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Naised Ja Mehed'99 (Ing).Qxd TOWARDS A BALANCED SOCIETY Women and Men in Estonia Tallinn, 2000 Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia United Nations Development Programme ISBN 9985-60-772-4 General information about Estonia Legal name: Constitution, adopted by referendum: conventional long form Republic of Estonia June 28, 1992. conventional short form Estonia State system: local long form Eesti Vabariik The Constitution established the principles of the rule of law. local short form Eesti It recognises the principle of separate and balanced powers, Area: the independence of the courts, and guarantees of funda- 45,227 sq km. mental human rights and liberties according to universally Location: recognised principles and norms. Estonia is a democratic Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. Estonia is parliamentary republic wherein the supreme power is vested situated on the level north-western part of the East European in the people. The people exercise the supreme power, platform, on which there are only slight variations in eleva- through citizens who have the right to vote by electing the tion. The elevation in south-eastern and eastern Estonia is Riigikogu State Assembly (parliament) and by participating higher than in western Estonia. The highest point (Suur in referendums. The Riigikogu is comprised of one hundred Munamägi) is 318 m above sea level. Estonia has over 1,500 and one members. Executive power rests with the islands and more than 1,400 lakes. Government. The head of State of Estonia is the President of Population: the Republic. 1,445,580 Capital: Ethnic divisions: Tallinn (population 411,594). Estonian 65,2%, Russian 28,1%, Ukrainian 2,5%, Belarussian Administrative divisions: 1,5%, Finnish 0,9%, other 1,8%. 207 rural municipalities, and 46 towns. Religious denominations: Currency: Lutheran, Orthodox, Baptist, and others. National currency is the Estonian kroon (1 kroon = 100 sent). Languages: The kroon was issued on June 20, 1992 and is pegged to the Estonian (official), Russian, and others. German mark at the rate 1 DEM = 8 EEK. State independence regained: Member of United Nations: August 20, 1991. September 17, 1991. Independence Day: Member of the Council of Europe: February 24. May, 1993. Foreword With this publication, the UN organizations pre- sent in Estonia wish to provide input into the nation- al gender debate and to promote a country-relevant action programme of change. This publication assesses the status of women and men in different spheres of society and examines traditional values The principle of equality between men and women and roles. There is hardly a topic in Estonia that gen- was already recognized in 1945 in the UN Charter erates such emotions as the question of gender and subsequently in the Universal Declaration on equality. It is clear that equality was a word that did Human Rights of 1948. International dialogue and not ring true during the period of Soviet occupation policy on what today is known as gender issues but this cannot be a reason to avoid a gender per- have progressed since these first UN declarations. spective today. A gender perspective means that In the 1950s and 1960s, women were largely seen decisions and policies are analyzed to see how they as a group that needed protection and certain impact women differently than men. It also means rights. During the 1970s, the key role of women in studying how overall opportunities are distributed world development and progress was recognized, among women and men in society. In the end it real- especially in areas such as population, health and ly means a concern about development, democracy, food production. The trend was to integrate progress and productivity in society as well as the women into development and women were seen creation of better living conditions and opportunities as essential resources for shaping a better future. for all its members. We hope that this publication will Special emphasis was placed on improving the sta- help allay fears about what a gender perspective is, tus, nutrition and health of women and these issues and that the richness of data and the variety of top- are still valid concerns worldwide. However, ics it covers will be used as a basis for moving womens dignity and rights to self-realization have Estonias gender debate and policy-making firmly into not always been high priorities on the international the 21st century. agenda. Only by the first half of the 1980s were The UN organizations in Estonia are indebted to women finally recognized as agents and beneficia- all of those who have contributed to the report and ries in all sectors and at all levels of the develop- would like to thank the team of authors consisting ment process. By the second half of the same exclusively of Estonian researchers and experts. A decade women were recognized as intellectuals, special mention must go to our project partners from policy-makers, planners and contributors, and bene- the Bureau of Equality within the Ministry of Social ficiaries of development. Affairs, Ülle-Marike Papp and Peeter Maimik. They In 1995, the world community met in Beijing for have prepared this publication in close cooperation the Fourth World Conference on Women. While with UNDP and are also members of the editorial progress certainly could be noted, both in terms of team together with Kadi Mänd. attitudes, policy-thinking and action, the then Secretary General of the UN, Boutros Boutros-Ghali stated that gender disparities and unacceptable inequalities exist in all countries. The conference noted that deeply entrenched attitudes and prac- tices perpetuate inequality against women, in public and private life, on a daily basis in all parts of the world. At the same time, the conference observed that there is a consensus that equality of opportuni- ty for women and men is essential for just and democratic societies. From Beijing emerged the Platform of Action which calls for the integration of Petra Lantz-de Bernardis gender perspectives in all international and national United Nations Resident Coordinator policies and programmes. Tallinn, December 15, 1999 4 TOWARDS A BALANCED SOCIETY Contents Marju Lauristin EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR MEN AND WOMEN: UTOPIA OR REALISTIC AIM? . 6 Voldemar Kolga TO BE A WOMAN AND A MAN IN ESTONIA AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM . 8 Andrus Lipand HEALTH OF WOMEN AND MEN IN ESTONIA, 1990-1998 . 16 Malle Järve GENDERED LEISURE: RESOURCES AND ACTUAL USE . 22 Leeni Hansson PROFESSIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY AND INFORMAL SOCIAL NETWORKS . .32 Anu Narusk PROFESSIONAL AND FAMILY LIFE: COMBINING PAID AND UNPAID WORK . 38 Rein Vöörmann MEN AND WOMEN ON THE LABOR MARKET: WAGE RATIOS . 46 Barbi Pilvre MEN, WOMEN AND THE MEDIA . 54 Tiina Raitviir PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS . 58 Reet Laja WOMENS ORGANIZATIONS AS PART OF THE THIRD SECTOR IN ESTONIA . 66 Ülle-Marike Papp NATIONAL GENDER EQUALITY POLICY . 72 Editors: Peeter Maimik Translators: Triin Randlane Kadi Mänd Tiia Raudma Ülle-Marike Papp Mari Remmelgas Ingrid Sibul Lay-out: Aleksandr Mosseikov English copy editor: Tiia Raudma There is no copyright attached to this publication. It may be reproduced in whole or in part without prior permission from the United Nations Development Programme or the Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia. However, the source should be acknowledged. The views expressed herein are those of the authors of the book and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme or the Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia. The articles are also available electronically through the Internet World Wide Web which may be accessed at http://www.undp.ee/gender/ TOWARDS A BALANCED SOCIETY 5 EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR MEN AND WOMEN: UTOPIA OR REALISTIC AIM? Equal opportunities for men and domination of the leading positions in society often women: utopia or realistic aim? seems challenging and impolite, even to the women themselves. Talking about equal rights for women is Marju Lauristin associated with images of blue stockings and red flags. In western societies, however, the recent Professor, lecturer at the University of Tartu decades have resulted in the understanding that in social policy, communication theory, media. superior, belittling or inconsiderate attitudes to the Member of the Riigikogu. contribution of women in all fields, from science to politics, and from family to banking, belong to the feudal and early-capitalistic past. The sensitivity and intuitiveness of women in making decisions, their In 1999, the tenth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin sense of responsibility and dedication, often mean Wall was celebrated throughout Europe. Many of that women with the education being equal the speeches reflected concern regarding the are more valued work colleagues than men. In the appearance of new walls separating western and high technology world today, which does not require eastern Europe. Although there are no political barri- physical strength, there is more and more talk about ers to mutual approaches and openness, the world- emotional intelligence this is something in which views and quality of life are so disparate that it is as women in particular tend to more often excel. premature to talk of a united Europe in the cultural How far Estonian society is removed from the and social context as it is to speak of the economic ideal condition where we could seriously speak of levels being equal. the equal opportunities between women and men Many people honestly believed that when can also be seen by reading this publication. Many Estonia came out from behind the Iron Curtain we Estonian women were undoubtedly shocked by the would encounter the world which existed fifty years recent action by the Riigikogu, whereby it ratified the ago. Only gradually have we begun to comprehend European Social Charter without the inclusion of the the depth of the canyon which separated the com- article regarding equal pay for men and women.
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