Notes Introduction 1. The year of commemoration was also marked by the fashioning of a 'Tercentenary Medal', featuring portraits of Cromwell and Menasseh ben Israel. See 'Calendar of Events' in Vivian Lipman, ed., Three Hundred Years: A Volume to Commemorate the Tercentenary of the Re-settlement of the Jews in Great Britain 1656-1956 (London: Vallentine, Mitchell & Co., 1956), 135 and Tony Kushner, 'The End of the "Anglo-]ewish Progress Show": Representations of the Jewish East End, 1887-1987' in Kushner, ed., The Jewish Heritage in British History: Englishness and Jewishness (London: Frank Cass, 1992), 78-105 at 85-9. 2. '"Three Hundred Years", a Broadcast by Lord Samuel, Broadcast on April 15, 1956' in Lipman, ed., Three Hundred Years, 143-6 at 144. 3. Lucien Wolf, 'The Whitehall Conference: Celebration of the 250th Anniversary', Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, (hereafter referred to as TJHSE) 5 (1908), 276-98 at 281 and 278-9, respectively. 4. Menasseh ben Israel, Vindiciae Judaeorum, or a Letter in Answer to certain Questions propounded by a Noble and Learned Gentleman, touching the reproach­ es cast on the Nation of the Jewes; wherein all objections are candidly, and yet fully cleared ([London]: R.D., 1656), E4v-Fr. 5. [Henry Jessey], A Narrative Of the late Proceeds at White-Hall, concerning the Jews: Who had desired by R. Manasses an Agent for them; that they might return into England, and Worship the God of their Fathers here in their Synagogues, &c. Published for satisfaction to many in several parts of England, that are desirous, and inquisitive to hear the Truth thereof (London: Printed for L. Chapman, at the Crown in Popeshead-Alley, 1656), 10. 6. D'Blossiers Tovey, Anglia Judaica: Or the History and Antiquities of the Jews in England, Collected from all our Historians, both Printed and Manuscript, as also from the Records in the Tower, and other Publick Repositories (Oxford:]. Fletcher, 1738). Tovey may have been influenced by another history of the Jews, written by Jacques Basnage de Beauval and translated into English by Thomas Taylor. It appeared in 1708 and was entitled The History of the Jews, from Jesus Christ to The Present Time: Containing, Their Antiquities, their Religion, their Rites, the Dispersion of the Ten Tribes in the East, And the Persecutions this Nation has suffer'd in the West (London:]. Beaver and B. Lintot et aI., 1708). 7. Tovey, Anglia Judaica, 274. See also H.S.Q. Henriques, who concluded in 1905 that 'his mission had proved an utter failure'. Henriques, The Return of the Jews to England: Being a Chapter in the History of English Law (London: Macmillan and Co., 1905), 44. 8. Wolf, 'The Whitehall Conference', 279. 9. Cecil Roth, A History of the Jews in England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1941). 10. Roth, A History of the Jews in England, vii. For further exploration of the moti­ vations of early Anglo-]ewish historians, see James Shapiro, Shakespeare and the Jews (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996),60-8. 133 134 Notes 11. David Katz, The Jews in the History of England 1485-1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 74. 12. See David Katz, 'The Marginalization of Early Modern Anglo-Jewish History', Immigrants & Minorities, X (1991), 60-77 and Shapiro, Shakespeare and the Jews, 65-6. 13. Katz, Philo-Semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, 1603-1655 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982); and Katz, Sabbath and Sectarianism in Seventeenth-Century England (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1988). 14. See, for example, Katz, The Jews in the History of England, 138, and Katz, 'The Phenomenon of Philo-Semitism', Studies in Church History, xxix (1992),327-361 at 334. Notable examples of David Katz's successful integration of Judaism and English history are two chapters in The Jews in the History of England, namely, Chapter 1, 'The Jewish Advocates of Henry VIII's Divorce' and Chapter 4, 'The Jews of England and the Glorious Revolution'; 15-48 and 145-89 respectively. 15. Shapiro, Shakespeare and the Jews, 225-6. 16. Tony Kushner, 'Heritage and Ethnicity: An Introduction', in Cesarani and Kushner, eds, The Jewish Heritage in British History, 1-28 at 7. 17. Although the term 'philosemitism' is anachronistic when applied to the early modern period, since attitudes towards Jews as a (Semitic) race were only prop­ erly formulated in the nineteenth century, this book uses it nonetheless as a convenient label to denote Christians' enthusiastic interest in Judaism, rather than the rather unwieldy 'philo-Judaism'. Furthermore, the word philosemitism is primarily used in this book in terms of the need to contextu­ alise it. 'Judeophobia' is used instead of 'antisemitism', however, because the latter term carries, for historical reasons, an even stronger sense of an attitude based on race rather than religion. Since the terms 'philosemitism' and 'anti­ semitism' refer to a preference for, and an antipathy towards, an imagined racial category, they remain uncapitalised throughout this book. For the use of the terms 'philosemitism' and 'antisemitism' and their relation to the historical past, see Robert Chazan, Medieval Stereotypes and Modem Antisemitism (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997), Chapter 8; Gavin Langmuir, History, Religion and Antisemitism (London: Tauris Press, 1990) and Langmuir, Toward a Definition of Antisemitism (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990). Chapter 1 Anglo-Jewish history and early modern England 1. Wolf continues, more explicitly: 'There is no question that it saved us from the Ghetto system then in force all over Europe. We consequently owe to it, in a very large measure, the fact that our social assimilation with our non­ Jewish fellow-citizens is, and has always been, far more complete in this country than in any other country, and that, as a result, the baleful wave of anti-Semitism which has swept across the Continent, has dashed impotent­ ly against our shores' (Lucien Wolf, 'The Whitehall Conference: Celebration of the 250th Anniversary', TJHSE, 5 [1908], 276-98 at 281-2). 2. Wolf's words were mirrored by members of the English establishment; although Prime Minister Arthur Balfour did not attend the 250th anniversary celebrations of 1906, he wrote to Wolf, stressing the importance of readmis­ sion in providing a philosemitic exception to the antisemitism of Europe: 'Had Continental Europe followed the example set by this country for the last Notes 135 two hundred and fifty years its history would not be stained by many crimes and many injustices which now stand on record as a perpetual reproach to Christian civilisation. That in this country there is no Jewish question, that race prejudices and religious prejudices, which elsewhere play so disastrous a part in the social organisation, are unheard of here, is due in no small meas­ ure to the fact that the Jews have shown themselves entirely worthy of the rights and privileges which they enjoy as citizens of this country, and that those rights and privileges have been granted to them in full measure' (Letter from Arthur Balfour, as cited in Wolf, 'The Whitehall Conference', 278-9). 3. All sixteenth- and seventeenth-century dates have been modernised. 4. For histories of antisemitism, see for example Bernard Glassman, Anti-Semitic Stereotypes Without Jews: Images of the Jews in England 1290-1700 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1975); Paul E. Grosser and Edwin G. Halperin, The Causes and Effects of Anti-Semitism: The Dimensions of a Prejudice. An Analysis and Chronology of 1900 Years ofAnti-Semitic Attitudes and Practices (New York: Philosophical Library, 1978); Shmuel Almog, ed., Antisemitism Through the Ages (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988); Dan Cohn-Sherbok, The Cmcified Jew: Twenty centuries of Christian Anti-Semitism (London: Fount, 1993). 5. See Kenneth Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 285-6 and 295; Robert Stacey, '1290-1260: A Watershed in Anglo-Jewish Relations?', Historical Research, 61 (1988), 35-50 and Stacey, 'The Conversion of the Jews to Christianity in Thirteenth-Century England', Speculum, 67 (1992), 263-83. 6. For Lopez, see Alan Stewart, 'The Birth of a National Biography: The Lives of Roderigo Lopez, Solomon Lazarus Levi and Sidney Lee', EnterText fe-journal], 3:1 (2003), 183-203; David Katz, The Jews in the History of England 1485-1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 49-106; Arthur Dimock, 'The Conspiracy of Dr. Lopez', English Historical Review, 9 (1894), 440-72; Martin A.S. Hume, Treason and Plot: Struggles for Catholic Supremacy in the Last Years ofElizabeth (London: James Nisbet & Co., 1901), Chapter 5; Hume, 'The so-called conspiracy of Dr Ruy Lopez', TJHSE, 6 (1908),32-55; MaxJ. Kohler, 'Dr. Rodrigo Lopez, Queen Elizabeth's Jewish PhYSician, and his Relations to America', Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, 17 (1909), 9-25 and John Gwyer, 'The Case of Dr Lopez', TJHSE, 16 (1952), 163-84. 7. For Jews in seventeenth-century England, see for example, Katz, The Jews in the History of England, Chapter 3; Todd Endelman, The Jews of Britain, 1656-2000 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002), 15-20; James Shapiro, Shakespeare and the Jews (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996). For Jews in Elizabethan England, see for example, Sidney Lee, 'Elizabethan England and the Jews', Transactions of the New Shakespeare Society, I (1887-1892), 143-66; Lucien Wolf, 'Jews in Elizabethan England', TJHSE, 11 (1928), 1-91 and Wolf, 'Jews in Tudor England' in Cecil Roth, ed., Essays in Jewish History by Lucien Wolf (London: JHSE, 1934), 71-90. 8. See Jonathan Israel, 'Menasseh ben Israel and the Dutch Sephardic Colonization Movement of the Mid-Seventeenth Century (1645-1657)" in Yosef Kaplan, Henry Mechoulan and Richard H. Popkin, eds, Menasseh ben Israel and His World (Leiden: E.].