Debating Transitional Arrangements

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Debating Transitional Arrangements Debating Transitional Arrangements Parliamentary Construction of Labor Migration Policies in Finland and Sweden Surrounding the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union Emilia Lakka Master’s Thesis Spring 2018 General History Department of History and Ethnology University of Jyväskylä Political Science Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy University of Jyväskylä Table of Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Sources .................................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.1 Parliamentary Debates ...................................................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Comparative and Transnational History ........................................................................... 19 1.3.3 Writing the Recent Past .................................................................................................... 21 2. Divergent Governments, Similar Oppositions .............................................................................. 24 3. Finland........................................................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Immigration to Finland: A Slow Transformation.................................................................... 31 3.2 Making of a Policy: Yes or No? .............................................................................................. 35 3.3 Argumentation: Uncontrollable Employment Contracts and the Estonian Threat .................. 41 4. Sweden .......................................................................................................................................... 55 4.1 Immigration to Sweden: A Nordic Visionary ......................................................................... 55 4.2 Making of a Policy: An Overflow of Options ......................................................................... 60 4.3 Argumentation: Social Policy and the Welfare State .............................................................. 68 5. Common Arguments ..................................................................................................................... 78 5.1 Comparisons to Other Member States and Former Enlargements .......................................... 78 5.2 European Solidarity and the Ideal of an United Europe .......................................................... 84 5.3 Racism, Discrimination and the Wavering Reputation of Countries ...................................... 93 6. Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 101 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 113 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellinen tiedekunta Historian ja etnologian laitos Yhteiskuntatieteiden ja filosofian laitos Tekijä – Author Laura Emilia Lakka Työn nimi – Title Debating Transitional Arrangements: Parliamentary Construction of Labor Migration Policies in Finland and Sweden Surrounding the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Yleinen historia / Valtio-oppi Pro gradu -tutkielma Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages Toukokuu 2018 129 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Tässä tutkielmassa vertaillaan Suomen ja Ruotsin kansanedustuslaitoksissa kevään 2004 aikana käytyjä debatteja työvoiman vapaata liikkuvuutta rajoittavien siirtymäaikojen käyttöönotosta Euroopan Unionin itälaajentumisen kontekstissa. Koska työvoiman uskottiin liikkuvan aiempaa enemmän unionin vanhojen ja uusien jäsenten välillä, monet vanhat jäsenmaat ottivat käyttöön erilaisia siirtymäaikoja, joilla pyrittiin hillitsemään suhteellisesti köyhempien Itä- ja Keski-Euroopan maiden kansalaisten saapumista työmarkkinoilleen. Myös Vanhasen punamultahallitus Suomessa ja Perssonin sosialidemokraattinen vähemmistöhallitus Ruotsissa ehdottivat tällaisia määräaikaisia säännöksiä suojellakseen työmarkkinoitaan. Laajan julkisen keskustelun ja useiden vastaehdotusten siivittämänä Ruotsin parlamentti pidättäytyi ottamasta käyttöön siirtymäaikoja hallituksen esityksestä huolimatta, kun taas Suomessa hallituksen esitys voitti selvin numeroin, kohdaten vastustusta ainoastaan Vihreän liiton ja Kansallisen Kokoomuksen edustajilta. Tulkielmassa analysoidaan eri puolueiden ja yksittäisten kansanedustajien käyttämiä argumentteja sekä kahden pohjoismaisen parlamentin rinnakkaisia linjanmuodostusprosesseja. Mitkä teemat ja argumentit olivat yleisimpiä kussakin parlamentissa? Miten poliitikot perustelivat näkemyksiään? Millaisia eroja ja yhtäläisyyksiä on löydettävissä niin valtioiden sisällä, sisarpuoluiden välillä sekä yleisemmällä tasolla kahden tutkitun tapauksen kesken? Miksi tutkittujen maiden sisarpuolueet päättivät joissain tapauksissa edistää täysin päinvastaisia linjoja? Aineistoa käsitellään tutkielmassa pääosin diskurssianalyysin ja vertailevan historiantutkimuksen keinoin. Tutkielman aineisto koostuu ensisijaisesti Ruotsin ja Suomen parlamenttien täysistuntokeskusteluista, joita täydennetään tarpeen mukaan muilla parlamenttien sisäisillä dokumenteilla, kuten lakiesityksillä ja aloitteilla, sekä aihepiiriä käsitelleillä lehtiartikkeleilla. Tutkituissa parlamenttikeskusteluissa siirtymäaikoja käsiteltiin Ruotsissa pääosin hyvinvointivaltion suojelemisen ja “sosiaalisen turismin” ehkäisemisen näkökulmasta, kun taas Suomessa ulkomaisen vuokratyövoiman kasvava käyttö nousee keskeisimmäksi debatin aiheeksi. Vertailuja muihin vanhoihin jäsenvaltioihin ja aiempiin EU- laajentumisiin, viittauksia unionin solidaarisuusperiaatteisiin ja siirtymäaikojen käyttönottamisen potentiaalisia vaikutuksia maiden kansainväliseen maineeseen käsitellään kattavasti molemmissa parlamenteissa. Asiasanat – Keywords työperäinen maahanmuutto, Euroopan unioni, vertaileva tutkimus, puolueet, enlargement, labor migration Säilytyspaikka – Depository Jyväskylän yliopiston kirjasto, JYX-julkaisuarkisto Muita tietoja – Additional information ABBREVIATIONS A10 10 accession countries joining the European Union in 2004 AKS Academic Karelia Society C Centre Party (Sweden), Centerpartiet CEEC Central and Eastern European country CJEU Court of Justice of the European Union DCP Draft Common Position DF Danish People’s Party, Dansk Folkeparti EC European Communities EEC European Economic Community EMU Economic and Monetary Union EP European Parliament EU European Union EU15 member states of the European Union before the 2004 enlargement FP Liberal People’s Party (Sweden), Folkpartiet liberalerna FPÖ Freedom Party (Austria), Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs FRG Federal Republic of Germany ILO International Labour Organization KD Christian Democrats (Finland), Suomen Kristillisdemokraatit KD Christian Democrats (Sweden), Kristdemokraterna KESK Centre Party of Finland, Suomen Keskusta KOK National Coalition Party (Finland), Kansallinen Kokoomus LKP Liberal People's Party, Liberaalinen Kansanpuolue LO Swedish Labor Union Confederation, Landsorganisationen i Sverige M Moderate Party (Sweden), Moderata samlingspartiet MEP Member of the European Parliament MP Green Party (Sweden), Miljöpartiet de Gröna MP Member of Parliament ND New Democrats (Sweden), Ny Demokrati NDI Northern Dimension Initiative PS True Finns (Finland), Perussuomalaiset PWD Posting of Workers Directive RKP Swedish People's Party of Finland, Ruotsalainen kansanpuolue SAK Central Organization of Finnish Trade Unions, Suomen Ammattiliittojen Keskusjärjestö SAP Swedish Social Democratic Party, Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti SD Services Directive SD Sweden Democrats, Sverigedemokraterna SDP Social Democratic Party of Finland, Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue SKDL Finnish People's Democratic League, Suomen Kansan Demokraattinen Liitto SKP Communist Party of Finland, Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue TCN third-country national TEEC Treaty establishing the European Economic Community TEU Treaty on European Union TMWP temporary migrant worker program TT Union of Industries and Employers, Teollisuuden ja Työnantajain Keskusliitto USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics V Left Party (Sweden), Vänsterpartiet VIHR Green League (Finland), Vihreä liitto VAS Left Alliance (Finland), Vasemmistoliitto WRS Worker Registration Scheme ÖVP People’s Party (Austria), Österreichische Volkspartei 1 1. Introduction The European Union, with its 28 member states and over 500 million inhabitants, has frequently been defined as “the world’s best research laboratory on legal, transnational migration”1 by those engaging in research on regional and global migration patterns. In academic and political contexts, European citizens moving between countries on the continent are classified as ‘migrants’ even though they, due to growing integration and denationalization within the EU, possess a rather unique status within the global immigrant community. Unlike the migrant group usually referred to as third-country nationals2 (TCNs), intra-EU
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