Author's Accepted Manuscript
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Diaspore Alo(OH) C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic
Diaspore AlO(OH) c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. As crystals, platy on {010} and elongated to acicular along [001], to 40 cm; stalactitic, foliated, scaly; disseminated, massive. Twinning: On {021}, to form heart-shaped twins or pseudohexagonal aggregates; on {061}, uncommon. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {010} perfect, {110} distinct, {100} in traces. Fracture: Conchoidal. Tenacity: Very brittle. Hardness = 6.5–7 D(meas.) = 3.2–3.5 D(calc.) = 3.380 Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: White, pale gray, colorless, greenish gray, brown, pale yellow, pink, lilac; color may vary with viewing direction in the same specimen, may show a color change from brownish green in daylight to raspberry pink in artificial light; colorless in thin section. Luster: Adamantine, vitreous, pearly on cleavage faces. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). Pleochroism: In thick plates, may be reddish brown to reddish violet; grayish green to green. Orientation: X = c; Y = b; Z = a. Dispersion: r< v,weak. Absorption: Z > Y > X, seen on strongly colored specimens. α = 1.682–1.706 β = 1.705–1.725 γ = 1.730–1.752 2V(meas.) = 84◦–86◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P bnm. a = 4.4007(6) b = 9.4253(13) c = 2.8452(3) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Springfield, Massachusetts, USA. 3.99 (100), 2.317 (56), 2.131 (52), 2.077 (49), 1.633 (43), 2.558 (30), 1.480 (20) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) SiO2 0.42 Fe2O3 0.18 Al2O3 84.44 84.98 H2O 14.99 15.02 Total 100.03 100.00 (1) Kossoi Brod, Russia. -
Fluid Mixing and the Deep Biosphere of a Fossil Lost City-Type Hydrothermal System at the Iberia Margin
Fluid mixing and the deep biosphere of a fossil Lost City-type hydrothermal system at the Iberia Margin Frieder Kleina,1, Susan E. Humphrisb, Weifu Guob, Florence Schubotzc, Esther M. Schwarzenbachd, and William D. Orsia aDepartment of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543; bDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543; cDepartment of Geosciences and Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany; and dDepartment of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Edited by David M. Karl, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and approved August 4, 2015 (received for review March 7, 2015) Subseafloor mixing of reduced hydrothermal fluids with seawater is aging, brucite undersaturated in seawater dissolves and aragonite believed to provide the energy and substrates needed to support recrystallizes to calcite (7). deep chemolithoautotrophic life in the hydrated oceanic mantle (i.e., Actively venting chimneys host a microbial community with a serpentinite). However, geosphere-biosphere interactions in serpen- relatively high proportion of methanogenic archaea (the Lost tinite-hosted subseafloor mixing zones remain poorly constrained. City Methanosarcinales), methanotrophic bacteria, and sulfur- Here we examine fossil microbial communities and fluid mixing oxidizing bacteria, whereas typical sulfate-reducing bacteria are processes in the subseafloor of a Cretaceous Lost City-type hydro- rare (8–10). Geochemical evidence for significant microbial sulfate thermal system at the magma-poor passive Iberia Margin (Ocean reduction in basement lithologies and distinct microbial commu- Drilling Program Leg 149, Hole 897D). Brucite−calcite mineral assem- nities in Lost City vent fluids and chimneys suggest that subsurface blages precipitated from mixed fluids ca. -
The Structure and Vibrational Spectroscopy of Cryolite, Na3alf6 Cite This: RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 25856 Stewart F
RSC Advances PAPER View Article Online View Journal | View Issue The structure and vibrational spectroscopy of cryolite, Na3AlF6 Cite this: RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 25856 Stewart F. Parker, *a Anibal J. Ramirez-Cuesta b and Luke L. Daemenb Cryolite, Na3[AlF6], is essential to commercial aluminium production because alumina is readily soluble in molten cryolite. While the liquid state has been extensively investigated, the spectroscopy of the solid state has been largely ignored. In this paper, we show that the structure at 5 K is the same as that at Received 31st May 2020 room temperature. We use a combination of infrared and Raman spectroscopies together with inelastic Accepted 1st July 2020 neutron scattering (INS) spectroscopy. The use of INS enables access to all of the modes of Na3[AlF6], DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04804f including those that are forbidden to the optical spectroscopies. Our spectral assignments are supported rsc.li/rsc-advances by density functional theory calculations of the complete unit cell. Introduction In view of the technological importance of cryolite, we have Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. carried out a comprehensive spectroscopic investigation and 1 Cryolite, Na3[AlF6], occurs naturally as a rare mineral. Histori- report new infrared and Raman spectra over extended temper- cally, it was used as a source of aluminium but this has been ature and spectral ranges and the inelastic neutron scattering superseded by bauxite (a mixture of the Al2O3 containing (INS) spectrum. The last of these is observed for the rst time minerals boehmite, diaspore and gibbsite), largely because of and enables access to all of the modes of Na3[AlF6]. -
Minerals of the San Luis Valley and Adjacent Areas of Colorado Charles F
New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/22 Minerals of the San Luis Valley and adjacent areas of Colorado Charles F. Bauer, 1971, pp. 231-234 in: San Luis Basin (Colorado), James, H. L.; [ed.], New Mexico Geological Society 22nd Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 340 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 1971 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States. -
Iidentilica2tion and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals from the Colorado Plateaus
IIdentilica2tion and occurrence of uranium and Vanadium Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals From the Colorado Plateaus c By A. D. WEEKS and M. E. THOMPSON A CONTRIBUTION TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM GEOLOGICAL S U R V E Y BULL E TIN 1009-B For jeld geologists and others having few laboratory facilities.- This report concerns work done on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE- INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan. Director Reprint, 1957 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Ofice Washington 25, D. C. - Price 25 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 , 40 41 42 42 1v CONTENTS Page 46 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 58 58 59 62 TABLES TABLE1. Optical properties of uranium minerals ______________________ 44 2. List of mine and mining district names showing county and State________________________________________---------- 60 IDENTIFICATION AND OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM AND VANADIUM MINERALS FROM THE COLORADO PLATEAUS By A. D. WEEKSand M. E. THOMPSON ABSTRACT This report, designed to make available to field geologists and others informa- tion obtained in recent investigations by the Geological Survey on identification and occurrence of uranium minerals of the Colorado Plateaus, contains descrip- tions of the physical properties, X-ray data, and in some instances results of chem- ical and spectrographic analysis of 48 uranium arid vanadium minerals. -
THE COLOR ORIGIN of GEM DIASPORE: CORRELATION to CORUNDUM Che Shen and Ren Lu
FEATURE AR ICLES THE COLOR ORIGIN OF GEM DIASPORE: CORRELATION TO CORUNDUM Che Shen and Ren Lu Color-change diaspore, known commercially as Zultanite, is sought by designers and consumers for its special optical characteristics, namely its color and color change. Understanding the color origin of gem-grade diaspore could provide a scientific basis to guide its gemological testing, cutting, and valuation. This study uses ultravio- let-visible (UV-Vis) spectra and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to examine the color origin of color-change diaspore and to compare it with corundum. As Raman spectra vibration intensities are closely related to crystal direction for diaspore, crystal orientation was determined through Raman spectroscopy. The color correlation between color-change diaspore and corundum confirmed the identity of 3+ 3+ 2+ 4+ each chromophore. In addition, the effectiveness of different chromophores such as Cr , Fe , Fe -Ti pairs, 3+ and V between gem-quality diaspore and corundum is compared quantitatively. em-quality diaspore occupies an important structure consists of AlO octahedra (Hill, 1979; Lewis 6 position in the gem market due to its rarity, et al., 1982). Both types of crystals are composed solely Gstriking pleochroism, and color-change phe- of octahedral units. In addition, the diaspore structure nomenon (figure 1). The material’s value depends on is able to convert to corundum structure through de- these factors. A clear understanding of color origin hydration (Iwai et al., 1973). Due to their closely related offers considerable benefits for gemological testing, crystallographic structure and chemical composition, cutting, and even valuation of gem diaspore. -
Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition. -
From Monovalent Ions to Complex Organic Molecules Udo Becker*†, Subhashis Biswas*, Treavor Kendall**, Peter Risthaus***, Christine V
[American Journal of Science, Vol. 305, June, September, October, 2005,P.791–825] INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MINERAL SURFACES AND DISSOLVED SPECIES: FROM MONOVALENT IONS TO COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULES UDO BECKER*†, SUBHASHIS BISWAS*, TREAVOR KENDALL**, PETER RISTHAUS***, CHRISTINE V. PUTNIS****, and CARLOS M. PINA***** ABSTRACT. In order to understand the interactions of inorganic and organic species from solution with mineral surfaces, and more specifically, with the growth and dissolution behavior of minerals, we start by reviewing the most basic level of interaction. This is the influence of single monovalent ions on the growth and dissolution rate of minerals consisting of divalent ions. Monovalent ions as back- ground electrolyte can change the morphology of growth features such as growth islands and spirals. These morphology changes can be similar to the؉ ones caused by organic molecules and are, therefore, easily mixed up. Both Na and Cl- promote growth and dissolution of some divalent crystals such as barite and celestite. In addition, morphology changes and the stability of polar steps on sulfates are explained using atomistic principles. Subsequently, we will increase the level of complexity by investigating the interac- tion between organic molecules and mineral surfaces. As an example, we describe the influence of different organic growth inhibitors on the growth velocity of barite and use molecular simulations to identify where these organic molecules attack the surface to inhibit growth. Nature provides a number of complex organic molecules, so-called siderophores that are secreted by plants to selectively extract Fe ions from the surrounding soil. The molecular simulations on siderophores are complemented by atomic force-distance measurements to mimic the interaction of these molecules with Fe and Al oxide surfaces. -
Leaching Behavior of Lithium-Bearing Bauxite with High-Temperature Bayer Digestion Process in K2O-Al2o3-H2O System
metals Article Leaching Behavior of Lithium-Bearing Bauxite with High-Temperature Bayer Digestion Process in K2O-Al2O3-H2O System Dongzhan Han 1,2 , Zhihong Peng 1,*, Erwei Song 2 and Leiting Shen 1 1 School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; [email protected] (D.H.); [email protected] (L.S.) 2 Zhengzhou Non-Ferrous Metals Research Institute Co. Ltd. of CHALCO, Zhengzhou 450041, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Lithium is one of the secondary mineral elements occurring in bauxite. The behavior of lithium-bearing bauxite in the digestion process was investigated, and the effect of digestion conditions on the extraction rates of lithium was studied. The results demonstrate that the mass ratio of the added CaO to bauxite, the KOH concentration, and the digestion temperature had a significant effect on the lithium extraction efficiency. An L9(34) orthogonal experiment demonstrated that the order of each factor for lithium extraction from primary to secondary is lime dosage, caustic concentration, and reaction temperature. Under the optimal conditions (t = 60 min, T = 260 ◦C, r(K2O) = 280 g/L, and 16% lime dosage), the leaching efficiencies of lithium and alumina are 85.6% and 80.09%, respectively, with about 15% of lithium entering into red mud. The findings of this study maybe useful for controlling lithium content in alumina products and lithium recovery from the Citation: Han, D.; Peng, Z.; Song, E.; Bayer process. Shen, L. Leaching Behavior of Lithium-Bearing Bauxite Keywords: lithium-bearing bauxite; digestion; K2O-Al2O3-H2O system withHigh-Temperature Bayer Digestion Process in K2O-Al2O3-H2O System. -
DOGAMI Short Paper 8, Strategic and Critical Minerals: a Guide for Oregon
STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES 702 Woodlark Building Portland, Oregon G M I SHORT PAPI:R No. 8 STRATEGIC AND CRITICAL MINERALS A GUIDE lOR OREGON PROSPECTORS. By Lloyd w. Staples; Ph.D, A••latant Proteaaor ot Geology University ot Oregon . • STATE GOVIEIIINING BOAIIID W. H. ITRAYIER, CHAIIIMAN . BAKU ALBIEIIIT BURC:H MIEDP'OIID IE MACNAUGHTON ••• PDIIT\.ANO EARL K. NIXON DIIIIIECTOIII PRICIE 15 CIENTI I Oat lORD In noraal tia•• ao1t pro•p•otor• look tor gold, 1inoe that aetal u1ually otter• the �uiok••t reward and i• generally tither •a•1ly reoogn1�•d or the or• 1• •usoept• 1ble or •••Y detera1nat1on. Pro1peotor11 ln general, thus gain llttlt or no experl tno• with other •inerai• who•• peaoetlae aarkttl otter little tnoentlve tor ltaroh tor new depo1it1. Under war oondltion• th••• aineral11 needed tor produotion ot war aat erial•, beooae ot priae iaportanoe and an in1i1tent deaand i1 created tor intoraation oonoernins ooourrenoe11 aineral oharaoteri1tio11 u1e1 and aarket1. fhe Dtpartaent i1 publllhins thil paper to help aeet thil deaand in1otar &I Oreson i1 �ono�rned. Dr. Staple• 11 tlptoially qualititd to write on the lubJeot or 1trateg1o aineral1. In rtoent rear• auoh ot hll work, both 1n private praotioe and 1n teaohing1 hat been oonoerntd with thll tubJeot. It 11 boptd that tht paptr will bt ot aattrial &1111t¬ to Oregon pro1ptotor1 &1 well al to 1aall operator• who have turned their attention troa gold aintns to thole alneral depo1it1 e11ential tor war netdl. It i1 believed that 1ohool1 will al1o t1nd the paper intoraatlve and tiaely. -
Investigation of Lime Usage Impacts on Bauxite Processability at ETI Aluminyum Plant
International Journal of Industrial Chemistry (2019) 10:57–66 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40090-019-0171-x RESEARCH Investigation of lime usage impacts on bauxite processability at ETI Aluminyum Plant Hüseyin Arıkan1 · Gökhan K. Demir2 · Sema Vural3 Received: 29 March 2018 / Accepted: 3 February 2019 / Published online: 11 February 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract ETI Aluminyum A.Ş., the primary aluminium manufacturer of Turkey, is also one of the major integrated plants of the world capable of performing production from mining until end product. The alumina refnery was designed on a certain boehmitic bauxite quality basis. However, bauxite properties have changed over the years, resulting in the urgent need for process opti- mization to not only keep the refnery cost efcient, but also prevent serious bottlenecks in the near future. Lime can be used to overcome problems when using bauxites with specifc and variable chemical and mineralogical characteristics. Although lime is extensively used when processing diasporic bauxites, the studies on boehmitic bauxites and the overall efects on the process are limited. In this paper, lime impact was investigated at all stages of the Bayer process including the efect on alumina quality, energy and raw material consumptions. The results showed signifcant improvements in the product quality as well as recordable savings on consumptions. Keywords Bayer process · Lime usage · Caustic consumption · Digestion · Alumina quality · Boehmitic bauxite Introduction crystalline structure to boehmite. Diferences in ore compo- sition and presence of iron, silicon and titanium impurities The Bayer process is used for producing alumina (Al2O3) infuence their subsequent processing [3, 4]. Thus, it is nec- from bauxite ore. -
Experimental Investigations of the Reaction Path in the Mgo–CO2
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Applied Geochemistry Applied Geochemistry 23 (2008) 1634–1659 www.elsevier.com/locate/apgeochem Experimental investigations of the reaction path in the MgO–CO2–H2O system in solutions with various ionic strengths, and their applications to nuclear waste isolation Yongliang Xiong *, Anna Snider Lord Sandia National Laboratories, Carlsbad Programs Group, 4100 National Parks Highway, Carlsbad, NM 88220, USA1 Received 26 June 2007; accepted 25 December 2007 Editorial handling by Z. Cetiner Available online 9 February 2008 Abstract The reaction path in the MgO–CO2–H2O system at ambient temperatures and atmospheric CO2 partial pressure(s), especially in high-ionic-strength brines, is of both geological interest and practical significance. Its practical importance lies mainly in the field of nuclear waste isolation. In the USA, industrial-grade MgO, consisting mainly of the mineral peri- clase, is the only engineered barrier certified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for emplacement in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) for defense-related transuranic waste. The German Asse repository will employ a Mg(OH)2- based engineered barrier consisting mainly of the mineral brucite. Therefore, the reaction of periclase or brucite with car- bonated brines with high-ionic-strength is an important process likely to occur in nuclear waste repositories in salt forma- tions where bulk MgO or Mg(OH)2 will be employed as an engineered barrier. The reaction path in the system MgO–CO2– H2O in solutions with a wide range of ionic strengths was investigated experimentally in this study. The experimental results at ambient laboratory temperature and ambient laboratory atmospheric CO2 partial pressure demonstrate that hyd- romagnesite (5424) (Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 Á 4H2O) forms during the carbonation of brucite in a series of solutions with differ- ent ionic strengths.