventh-And-A-Half Syndrome
Ophthalmology And Ophthalmic Surgery Open Access Case Report Seventh-and-a-Half Syndrome Ama Sadaka*, Shauna Berry and Andrew G Lee Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, the Methodist Hospital, USA A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received: 04 September 2017 This is a case of a patient with right internuclear ophthalmoplegia and right Accepted: 05 October 2017 Published: 13 October 2017 peripheral seventh nerve palsy with no other neurologic deficits. Magnetic Keywords: resonance imaging showed a small localized right hemipons infarct involving Seven-and-a-half syndrome; INO facial motor nucleus and facial genu as well as the right medial longitudinal fasciculus. We introduce “Seven-and-a-half syndrome” as a new Copyright: ©2017 Sadaka A clinicoradiologic syndrome. Ophthalmol Ophthalmic Surg This is an open access article distributed Case Presentation under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, A 68-year-old white female presented with sudden onset horizontal binocular distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is diplopia and right-sided facial weakness involving the upper and lower face properly cited. consistent with a severe lower motor neuron seventh nerve palsy. Past medical Citation this article: Sadaka A, Berry S, Lee AG. Seventh-and-a-Half Syndrome. history was significant for uncontrolled hypertension and cerebral amyloid Ophthalmol Ophthalmic Surg. 2017; 1(1):112. angiopathy. No history of head trauma or infection. Visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. Pupils were equal and reactive with no relative afferent pupillary defect in either eye. -
Inter-And Intrapatient Variability of Facial Nerve Response Areas in The
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21206320. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. University of Zurich http://www.zora.uzh.ch Zurich Open Repository and Archive Originally published at: Bertalanffy, H; Tissira, N; Krayenbühl, N; Bozinov, O; Sarnthein , J (2011). Inter- and intrapatient variability of facial nerve response areas in the floor of the fourth ventricle. Neurosurgery, 68(1 Supp):23-31. Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich http://www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2011 Inter- and intrapatient variability of facial nerve response areas in the floor of the fourth ventricle Bertalanffy, H; Tissira, N; Krayenbühl, N; Bozinov, O; Sarnthein , J http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21206320. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: Bertalanffy, H; Tissira, N; Krayenbühl, N; Bozinov, O; Sarnthein , J (2011). Inter- and intrapatient variability of facial nerve response areas in the floor of the fourth ventricle. Neurosurgery, 68(1 Supp):23-31. Inter- and intrapatient variability of facial nerve response areas in the floor of the fourth ventricle Abstract BACKGROUND: Surgical exposure of intrinsic brainstem lesions through the floor of the 4th ventricle requires precise identification of facial nerve (CN VII) fibers to avoid damage. OBJECTIVE: To assess the shape, size, and variability of the area where the facial nerve can be stimulated electrophysiologically on the surface of the rhomboid fossa. METHODS: Over a period of 18 months, 20 patients were operated on for various brainstem and/or cerebellar lesions. -
Computed Tomography of the Brain Stem with Intrathecal Metrizamide. Part I: the Normal Brain Stem
Computed Tomography of the Brain Stem with Intrathecal Metrizamide. Part I: The Normal Brain Stem Michel E. Mawad 1 Detailed anatomy of the brain stem and cervicomedullary junction can be accurately A. John Silver demonstrated with metrizamide computed tomographic cisternography. Specifically. Sadek K. Hilal surface anatomy is unusually well outlined. Nine distinct and easily recognizable levels S. Ramaiah Ganti of section are described: four levels in the medulla, three in the pons, and two in the mesencephalon. Surface features of the brain stem, fine details in the floor of the fourth ventricle, cranial nerves, and vascular structures are shown and discussed. Reliably accurate imaging of the brain stem and cervicomedullary junction has now become available using high-resolution computed tomographic (CT) scan ning following intrathecal admini stration of metrizamide [1 -6]. The demonstration of surface features of the brain stem such as the ventral fissure, ventrolateral su lcus, pyramids, and olivary protuberance has become commonplace; suc h details have not been routinely demonstrable in the past. Many authors [1, 2] have already emphasized the value of metrizamide CT cisternography and its superiority to both angiography and pneumoencephalog raphy. These latter procedures rely on subtle displacement of vessels or distor tion of the air-filled fourth ventricle and posterior fossa cisterns. Compared with air, metrizamide spreads much more readily in th e entire subarachnoid space without the problem of meniscus formation or " air lock. " CT permits the sepa ration of the various collections of contrast agent and avoids th e superimposition of features encountered in nontomographic contrast studies. Improved visualization of the details of the brain stem by metrizamide CT has allowed the detection of subtle morphologic changes in the brain stem and subarachnoid space not previously appreciated. -
Brainstem: Structure & Func On
Brainstem: Structure & Func1on Adrian Poniatowski StudyAid Neuroanatomy Seminar November 26, 2017 A pleasure to meet you... • Name: Adrian Poniatowski • Hometown: New York City • Job: Professional Baller, Future Doctor • Hobbies: Winning @ Life Brainstem = Manha<an • Connects everything • Every connecon is important • Small lesions = big problems • Locaon, locaon, locaon! Ques1on 1 Cranial nerves exit from the following locaons EXCEPT • a.) vagus nerve from posterior lateral sulcus • b.) facial nerve from cerebello-ponne angle • c.) abducens nerve from anterior lateral sulcus • d.) trochlear nerve lateral to the frenulum of the superior medullary velum • e.) oculomotor nerve from interpeduncular fossa 3 Midbrain Pons Cross-secons: Clinical Correlates Medulla Ques1on 2 All of the following locaons given are correct EXCEPT: • a.) motor nucleus of trigeminal - ponne tegmentum • b.) superior salivatory nucleus of VII - ponne tegmentum • c.) superior vesMbular nucleus of VIII - ponne tegmentum • d.) motor nucleus of hypoglossal - dorsal medulla • e.) motor nucleus of VI - mesencephalic tegmentum MLF Pathway • FuncMon: Connects oculomotor nuclei to integrate eye movements • Nerves: CN III and VI • Lesion causes Internuclear Opthalmoplegia • Abnormal adducMon of IPSILATERAL eye, usually with nystagmus • Where is the lesion here? Ques1on 3 Muscles of the eyeball are innervated by all of the following EXCEPT: • a.) axons of the nucleus located in the mesencephalic tegmentum • b.) axons of the nucleus located in the ponne tegmentum • c.) axons -
Choroid Plexus of the Fourth Ventricle: Review and Anatomic Study Highlighting Anatomical Variations
Choroid Plexus of the Fourth Ventricle: Review and Anatomic Study Highlighting Anatomical Variations R. Shane Tubbs1, Mohammadali M. Shoja2, Anjali Aggarwal3, Tulika Gupta3, Marios Loukas4, Daisy Sahni3, Shaheryar F. Ansari5, Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol5 1 Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA 2 Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA 3 Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India 4 Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George’s University, Grenada 5 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University Department of Neurological Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA Corresponding Author: Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol, MD, MSc Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine Indiana University, Department of Neurosurgery 355 W 16th St, Suite 5100 Indianapolis, IN 46202 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 317-362-8760 Fax: 317-924-8472 __________________________________________________________________________________________ This is the author's manuscript of the article published in final edited form as: Tubbs, R. S., Shoja, M. M., Aggarwal, A., Gupta, T., Loukas, M., Sahni, D., … Cohen-Gadol, A. A. (2016). Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle: Review and anatomic study highlighting anatomical variations. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 26, 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2015.10.006 1 Abstract Relatively few studies have been performed that comment on the morphology of the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle. With this tissue’s importance as a landmark on imaging and during surgical intervention of the fourth ventricle, the authors performed a cadaveric study to better characterize this important structure. The choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle of sixty formalin fixed adult human brains was observed and measured.