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Ricardo A. Fornero Parte I De Los Tiempos Antiguos a La Modernidad 2800 Ac a 1750 Dc Instituciones, Instrumentos Y Técnicas

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Ricardo A. Fornero Parte I De Los Tiempos Antiguos a La Modernidad 2800 Ac a 1750 Dc Instituciones, Instrumentos Y Técnicas Cronología ilustrada de las finanzas Ricardo A. Fornero Parte I De los tiempos antiguos a la modernidad 2800 a.C. a 1750 d.C. Instituciones, instrumentos y técnicas Cronología ilustrada de las finanzas Parte I De los tiempos antiguos a la modernidad 2800 a.C. a 1750 d.C. Instituciones, instrumentos y técnicas 2012 Ricardo A. Fornero Profesor de Administración Financiera Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (Mendoza- Argentina) Ilustraciones de la portada 1) El santuario de Delfos (reconstrucción a partir de la disposición de los restos existentes). 2) Comercio en los puertos de Levante (miniatura en un manuscrito del siglo XV de los viajes de Marco Polo). 3) El cam- bista y su esposa (pintura de Quentin Massys, 1514, conservada en el Museo del Louvre). 4) La Bolsa de Amsterdam (grabado de la época). Presentación de la cronología El origen y el desarrollo de las instituciones y los instrumentos financieros pueden mos- trarse siguiendo un orden temático o un recorrido cronológico. Aquí se adopta esta última forma. Este enfoque tiene la ventaja de presentar relatos cronológicos breves de las instituciones, los instrumentos, los conceptos y las técnicas de finanzas. Los relatos están agrupados en capítulos, por afinidad de los hechos o los conceptos. Sin embargo, no se aplica un criterio cronológico completamente estricto, cuando éste produce el fraccionamiento excesivo de un tema. Con la guía de una fecha específica de los hechos significativos, se incluye en los relatos la mención de desenvolvimientos posteriores, si éstos están muy relacionados o ayudan a la comprensión del tema. Además, se muestran en ventanas algunos aspectos que, si bien están relacionados con cada relato, es mejor separar para no afectar la fluidez de la narración. Al modo de secciones, los relatos permiten ubicarse, simultáneamente, en el tema y en el momento. La vinculación entre ellos se indica con remisiones (con el formato [ver capítulo , fecha ]). Estos vínculos permiten hacer el recorrido de un tema en particular. El estilo general es de relatos con ilustraciones, ya que las imágenes facilitan la comunica- ción y la ubicación, en cuanto a la situación política, las personas, los edificios o los hechos. Se incluyen, en lo posible, fotografías o retratos de las personas que se mencionan, de modo que sean algo más que un nombre al que se hace referencia. El uso de imágenes procura ser austero, y apunta a evocar tan sólo lo que puede ser interesante para cada relato. Se reúne aquí información que proviene de estudios específicos y fuentes vinculadas, y de los trabajos de mayor alcance realizados por historiadores y expertos en finanzas. Hay que destacar que los importantes relevamientos de temas y textos en las obras de Fer- nand Braudel, Meir Kohn y Geoffrey Poitras han sido una base y guía fundamental, en espe- cial para formar varios segmentos de la secuencia del período que se presenta en la primera parte. En determinados aspectos, ésta se apoya en los estudios y sistematizaciones que ellos han realizado. También es importante mencionar las actividades que han emprendido Microsoft y Goo- gle, desde 2006, para poner a disposición muchos textos de tiempos pasados. Este material está centralizado en el sitio web archive.org y en Google books, y hace posible la consulta de fuentes que, de otro modo, serían prácticamente inaccesibles. Ricardo A. Fornero Diciembre 2012 1 Parte I De los tiempos antiguos a la modernidad 2800 a.C. a 1750 d.C. Instituciones, instrumentos y técnicas Contenido Contenido detallado 5 Principales temas 19 Introducción 21 Aclaraciones 29 1. Instrumentos financieros y sus transacciones en los tiempos antiguos De 2800 a.C. a 550 a.C. 31 2. Actividades financieras en la época de las civilizaciones griega y romana De 550 a.C. a 550 d.C. 87 3. Instrumentos financieros y transacciones en la alta Edad Media De 500 a 1100 139 4. La revolución comercial europea y sus finanzas De 1100 a 1230 187 5. Innovaciones financieras en la baja Edad Media De 1240 a 1400 227 6. Palabras medievales De 1130 a 1400 289 7. Técnicas y teorías de la baja Edad Media De 1200 a 1400 323 8. Finanzas para nuevos tiempos De 1400 a 1500 363 9. Las finanzas modernas se consolidan en Europa De 1500 a 1600 409 10. Representación, abstracción y cálculo De 1450 a 1650 483 11. Títulos, compañías y revoluciones financieras De 1600 a 1750 505 12. Derivados transables: “Una cosa horrible ha aparecido en Flandes” De 1540 a 1750 587 13. Palabras modernas De 1500 a 1750 615 14. Cálculo, probabilidad y operaciones financieras De 1650 a 1750 643 Referencias 687 2 Sumario de las cuatro partes siguientes Parte II Capitalismo industrial 1750 a 1930 Instrumentos y mercados financieros, y las primeras teorías de finanzas 15. Mercados financieros del capitalismo industrial De 1750 a 1850 16. Nuevos instrumentos y modalidades de inversión De 1750 a 1820 17. De especulación a inversión: El auge bursátil del capitalismo industrial De 1760 a 1900 18. La expansión bursátil del capitalismo industrial De 1850 a 1920 19. Mercados de derivados De 1800 a 1910 20. Instrumentos financieros y modalidades de inversión De 1850 a 1930 21. Palabras modernas De 1750 a 1930 22. La estadística y las nuevas representaciones De 1750 a 1920 23. Teoría financiera continental De 1860 a 1910 24. Avances en las técnicas financieras De 1800 a 1920 25. Servicios de información financiera: Origen y evolución inicial De 1840 a 1930 26. Técnicas para las operaciones con títulos De 1890 a 1940 Parte III Siglo XX 1930 a 1990 La expansión de las finanzas y la teoría americana 27. Una transición financiera: Mercados e instituciones financieras De 1920 a 1970 28. Una transición financiera: Nuevos instrumentos De 1930 a 1970 29. Fundamentos de la teoría financiera De 1900 a 1960 30. Herramientas de análisis financiero De 1930 a 1970 31. Matemática para análisis, pronósticos y programación De 1930 a 1970 32. Perspectivas para la incertidumbre De 1940 a 1980 33. Nuevos marcos para entender el mundo y la acción De 1960 a 1980 34. El comienzo de la revolución electrónica en las transacciones financieras De 1960 a 1990 35. Instrumentos derivados y sus mercados De 1960 a 1980 36. Teoría del mercado de capitales De 1960 a 1975 37. Mercados de valores, consolidaciones y federaciones De 1970 a 1990 38. Novedades institucionales en las décadas de 1970 y 1980 39. Instrumentos financieros en las décadas de 1970 y 1980: Marketing financiero y los comienzos de la estructuración 40. Instrumentos derivados y sus mercados De 1980 a 1990 41. El auge de la inversión colectiva De 1970 a 1990 42. Servicios de información financiera De 1950 a 1990 43. Valuación de derivados De 1962 a 1990 44. Teoría del mercado de capitales De 1975 a 1990 45. Finanzas de empresas: Valor del financiamiento y opciones reales De 1970 a 1990 46. Técnicas y herramientas financieras De 1970 a 1990 3 Parte IV El rumbo financiero desde 1990 Convergencia y concentración financiera 47. Palabras recientes 48. Nuevas Bolsas de Valores 49. Los “mercados alternativos” de acciones 50. Mercados de derivados 51. Tecnología y convergencia: Consolidaciones 52. Tecnología y convergencia: Mercados trasnacionales y sistemas alternativos 53. Servicios de información financiera: La era de índices y calificaciones 54. Instrumentos derivados 55. Instrumentos y medios financieros 56. Desarrollo de formatos de inversión colectiva 57. Instrumentos financieros: Estructuración y convergencia 58. Prácticas financieras y voces de precaución 59. Teoría del mercado de capitales 60. Valuación de derivados 61. Finanzas de empresas: Valor del financiamiento y opciones reales 62. Técnicas y herramientas financieras Parte V Una mirada a la simbolización 63. Arquitectura, arte y representaciones financieras 64. Todos los toros y osos de la Bolsa 4 Parte I De los tiempos antiguos a la modernidad Contenido detall ado 1. INSTRUMENTOS FINANCIEROS Y SUS TRANSACCIONES EN LOS TIEMPOS ANTIGUOS De 2800 a.C. a 550 a.C. pág. 31 Síntesis Finanzas en las primeras civilizaciones 33 Sucesivas globalizaciones 34 Los préstamos y la cuestión del interés (usura) 35 “A la contabilidad se debe la invención de la escritura” 36 2800 a.C. El cargo de intereses por los préstamos, como la escritura, empieza en Sumeria 40 Ventana: El calendario del interés 2500 a.C. Las primeras sociedades: Asociaciones para el comercio de larga distancia en Mesopotamia 44 Ventana: Las multinacionales de los tiempos antiguos 2500 a.C. Contratación de pagos contingentes: Seguros sumerios y anualida- des babilónicas 47 2400 a.C. Las “liberaciones” de deudas en Sumeria y Babilonia 48 1900 a.C. El primer “banco”: Los depósitos se realizan en el templo de Babi- lonia 52 1900 a.C. Los contratos para entrega futura de bienes en Mesopotamia 54 1762 a.C. Las disposiciones sobre los préstamos y los intereses en las leyes de Hammurabi 55 Ventana: Las leyes de Hammurabi 1200 a.C. La mención reprobatoria del “usurero” en Rig-veda parece que es una interpretación moderna 58 750 a.C. “Bancos” privados en Babilonia y las primeras transferencias de deuda 61 750 a.C. Los fenicios llevan la modalidad de préstamo con interés a Grecia y a Italia 62 710 a.C. Los préstamos con interés en Egipto y la condonación de Bocoris 64 700 a.C. Acuñación en Lidia: El paso de las monedas de electro a las de oro y plata de Creso 65 600 a.C. Préstamos con interés en los reinos de India y las leyes de Manu 68 Ventana: De los modos de pagar y de cobrar una deuda según las Leyes de Manu 600 a.C. Los enunciados bíblicos de las deudas y el interés: Pacto sagrado en vez de táctica política 71 Ventana: Interés: Neshekh y tarbit 5 Parte I De los tiempos antiguos a la modernidad Contenido detallado 594 a.C.
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