Hi Story of the Redstone Missile System
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HI STORY OF THE REDSTONE MISSILE SYSTEM John W. Bullard -. Issued by: Helen Brents Joiner Chief, Historical Division Administrative Office Army Missile Command 15 October 1965 Historical Monograph Project Number: AMC 23 M PREFACE This volume tells the story of the Redstone Field Artillery Missile System, the first large ballistic missile system developed by the Department of the Army. Space and time limitations obviously have required the author to focus on main themes of the Redstone's history at the expense of interesting sidelights. And since many reports and other documents have already been written on the technical aspects of the program, the author has chosen to place less emphasis there in order to present more elsewhere. The aim has been to give a broad, general picture of the Redstone's advancement of missilery. Using a chronological framework, the author has followed the story of the Redstone system from its beginning, as an idea, through its ' design, development, production, deployment, deactivation, and finally, its rettrement. Certain special uses of the system have also been treated. Although others have contributed advice and assistance in the preparation of this work, the basic responsibility for analysis of data, accuracy of interpretation, and choice of expression has rested with the author. 15 October 1965 John W. Bullard iii CONTENTS Chapter Page I . AN EXPANDING MISSILE PROGRAM .......... 1 Establishing the Army Missile Program ...... 3 Original Program Policies ...... 5 Hermes Research Projects .....7 Providing Facilities and Equipment ....... 16 Army Needs for Tactical Missiles ...19 Preliminary Study for a 500-Mile Missile ..... 22 Transfer of the Hermes C1 Project ....... 24 I1. INSTITUTING TXE REDSTONE PROGRAM ........ 27 Results of the Preliminary Study ..27 Findings ............... 28 Recommendations ............. 32 Cost Estimates ......32 Reorientation of the Hermes C1 Project ...... 35 Reorganization in the Army Missile Program .... 36 Hermes C1 Development Program ......... 38 Agreement on Tentative Program ........ 38 DARecommendations ............ 39 Accelerated Program Directed ........ 41 Preliminary Development Plan ......... 42 Objectives .............. 43 Master Schedule ............. 44 The Manufacturing Program ......... 44 The Testing Program ........... 47 Developmental Responsibility ......... 49 111 . FROM PRELIMINARY DESIGN TO FLIGHT TEST ...... 53 Development of the Major Components ....... 53 Rocket Engine ............. 57 Fuselage ............... 61 Guidance and Control ........... 67 Ground Support Equipment .......... 71 The Manufacturing Program .......... 74 Selection of Prime Contractor ........ 75 Facilities and Equipment .......... 79 Fabrication and Assembly of the Missiles .... 87 Flight Testing the Developmental Missiles ..... 90 Chapter IV . THE TACTICAL REDSTONE ....... Concept of Tactical Employment ..... Mission .........: .. Organization .......... Operations ........... Production and Procurement ...... Planning ............ Facilities ........... TroopTraining .......... Training Responsibility ....... Ordnance Corps Policy ....... ABMA Training Division ....... Initial Courses ......... Training Aids .......... The Composite Field Artillery Missile Group The 209th and the 46th FAM Groups ... Ordnance Training Command ...... System Deployment ........... The 40th Field Artillery Missile Group . The 46th Field Artillery Missile Group . The 209th Field Artillery Missile Group . System Support .......... Responsibilities ......... Supporting the Deployed Groups .... Deactivation of the Tactical System ... Sys tern Phase-Out ......... Planned Target Program ..... Ceremonial Retirement of the Redstone . v . REDSTONE. THE ARMY'S "OLD RELIABLE" ....... 139 Project Orbiter ............. 140 Jupiter-C ............... 141 Explorer Satellites ............ 142 Television Feasibility Demonstration Project ... 146 Operation Hardtack ............ 149 Amy Missile Transport Program ........ 150 Project Mercury .........; ... 155. The Redstone In Review ........... 158 Appendix REDSTONE FLIGHT TEST PERFORMANCE DATA SUMMARY .... 161 BI3LIOGRAPHICAL NOTE .............. 17 5 INDEX ................... 185 TABLES 1. Range Requirements vs . Objectives in the Reoriented Missile Program (In nautical miles) ...38 2 . Preliminary Missile Design Characteristics ...... 54 3 . Development of the Different Engine Types ....... 60 4 . Guidance and Control Systems Used in the Research and DsvelopmentMissiles ............ 70 5 . Develcpment and Production Facilities Contracts for the Redecone Missile System ....83 6 . Redstone Missile Fact Sheet ....100 7 . Redstone Funds - Procurement and Delivery ...... 104 URSA . Program After First Test Firing ....45 The XLR43-NA-1 Rocket Engine .The NAA75-110 Rocket Engine . 56 Redstone Missile Structure ........... 63 Exploded View of the Ballistic Missile Shell ...... 66 Missile &ing Hoisted by 25-Ton Mobile Crane ...... 72 Lightweight Erector .................. 73 Flight Test of an Early Redst0r.e Missile ........ 91 Redstone Missile acd Trajectories .......... 98 Lamch Preparations for an Annual Service Practice Firing . 114 An Annual Service Practice Firing .......... 115 Redstone With Pershing . Its Successor ......... 132 Redstoce Retiremeat Ceremony ............ 136 Jupiter-C .................. 144 Television Capsule ............... 148 RedstoneMissile-Transportversion ......... 152 Trajectory Sequence .Redstone Transport Version ..... 153 Transport Vehicle Landing ............. 154 Lift-off of MR-3 ................ 159 * All illustrations provided by Information Office. Army Missile Command . vii CHAPTER I AN EXPANDING MISSILE PROGRAM For over 20 years, the Department of the Army has been engaged in guided missile, ballistic missile ,2 and rocket3 programs in seeking the development of more flexible, versatile, and accurate weapon systems to fulfill roles prescribed by the doctrines of modern warfare. Of these new weapons, the Redstone became better known to the American public than any other because of its relationship to the American space pro- gram. However, as often happens, the resulting publicity overshadowed its raison d1@treas an Army tactical weapon system. Comparatively few of the numerous articles, papers, and reports written about the Redstone properly placed it as only one of a series of projected steps within the framework of the Department of the Army's missile research and de- velopmect program. And this was precisely where the Redstone's contri- butions to missile technology were of greatest significance. 1 "Guided missile-an unmanned vehicle moving above the earth's surface, whose trajectory or flight path is capable of being altered by a mechanism within the vehicle." Army Information Di~est,Vol. 11, No. 12, (Dec 1956), p. 66. allist is tic missile-a vehicle whose flight path from termination of thrust to impact has essentially zero lift. It is subject to gravi- tation and drag, and may or may not perform maneuvers to modify or to correct the flight path." Ibid., p. 64. 3f1~ocket-a thrust-producing system or a complete missile which derives Its thrust from ejection of hot gases generated from material carried in the system, not requiring intake of air or water." Ibid., p. 67. The Redstone occupied a unique position in the Department of the ~rmy'smissile program. While it was not the first surface-to-surface 7 missile system developed for combat use (the Corporal was earlier), it better represented the highly accurate and reliable weapon system that . - b the Ordnance Department was seeking when it established a missile re- 4 d search and development program in 1944. The Redstone also better re- * flected the foresight of the Department of the ~rmyIs early missile program planners. They laid the groundwork that made possible the ~edstone's successes when they foresaw step-by-step progress through basic and applied research as the means of achieving a successful mis- sile development program. Because the Redstone program was caught up in the kaleidoscopic patterns of the Department of the Army's missile program and because its significant contributions to that program had far-reaching after- effects, its history cannot be treated as a separate entity. Rather, its story, in many respects, becomes an account of the Department of the Army's entire program to develop surface-to-surface missiles as tactical weapons. It must be considered in light of the ever-changing patterns of that program. Because it was a product largely built from components proven in earlier research and because its -builders' knowl- edge of missile technology was acquired, to a great extent, through earlier projects, the ~edstone's story began with the establishment of the Department of the Army's missile research and development program. 4Maj Gen H. N. Toftoy, "Army Missile Development," Ibid., p. 22. Establishing the Army Missile Program Guided missile and rocket development began in earnest within the Department of the Army in September 1943 when the Technical Division of the Office, Chief of Ordnance established a Rocket Branch. "This new organization indicated that rockets and guided missiles were now consid- ered members of the ~rm~'sfamily of weapons which would be centrally managed in the same manner as small arms, artillery, ammunition, and Fort.unately for the Department of the Army, wisdom prevailed with- in the Ordnance Department as it established the principles that were to direct the comprehensive program of developing guided missiles to