7. Jahrgang MBS Texte 148 2010

George M. Ella John Durie (1596–1680): Defragmenter of the Reformation

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ReformedReformiertes Forum Forum TableInhaltsverzeichnis of Contents

Part One: Europe and Britain Working Together...... 3 Part Two: Ideas of Union Grow...... 8 Part Three: Working for Cromwell...... 14 Annotation...... 20 The Author...... 21 Impressum...... 22

1. Aufl. 2010 John Durie (1596–1680): Defragmenter of the Reformation

John Durie (1596–1680): Defragmenter of the Reformation George M. Ella

Part One: Europe and is the modern man of God today who Britain Working Together is world-renowned as a great preacher, pastor, diplomat, educator, scientist, lin- Who on earth is John Durie? guist, translator, man of letters, ambas- Most computer users have experi- sador, library reformer, mediator and enced hard disks full of jumbled, frag- politician? Who today produces best- mented files which block spaces causing sellers on a monthly basis, writing in memory and retrieval problems. What half a dozen different languages? In all a relief it is to switch on a defragmenter these fields John Durie has been called and have everything made ship-shape ‘great’ or ‘the greatest’, yet he is forgot- again. The Reformation in mid-seven- ten by his mother country whom he teenth century Britain had reached such served so long and well. This is perhaps a fragmentation and a defragmenter was because it is beyond human imagination called for. The man for the job was cer- that such a man could have existed and tainly John Durie who was possibly the his ‘type’ today is not called for. Trevor- most well-known man in Europe at the Roper, speaking of the great deeds of time and one whom countless crowned Durie and his colleagues in his Crisis heads, church leaders, politicians, gen- of the Seventeenth Century says ‘the need erals, educators, social reformers and produced the men’. Does it? We are in humble men and women loved and such a ten-fold need today but where respected. If anybody, he was the one are the men? Yet, Durie’s idea of a pan- to knit together again what denomina- European Reformed Church based on tionalism, legalism, rationalism, politi- a reformation of church life and edu- cal strife, opportunism and personal cation was supported by the majority ambition had rent asunder. of Reformers and from Eliza- “Who on earth is John Durie?” you beth’s days to post-Restitution times. might well say; “Never heard of him!”. Durie was supported by Charles I This common ignorance is one of and , besides most of the tragedies of our present confused the crowned heads of Europe and the churches. Britain has forgotten another leaders of the various republics and of her greatest Christian heroes. Where Swiss cantons. Reformed Bishops and Archbishops Hall, Davenant, Morton,

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Bedell, Abbott and Ussher backed and Melville as pastor of St. Giles, Edin- Durie and even Laud promoted Durie’s burgh. He was banished twice by the plan of Protestant unity in Europe with King but ended his life on a royal pen- a surprising degree of enthusiasm as his sion. John’s father, Robert Durie was an letters show. Later, the Commonwealth ex-monk and Presbyterian minister in parliaments and the Westminster Anstruther, Fife, who had evangelised Assembly fully supported Durie’s enter- Lewis, the Orkneys and the Shetland prise. Indeed, John Durie was made a Islands. After a short prison sentence member of the and growing differences with James VI and Britain’s ambassador-at-large to which led him to extreme measures, he Europe chiefly because of his lead in was found guilty of treason and exiled promoting a pan-European Protestant in 1606. He and his young family found union and his great proficiency as a lin- a new home in Leyden, Holland. There guist. Cromwell is famed for his inter- John was educated in French, Dutch, national diplomacy but without Durie’s German, and Latin and matriculated in help, Cromwell would never have been theology aged 15 at Leyden University taken seriously in Europe for a number before doing further studies in Sedan of reasons. Indeed, when Charles’ head under his cousin Andrew Melville. fell, most of the Continental kingdoms Other sources say that Durie finished and dukedoms broke with . his studies at Oxford because of the It was largely due to Durie’s frequent great libraries there. It is said that when diplomatic tours of the Continent that Durie travelled anywhere in Europe, relations bettered. Thus when James he would adopt the clothing and lan- Reid in his excellent Memoirs of the guages of the various countries and Westminster Divines, introduces Durie always be taken for a native. He even as: ‘A Scotchman, and learned Divine, adapted his own name to suit the local who was eminently distinguished by language being known on the Conti- his indefatigable industry to promote nent as Johannes Duraeus and at least union among Christians, and a mem- five other variants. ber of the Assembly of Divines at West- Now twenty-five years of age, Durie minster’, he does not reveal a fraction of became a private teacher for two Durie’s value to Britain. years in France, coaching the son of Barthelemy Panhausen, a Huguenot merchant. Then Durie was called to An exile Scotsman pastor the Belgic church in Cologne becomes a leader in Europe from 1624–1626 where he preached in John Durie was born in in French, Dutch and Latin. Durie’s great 1596 of a long line of ministers, diplo- talents as an internationalist reached mats, lairds and rebels. His grandfather Charles I’s ears and he was asked to of the same name worked with Knox accompany Ambassador Extraordinary,

4 MBS Texte 148 John Durie (1596–1680): Defragmenter of the Reformation

Lord James Spence on his Swedish jour- A small Gnesio-Lutheran faction cam- ney to make Gustav II Adolf a knight paigned for a full acceptance of the of the Order of the Garter. Durie was Lutheran formulas but there was a accepted gladly by the Swedish Court stronger Reformed group amongst the and leading ministers and gained life- Swedish middle-class, a large group of long friends. Reformed Waldensians immigrants and King Gustav decided to make Elbing a number of Greek Orthodox on the in West Prussia the capital of his Ger- borders of Sweden’s Baltic Empire, each man-Polish territories and Durie was with their own views of the Lord’s Sup- called in 1624 or 1625 to pastor the per, so no one view prevailed. A recent multi-national church there, originally chat this author had with Archbishop founded by Scottish and English mer- Anders Weyryd concerning Cromwell’s chants. Durie found himself minister- efforts for church union with Sweden ing in several languages again, now confirmed that, even today, the State including Lithuanian. Because of the Church in Sweden allows local churches different church backgrounds involved, freedom in expressing faith rather than he pastored ‘ecumenically’ but based enforces nation-wide strict rules of on the sound doctrines of the Ref- faith and order. It must be added that ormation. Having qualms about not not even the German Lutherans stood being ordained, he corresponded with unanimously behind the Book of Con- Bishop of Dortian fame on cord which became a Book of Discord the subject. At this time Sweden had for many.2 gone through a real indigenous Ref- Gustav Adolf also set up his High ormation so they did not feel obliged Court at Elbing and the new senior to accept any other major European judge and Privy Councillor, Kaspar Reformed Creeds whether Lutheran, Godemann, who had recommended Reformed or Anglican. They did, how- Durie as pastor to the King, was a ever, instruct their theological students fervent Reformed Unionist. Gustav in Melanchthon’s Confessio Augustana called English statesman and Reformed Variata of 1540. This version toned Christian as ambassador down consubstantiation so much that it to mediate in the Swedish-German- was accepted by both Calvin and Beza, Polish peace treaties. Roe soon told leaving the Frenchmen less Reformed Durie that he, too, desired a stronger than the Church of England Reformers pan-European church and political who followed Bullinger’s interpretation union based on a common Reformed of the Lord’s Supper. The Book of Con- stand against Rome. Roe felt this union cord was not even on the curriculum. could stretch as far as Turkey as he had So, Michael Dewar is incorrect in say- been successful in gaining an ear for ing that the Swedes held ‘tenaciously Reformed doctrine during his ambas- to the doctrine of Consubstantiation’.1 sadorship there. A further resident of

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Elbing, , who was to Sweden and Germany and Archbishop help reform England’s schools and agri- Abbot was immediately captivated by culture under Cromwell, also shared Durie’s charm, faith and great sincer- Durie’s views. Some time later, Durie’s ity. Both authorised Durie to represent and Hartlib’s friend and co-worker Britain as ambassador to Europe in the , the internati- interest of ecumenical peace. He was onally famous Reformed theologian equipped with a limited budget, diplo- and educator, settled in Elbing, so for matic passports and recommendations many years the city became the centre from leading politicians and clergy. of international political, religious and On the Scottish side, ties with educational reform. Sweden at this time could hardly Durie, Roe and Godemann began have been stronger as Gustav Adolf to work out a programmed strategy for recruited armies from Scotland and a international cooperation on the basis good number of his senior officers and of the Reformed faith and Durie’s two advisors were Scotsmen. Throughout new friends begged him to resign his three reigns, Durie kept the Scottish post at Elbing and solicit the English churches and Assembly up to date on Court, Church and Parliament to his mission of peace. send him out as England’s negotiator in Europe for ‘the procuring of true Plans for union mature Gospel Peace, with Christian Modera- tion and Charitable Unity amongst the Durie spent most of 1631 in Eng- Protestant Churches and Academies’. land and published his Instrumentum Godemann felt that Durie was just the Theologorum Anglorum and Problemata man to bring unity between the Ger- de Pacis Ecclesiasticae to which his mans and the Swedes and then bring Reformed supporters such as Richard in the other European countries. Roe Sibbes, John Davenport, , thought that Durie could be very influ- , , John ential in settling disputes between Epis- White, Cornelius Burgess, Thomas copalians and Presbyterians in Britain Edwards, , Daniel and strengthening Britain’s close ties Featley and Joseph Hall subscribed. with Europe. Thus, armed with recom- Even Bishop Laud added his signature mendations from Roe who represented to a covering letter from Archbishop Britain and Godemann who repre- Abbot recommending the Instrumentum sented the vast territories conquered to the German and Dutch churches. by Sweden, Durie returned to Britain, Roe provided a covering letter to Oxen- wondering how he would be accepted stierna, the Governor of Sweden’s con- because of his family history. He need quered territories. Whilst still in Eng- not have feared. Charles, was thank- land (March, 1631), the news reached ful for Durie’s diplomatic services in Durie that the Reformed and Lutheran

6 MBS Texte 148 John Durie (1596–1680): Defragmenter of the Reformation princes at the influential Leipzig Col- substantial financial support by the loquy had agreed to work together on city. Thereafter, Protestant Switzerland lines suggested by Durie and wished became Durie’s chief supporter. for him to return to Germany. This Durie now felt that the time was was mainly through the efforts of Prof. ripe for concrete action as Oxenstierna, Johannes Bergius of Frankfurt-on-the- the Marquis of Brandenburg and the Oder who swore he would never rest Duke of Hesse had enough pan-Euro- until Europe had one united Protestant pean influence between them to work church. Bergius, chaplain to the Bran- out a permanent union with Britain. denburg court, was a great contender Their union, they claimed, had already for Reformed principles and turned been cemented in 1620 through the down an invitation to the Synod of marriage of King Gustav to Maria Ele- Dort because he felt that the Dutch and onora of Brandenburg. Durie was now German Puritans had departure from invited to diets and convocations held the Reformed faith. He had no qualms, in Hessen-Kassel, Hanau, Wetterau, however, about supporting the English Palatine, Heilbronn and Darmstadt delegates and Durie. Bergius asked and found his proposals backed by learned to aid Durie, but the Swedish and German political and the latter, already a Unionist supporter, religious authorities wherever he went. answered, ‘From his wisdom and abili- Frankfurt also voted to move towards ties therein, I am fitter to receive knowl- church union. Brandenburg, the Pala- edge and instruction than to censure or tine and Hessen-Kassel ruled to call a give direction.’3 Naturally the princes at conference between the various denom- the Colloquy had also a political aim inations to take definite steps towards in promoting Unionism. They wished a common Reformed statement of to give Protestant Germany a stronger faith. At the Heilbronn Conference ‘third-party’ bargaining position with in 1633, all the delegates from all the Sweden and the Roman Catholics. This non-Roman Catholic churches voted to was necessary for Germany’s own self- adopt Durie’s plans for union and this respect as for the next thirty years or so, was the case in Mainz and Darmstadt Sweden counted herself as the pivoting where Sweden still held the reins. How- centre of what they called their German ever, the Lutheran universities, with the Kingdom with the right to rule her. The exception of Helmstedt still opposed Roman Catholic Emperor made the Durie’s plans. same claims but at a safe distance. Helmstedt, the great centre of Refor- The academy of Sedan on the French, mation learning in Germany, was radi- Belgium and Luxemburg borders now cally influenced by Unionist George promised their cooperation and Durie Kallisen or Callixt (1586–1656). He found at first a cautious, then a strong angered the Gnesio-Lutherans by interest at Zürich where he was given rejecting the Book of Concord and the

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Lutheran dogma of ubiquity. This accept his plans, Gustav was killed became the official stance of Helm- in the Battle of Lützen. The Swedish stedt in its debates with the Gnesio- Empire was left to be ruled by young Lutherans, the Swedish Reformed and Christina, born 1626 and educated as a the Roman Catholics. The Helmstedt Unionist, and the extremely competent theologians developed a balanced theol- Lord High Chancellor Oxenstierna ogy similar to that of the pre-Rebellion whose first duties were political rather Church of England as an alternative to than religious. Durie realised he must Gnesio- and the legalistic return to Sweden as soon as possible. post-Reformed churches of the Heidel- berg school. Part Two: Durie was received twice by Gus- Ideas of Union Grow tav Adolf at Würzburg who promised to give him letters of introduction to New terms under a new Archbishop further Protestant rulers and churches. Gustav was killed at the Battle of Lüt- Durie had to postpone plans to visit zen before he could fulfil this prom- Sweden as in 1633 Archbishop Abbot ise. Sweden’s Secretary of State Spence died and Durie was called from Ger- (another Scotsman) and Chancellor many to report to the King and Wil- Oxenstierna, however, continued to liam Laud, the new Archbishop. On give Durie full support. Gustav intro- his way to England, Durie found duced Durie to his two chaplains an eager interest in Reformed union Jacob Fabriius and Johannes Mat- amongst the Dutch. Ever since becom- thiae who were quickly won over to ing chaplain to the Earl of Dunbar Durie’s cause. When Matthiae became in 1608, Abbott had campaigned for Princess Christina’s private tutor and church union between all Reformed chaplain, he influenced her in tak- Churches whether Episcopal or Presby- ing a keen interest in plans for unity. terian. His policy was to leave England Durie’s correspondence with the Swed- as James found it and leave Scotland as ish Royal family and government and James left it but with the two churches Matthiae’s correspondence with many joining hands in Reformed fellowship. of the Unionists are still extant and Laud envisaged a merging of Conti- open to researchers in the Uppsala and nental protestant churches around the Stockholm archives. The full story of standards of the Thirty-Nine Articles. this correspondence and its subsequent The author of A Romish Recusants Life enormous impact on the development of Archbishop Laud, argues that Laud of Europe, including England has still wanted to make himself a protestant to be told. Sadly, in 1632, shortly after pope to rival the papist pope. Luther, promising Durie that Sweden would Westphal, Calvin, Beza and Cromwell all had such dreams. Abbott had thus

8 MBS Texte 148 John Durie (1596–1680): Defragmenter of the Reformation blocked Laud’s proposals for a Scot- for himself. There were other minor tish-English church union from 1606 obstacles. Laud told Durie that in order to 1633. When Laud took over, he to represent the Church of England, revoked Abbot’s church-union strategy. he must be ordained. Durie had been It was thus a very anxious Durie who considering ordination for several years returned to England. Laud has had a himself so he accepted Laud’s advice most negative write-up recently, espe- and was ordained by Unionist Bishop cially by neo-Presbyterians who forget Joseph Hall. Charles made Durie a that many of the Westminster Divines royal chaplain and ambassador to were trained, mentored and ordained Europe’s courts,5 but would not hear of by Laud and his like-minded bishops church agreements without their gov- and furthered his politico-ecclesiastical ernments’ backing. Now, Durie had, policies during the Commonwealth with some restrictions, the Archbishop period. They merely rejected what and King behind him; many leading was least harmful in him: his Episco- politicians; some forty major Reformed palianism. Many a Commonwealth British churchmen; most of the Euro- rebel looked to theological heroes such pean Protestant royalty and many as Thomas Cartwright and Theodore major Continental church leaders. The Beza who campaigned for unity based Continentals proved more ready than on doctrines and orders of worship England to support Durie financially less Reformed than the Thirty-Nine but we read now and then of Irish and Articles, the Irish Articles and the English bishops sending him small Reformed Prayer Book, i.e. the doc- donations. trines to which Laud held. In spite of Back on the Continent in 1633/34, highly contradictory opinions, Michael Durie and Comenius were able to unite Dewar is historically correct in stating the Reformed and the Bohemian Breth- that Laud gave Durie ‘every support’, ren in Poland. Though many north- praising his work in the most glowing ern dukes were Gnesio-Lutheran, in tones.4 Laud wrote to Ambassador Roe 1633–35 Durie gained the backing of informing him that the matter of union Duke Frederick Ulrich of Brünswick- was so good a cause that if it failed, it Lüneberg who had studied at Helm- would not be for lack of his support. stedt and Duke August his successor. Laud’s method of financing Durie was August’s name has gone down in his- not the best. He gave Durie a living tory because of the famous Wolfenbut- in Devonshire to provide him with an tel Library which Durie helped plan. adequate income but Durie protested Then Durie took part in the Synod that this was no good as he lived mostly of Utrecht in April 1636 and won the abroad. Durie followed Laud’s advice backing of the pro-Augsburg Con- to appoint a curate but paid him a full fession Lutherans and the Reformed minister’s stipend so there was little left Church who voted to merge. At the

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Synod, Durie met Comenius’ son-in- leading to church union could not be law Petrus Figulus Jabvlonski of Bohe- administrated at the level of interna- mia who became Durie’s private secre- tional law but on the initiative of an tary. Jabvlonski was of great assistance influential group of supporters. When in helping Durie produce books all the these died, shifted their allegiance, speedier. or the political situation altered, such plans were often dropped. Thus danger was illustrated by the 1634 Council New problems in Sweden at Frankfurt. Oxenstierna arrived in In 1636 Durie was free to return a coach, making the German nobility to Sweden, staying there two years. appear on foot to demonstrate Sweden’s He quickly consulted with the Roy- power. This caused some animosity but, als, churchmen and the theologians at nevertheless, Durie won the major- Uppsala university. Uppsala presented ity for his plans. However, on 6. Sep- Durie with eight conditions for unity tember, before the conference ended, which Durie accepted. Whatever Durie Nördlingen fell to the Emperor and said or wrote was published in Uppsala France entered the Thirty-Years War or Stockholm, including letters sent to which became so bloody that thoughts him with his replies, which caused criti- of church unity were dismissed because cism. Many insisted Durie should join of the seriousness of the situation. the Swedish Church before attempt- Obtaining food and clothing and ing to reform her orders. They said he retaining one’s life became major pri- could not be a member of more than orities. Roe had already found out how one church, i.e. denomination, at once. fragile success could be when dealing Durie looked on his own ordination as with Patriarch Kyrillos Lukaris. Kyril- a missionary authorisation to preach los was born in Crete; had studied in salvation and to shepherd flocks every- Europe; was very open to Protestant where as an ambassador for Christ. He ideas and a firm contender against thus had little sympathy with denomi- Rome. By 1620, he had gathered a large national shackles. He had expected circle of like-minded men around him nothing but red carpets in Sweden, and Roe supplied him with printing but Sweden was only a single state in machines and Greek type from Eng- a vast empire of states, each with their land in order to publish and circulate own ideas. Durie’s greatest problem was Kyrillos’ Reformed Confessio Fidei. that now Gustav, ‘The Lion of Protes- This ran through several editions, was tantism’ was gone, there was no single translated into several languages and spokesman with whom Durie could was strongly supported by the Swedish cooperate. Each church district or sepa- authorities and the Church of England rate denomination insisted on bargain- via the Dutch Ambassador Cornelis ing with Durie themselves. Agreements Haga; Sweden’s agent Paul Strassburg

10 MBS Texte 148 John Durie (1596–1680): Defragmenter of the Reformation of Nürnberg and England’s Thomas but very much ‘Swedish’ or ‘Finnish’. Roe. Gustav Adolf and Chancellor Axel By 1638, however, discussions concern- Oxenstierna corresponded with Kyril- ing Durie’s views became so intense los whose influence was now spread- that Queen Christina’s advisers forced ing throughout the Greek Orthodox her to published a decree on 7th Feb- realms. Kyrillos thanked Sweden and ruary 1638 stating that John Duraeus England for their help by presenting had offended the peace of the Church Gustav II and Charles I with ancient and must leave the country. Durie, now Biblical manuscripts. However, when became very ill, worn out with years of Roe left Turkey for Prussia in 1629 and travelling, frustrated plans and poor the Swedish King died in 1632, opposi- health and received permission to stay tion against Kyrillos grew and he was in Sweden until his recovery in August removed from office in 1635. Haga still of the same year. He left Sweden for supported Kyrillos who was enabled to Denmark and then toured his Conti- bring out a Greek New Testament in nental connections before accepting the both Biblical and modern Greek in position of Court Preacher to William 1638. Hopes of a Reformed Eastern of Orange and Charles I’s daughter Church were brought to a standstill in Mary at their palace in the Hague in the same year when Kyrillos was mur- 1641. However, Swedish events soon dered by his opponents. changed. Christina became Chancel- lor of Uppsala University and managed to persuade Oxenstierna’s protégé Åbo Sweden v. Finland to accept her unionist ideas and efforts The rivalry between the Swedish and were made to set up training colleges Finnish theological faculties prevented in Germany on a unionist basis. On a speedy union. Swedish Uppsala and the other hand, some politicians were Finnish Åbo seldom agreed. Whenever frightened that if Sweden followed Uppsala appeared too ‘Calvinistic’, Åbo Durie, they would lose control of Sax- suddenly became Gnesio-Lutheran and ony and the Gnesio-Lutheran states. visi versa. The problem was that neither faculty had a fixed confessional basis. Hetherington’s alternative history Theology professors either ignored all formulas or requiring their students Among Durie’s numerous works to be merely familiar with them. Each on unity printed in 1641 are A Memo- diocese had different theological tradi- rial concerning Peace Ecclesiastical: To tions, Strängnäs, for instance, rarely the king of England and the pastors agreed with Vesterås, They nurtured and elders of the Kirk of Scotland meet- their different peculiarities and sense ing at St. Andrews” and Petition to the of piety which produced ideas that Honourable House of the Commons in were neither Lutheran nor Reformed England now assembled in Parliament.

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These documents led to Durie being when allegedly used as a basis for unity proposed as a member of the planned abroad. Besides this political manifesto Westminster Assembly because of his contends for a united British church Continental Unionist activities. These only in which all adults are forced to writings and especially Durie’s address accept it or be severely punished. Such to the General Assembly of the Scot- a Solemn League was only possible in tish Kirk on unity, help debunk the a Tyranny or Dictatorship and was not myth fostered by W. M. Hetherington applicable to the Continental churches. in his History of the Westminster Assem- Durie was a co-member of the Assem- bly that, “This truly magnificent, and bly with Henderson when the letters also truly Christian idea, seems to have Hetherington mentions were allegedly originated in the mind of that distin- sent abroad. By this time Durie’s views guished man, Alexander Henderson.”6 were well known and supported by Henderson, according to Hethering- most of the Assembly members and, as ton, passed the idea on to the Scottish Antonia Fraser writes in her Cromwell Commissioners who then persuaded biography, Durie ‘exercised much influ- the Westminster Assembly to accept ence in the Protectoral circle’. Indeed it and ask the Continental churches to both the English and Scots Reformers join them. As evidence, Hetherington and Puritans had been literally bom- adds an appendix to his work entitled barded with Durie’s pamphlets, letters Our Desires Concerning Unity in Reli- and books on unity since the late 1620s gion, and Uniformity of Church Gov- and Durie had been officially supported ernment, As a Special mean to Conserve in his work of unity both by Charles Peace in His Majesty’s Dominions. This I and Cromwell and their Parliaments. he ascribes to Henderson, claiming that So, too, Durie already had the back- it was sent to each foreign country in ing of most European crowned heads 1543 with a copy of the Solemn League and governments long before Assembly and Covenant attached. letters were sent out. Moreover, a good Hetherington’s view has no historical number of the Westminster Puritans, basis and ignores Durie’s long and close both English and Scottish, had sup- connections with the Scottish Presby- ported Durie in his pan-European plan terians. Hetherington presents Durie for unity and peace with their time, as first allying with Westminster pleas prayers, work and purses since 1631. The for unity towards the end of 1543, over fact that both Durie and Hartlib had two years after Henderson allegedly been lobbying Parliament concerning broached the theme and over a decade pan-European involvements for years after Durie himself campaigned for led to the official invitation of the great such a union. However, The Solemn Puritan Educator Comenius of Prague League and Covenant ratified in Parlia- by the in 1641 to help ment in February 1644 was not around set up international pansophic schools

12 MBS Texte 148 John Durie (1596–1680): Defragmenter of the Reformation and theological training colleges with by a Scottish minority to force their ideas gathered by himself, Hartlib and uniquely political and tyrannical idea Durie from all parts of Europe. of church government onto the English The document Hetherington quotes which appears to be the only objective is not a circular letter appealing for interpretation possible. Furthermore, as mutual Protestant union but the view Hetherington believed it ‘impractical’ of an extreme intolerant faction. Nor to consult the main Assembly records, does it reflect Cromwell’s European we cannot take his presentation of the policy in Europe as promoted via Assembly’s work seriously. Moreover, Durie. Christopher Hill rightly says, it is risky hiding behind Henderson ‘As for the protestant interest, it was here. During the entire Covenanter useful to be able to employ a man like and non-conformist debates in Scot- , with an international repu- land, Henderson’s enemies constantly tation as a worker for protestant unity, quoted him as expressing views which as diplomatic representative to Sweden, were never his and he found no back- Germany, Switzerland and the Neth- ing in his Edinburgh church. At this erlands.’ 7 Henderson’s alleged ‘desires time, he, like Durie, was royal chap- concerning unity’, are non-apparent as lain to Charles I, obtaining large sums the author castigates Episcopalianism from the Bishops’ Budget for use at his and promotes a Hyper-Presbyterianism university and, unlike Durie, received totally unknown outside of Scotland. a most substantial pension from the The Solemn League Presbyterians King. Henderson preached before claimed that their views stemmed from Charles both in Scotland and England Calvin, associating him quite wrongly and in both countries Episcopalians with Melanchthon, as a ‘Presbyterian’. opened their pulpits to him. This would However, the doctrinal policy the suggest that Henderson was a sup- Scottish Assembly had received from porter of the status quo under Charles Geneva via Beza was totally different I. Gunnar Westin and David Mason from Henderson’s alleged ‘’. produce far stronger evidence to show Indeed, Beza presented the Assembly that Durie was the instigator of unity with Bullinger’s Confession as repre- with the churches of foreign nations sentative of Geneva’s views, not Cal- at the Assembly, not Henderson. Fur- vin’s. Bullinger and his successor Gwal- thermore, Westin of Uppsala Univer- ter were opponents of the Presbyterian sity, shows how Durie corresponded system and stern critics of the up and personally with Henderson sending coming ‘puritanism’ that they fostered. him his plans for unity several years Non-Presbyterians Calvin and Beza before the Westminster Assembly came praised England’s bishops and criticised into being. If Henderson is indeed the the ‘puritans’. Hetherington denies that author of the fierce, intolerant paper of the document he quotes was an effort 1641, then this would have been a most

Reformiertes Forum 13 George M. Ella violent reaction to Durie’s and Crom- Part Three: well’s plans for unity. The unfounded Working for Cromwell position Hetherington takes has sadly become the standard Presbyterian view The Westminster Assembly which has helped erase the memory of Durie’s great work from British church In 1643 Durie became a permanent history. member of the Westminster Assembly, Durie continued to publish on working for international church and church union and educational reform political union. He was told to keep throughout 1642. He planned interna- a base on the Continent to this end, tional theological colleges in London so he accepted a call as chaplain to the and Heidelberg under British supervi- English traders in Rotterdam. Durie sion and a chain of schools throughout immediately gained Cromwell’s and Britain based on his, Comenius’ and Parliament’s full backing and that of Hartlib’s system. Durie was praised the leading Puritans, but he was also repeatedly before Parliament as a man supported by men of science and let- who (Hetheringtonites take note) ‘well ters such as and John Mil- advanced the peace and unity of the ton. Indeed, Durie, Hartlib and their Reformed churches’ and linked with close supporter Cathrine Viscountess Bacon and Comenius as a ‘pioneer Ranelagh, Boyle’s sister, formed the of a new age’. However, the politi- heart of Milton’s famous Petty France cal unrest in Britain and the growing group of educational reformers. Because rebellion limited Durie’s philanthropic of his great reputation, Durie was and ecclesiastical endeavours greatly as given St Peter’s, the Cathedral Church monies were reserved for the war game at Westminster, to pastor and told ‘to that put a stop to the natural progress reform that place.’ Durie promptly pre- of Reformation. Durie then published pared a catechism of Christian doctrine his Motion Tending to the Public Good of and drilled ministers and congregation this Age and Posteritory which late nine- in the doctrines of the Reformation. teenth and early twentieth century Fos- Westminster School moved him to ter Watson called `the best model’ for produce further bestsellers on educa- a child’s education ever put forward in tion and reform; works such as The the seventeenth century. Last century’s Reformed School being used by teacher J. M. Batten went further and called it training colleges until modern times. ‘a landmark in the history of English In 1645, Durie, now aged forty-seven, education’. married Mrs Dorothy Brown, Lady Ranelagh’s aunt and the widow of Vis- count Moore of Drogheda’s son. Mrs Moore brought two sons into the mar- riage and had a son and a daughter by

14 MBS Texte 148 John Durie (1596–1680): Defragmenter of the Reformation

Durie. In 1646, Durie was given the such as Philipp Jacob Spener. On the task of tutoring the King’s children, political side, Durie wrote a number James, Elizabeth and Henry. Though of pamphlets and books defending the Durie was widely employed fostering and the Cromwellian relationships between the Assembly Commonwealth. His ‘common sense’ and the Continental churches, he was attitude to Parliament was that any also given the responsibility of collect- government is more use to God than ing and cataloguing all the Westmin- no government and ought to be obeyed. ster Assembly’s records. Durie fulfilled He felt that Cromwell’s system worked, this tasks with meticulous care and his so nobody had grounds for complaint. ensuing works on librarianship are still claimed to be sound, practical and revo- A multi-party Assembly lutionary. His handbook, The Reformed Library-Keeper (1650), became the first Durie, a non-party man, offended standard work on librarianship. Indeed, several Assembly members through librarians, especially in the USA, claim withstanding hypocrisy and unrigh- that modern library ideals have not yet teousness no matter where he saw it, reached John Durie’s standards. believing that faith and tolerance went During the years 1645–49 Durie co- hand in hand. He found the Common- worked on the Westminster Confession wealth government’s charges against and the Westminster Catechism. Whilst Charles false and illegal so prepared a at Westminster, he published many defence of the King, believing he could works in English, French, German and demonstrate his innocence before a just Dutch, including expositions of Revela- court. This reaped strong criticism from tion, a rarity at the time. One of Durie’s the Assembly’s Regicides. It was Durie’s best known works is his Israel’s Call to policy not to let his conscience be guided march out of Babylon unto Jerusalem by the ever-changing party-thinking (1646) based on Isaiah 52:11 preached that proved the Commonwealth’s before the House of Commons on Nov. downfall. Durie was criticised for his 26, 1645. Durie felt that the Puritan anti-Socinian stand but also because tendency to savour their preaching with of his connections with , party politics was not being faithful to suspected of Socinianism though Durie the gospel and so denounced this mix- was thoroughly Trinitarian in his theol- ing of pulpit with Parliament in his A ogy. His connections with Grotius were Case of Conscience concerning Ministers in academic pursuits and education not meddling with State Matters in or out doctrine. of their Sermons (1649). His French Durie was as loyal to Cromwell as he works, with their emphasis on experi- had been to Charles. This caused Durie mental religion became best-sellers many difficulties abroad. Charles I amongst Continental Christian leaders wrote a book during his imprisonment

Reformiertes Forum 15 George M. Ella shortly before his scandalous execu- this as it may, Parliament now com- tion. It was called the Eikon Basilike manded Durie to translate the offensive (Royal Portrait) or The Pourtrature of work into French. Milton was Secretary His Sacred Majestie in His Solitudes and of Foreign Tongues and ought to have Sufferings but commonly entitled Royal performed the task himself. So why Sighs. It was written in the language did Durie support Milton in his most and spirituality of the Reformed Book objectionable task, knowing that this of Common Prayer, expressing a deep would bring him disfavour through- Christian faith and witness, including out Europe and jeopardise his entire fervent prayers for his executioners. The mission of peace and unity? There are book was an immediate bestseller and five reasons. First, Durie believed to a went into 36 editions in 1649 alone and point of naivety that the powers that many more in succeeding years. It had a be (here Parliament) were ordained by wide acceptance amongst all Christians, God and Parliament used this oppor- including the Puritans, so Parliament tunity to test Durie’s loyalty. Secondly, commissioned to destroy Milton was one of Durie’s closest its popularity by arguing that the faith friends. Thirdly, Milton had suffered of a Church of England believer, that greatly under the fierce intolerance of is the faith of our Reformers which the Scottish Presbyterians, so Durie was so devotedly expressed in Charles’ wanted to show that not all Scotsmen book, was merely a faith in idols. Mil- were against Milton. Fourthly, Milton ton thus wrote his Eikonoklastes or The was fed up with Presbyterianism, find- Ikon-Breaker (1652). Those who read ing the movement worse than Trent. the Royal Sighs were ranked with the Durie had also rejected Presbyterian- ‘malignants’ and ‘drunkards’, Crom- ism’s intolerant system and was open well’s jargon for those Christians who to those who showed adhered to the Anglican Confessions views. Lastly, it appears that Durie was and Articles which Cromwell and his naively trying to protect himself from Parliament had outlawed in 1643. charges of being a traitor to the Com- Church historian W. H. Hutton says, monwealth cause. Milton’s answer was ‘little more than It is often forgotten by modern a piece of vulgar railing, and proved defenders of the Great Rebellion utterly ineffectual to stay the horror that the Assembly members were not and pity which the Eikon had evolved.’8 allowed freedom of speech. Yet they Scholars are almost unanimous in con- represented all aspects of the Christian cluding that Charles’ dying testimony community whether Arminian, Amy- helped to draw the curtains on Crom- raldians, Reformed, Cartwrightians, well’s Commonwealth and prepared Erastians Anarchists, Aristotelians, Britain for the restitution of the mon- Platonists, Ramists, Socialists, Liberals, archy and the Church of England. Be Conservatives, opportunists, careerists

16 MBS Texte 148 John Durie (1596–1680): Defragmenter of the Reformation or turncoats. Also, secular, political under Charles I, could give as much as and military pressure played a very he took in matters of intolerance. As influential part in ruling the Assembly. all his views were extreme, he had dif- Over the years, the Assembly radically ficulty in being accepted by any party. altered its policies, passing from anti- Nevertheless, Prynne must have been Anglicanism to pro-Presbyterianism the most surprised and disappointed and then from anti-Presbyterianism man in England to find that the rebel to pro-Independency and then from regime he had so heartily supported anti-Independency to an unholy chaos. turned against him in December, 1648 This author’s opinion of Cromwell’s and banished him from Parliament.9 ‘Christian’ Commonwealth was that Durie replied to Prynne with several it was the first major attempt in Brit- tracts, including The Unchanged, Con- ain’s history to found a religio-political stant and Single-hearted Peace-Maker one-party government supported by a drawn into the World (1550), recapitu- strongly legal system and upheld by the lating on his work for peace over the sword. It floundered because it could previous decades. If Durie erred at all not recognise that Christ’s saving love is in his books, it was the sin of repetition big enough to include a Charles Stuart, rather than of a changing mind. a John Milton, a John Durie and an Oliver Cromwell – warts and all. More work on Christian education Now Durie strove to unite the many factions of the Assembly in his Accom- Durie began to reap criticism from modation Committee work. The praise the would-be upper classes who spread which came from political, ecclesiasti- the rumour that he was going to close cal and educational bodies was of the down the universities so that he could highest order. He was closely attached use their staffs to instruct the lower to Independents Thomas Goodwin, classes. This produced a number of Philip Nye and Samuel Hartlib, dis- books from Durie’s pen such as his Sea- liked by many Presbyterians, with sonable Discourse demonstrating how whom Durie composed several exe- educational reform was to the advan- getical works. It was rumoured that tage of the entire society. Durie was an Independent himself In 1647 Durie founded a pan-Euro- but he denied being of any party. In pean Think Tank (Office of Address 1650, Presbyterian politician William and Correspondence) as a special Com- Prynne, who detested Independency, monwealth Commission to pool all wrote a tract against Durie called The the reforms that were being made in Time-serving Proteus and Ambidexter religion, education, science and states- Divine, uncased to the World, complain- manship so that ‘the glory of God and ing that Durie was always changing his the happiness of the nation may be opinions. Prynne, who suffered terribly highly advanced.” Durie, like Bacon,

Reformiertes Forum 17 George M. Ella

Comenius and Hartlib believed that on learning and wished to see free col- knowledge was one and the Aristote- leges set up all over Britain and Europe. lian idea of dissecting knowledge into He also campaigned for professorships subjects which were viewed as absolutes in Practical Theology so that students in themselves, whether in the pulpit or could first learn the basics of the classroom was completely contrary to all Christian faith before analysing it. He natural, God-given, methods of learn- argued that students learnt to cut the ing. Durie introduced ‘Pansophism’ Scriptures up before they had seen it all or ‘Universal Learning’, with project put beautifully together by a loving and learning, team-teaching and integrated caring Hand. In 1650, Durie was put in learning systems. Durie’s ideas are light charge of Charles’ library, manuscripts years ahead of the programmed learn- and medals at St. James Palace which ing methods of the nineteen-sixties stopped the breaking up of the library based on Skinnerism and Atheistic- in the way many other great libraries Behaviouristic theories, sadly still used had been plundered by Cromwell’s sol- in schools, pastoral and youth work, diers and ‘Malignant Hunters’. seeing no difference between people made in God’s image and Pawlov’s Durie’s great value to Cromwell dogs. In the seventeenth century, the old Roman Catholic Aristotelianism was Modern scholarship has produced a rejected by Roman Catholic educators Cromwell void of the natural simplic- but the English Puritans were returning ity and devotional piety and the eager- to it, believing that knowledge must be ness to learn which is so very evident dissected to be understood. Thus they in Cromwell’s foreign correspondence. produced monstrous philosophical doc- This is what drew him to Durie who trines and antitheses like dividing the was so able to teach. So, too, Crom- work of God on man from the work of well, like Durie, was very keen on God in man which led them to invent reading the signs of the times through all kinds of new doctrines concerning everyday observance and Scripture but justification, imputation, sanctification, sadly, Cromwell developed a supersti- election and predestination which still tious interest in ‘omens’. It was now handicap modern Reformed think- that Durie showed his value to Crom- ing. No wonder the Old Faithfuls of well. The Continental royalty were the Reformation such as Foxe, Whit- mainly related to the Stuarts and had gift, Davenant, Ussher, Abbot, Featley been strongly supported by Charles I’s and Hall protested that this was Rome foreign policy. The Palatine rulers, for with another name. Milton protested instance, were horrified to hear of the that Presbyterians were ‘priests writ murder of a beloved father and kinsman large’. Durie complained strongly about and accused Cromwell of destroying Oxford’s and Cambridge’s monopoly union. Thus Durie’s work was brought

18 MBS Texte 148 John Durie (1596–1680): Defragmenter of the Reformation to nothing in many areas. When in union of Lutheran and Reformed based 1649, Reformed Charles I Ludwig, on Durie’s plans. The Swedish Church named after his English uncle, ascended now called itself ‘evangelical’ rather the Palatine throne, he was displeased than ‘Lutheran’ and in Christina’s 1644 with Durie’s immediate visit, ranking Konungaförsäkran (Royal Declaration) him with the ‘King killers’. The Great Lutheran influence was greatly reduced. Elector of Brandenburg turned his back The 1638 ban on Durie was now lifted on Durie, too. Bergius accused Durie and overtures were made to him as of rejecting the Reformation to join a ‘Cromwell’s agent’ to continue nego- band of murderers. Durie slowly won tiations. Matthiae declared “Nobody back much of this support through year- would be more welcome than Durie in long diplomacy. Frankfurt, the impe- Sweden”. Professor Ravius of Uppsala rial city who had sheltered the Marian said talks with England were useless if exiles, welcomed Durie in 1655 as did Durie were not present. Sweden’s great the city-state of Bremen. The Nether- financier Louis de Geer said, “I am full lands still welcomed Durie enthusiasti- of hopes, that the Lord, by Mr Durys cally. The General Church Conference solicitations, and his other depths of at Aarau celebrated Durie in 1654 as wisdom and goodness, will beat us the ‘famous ambassador of the Protec- off from shallow and narrow factions tor’ and Zürich again donated a large to unite in charity and purity.” Thus sum in support of Durie’s work. British Cromwell asked Durie to prepare a visit historians tell us that Cromwell’s great- to Sweden for a team of theologians, est work was his foreign policy. How- diplomats and politicians. He believed ever, this side of Cromwell appears to that European political and ecclesiasti- have been researched the least. When cal union was now certain and Sweden an honest, objective, comprehensive and England would play an apocalypti- study is eventually made of Cromwell’s cal role against the papal Anti-Christ. European influence, John Durie will be To be absolutely sure, Cromwell con- found to have played the major role in sulted his court astrologer and friend making the Commonwealth acceptable William Lilly who assured him that the to Europe. stars predicted a positive outcome. The year 1654 was given as been Scripturally favourable for re-opening transactions The most disappointed with Sweden but Cromwell was out of man in Europe touch with Swedish developments and Meanwhile, in Sweden, Durie’s their high view of Durie. Not doubting old friend from his Würzburg visits, Sweden’s interest but doubtful about Johannes Matthiae, now Bishop of Germany, Cromwell made the blun- Strängnäs, was working from 1644 der of his life. He sent his best man on with the Bohemian Brethren for a Durie to gain assurance from the Con-

Reformiertes Forum 19 George M. Ella tinent and sent his old critic Bulstrode ecclesiastica had been signed at Kassel Whitelocke, a total novice in the affairs by several leading theologians and uni- at stake, to clinch the deal with Swe- versities and King Frederick William of den. The result was a farce. Matthiae Brandenburg had once again given the and Uppsala refused to see White- right hand of fellowship to Reformed locke who had no connections with believers. Further such edicts were the Unionists whatsoever and viewed signed throughout the country. Many his negotiations as secular and mili- Lutherans, however, still called Durie tary. Christina, who had led the Durie a new Thomas Munzer and a Regicide negotiations, hopelessly dejected, abdi- whereas High Calvinists criticised his cated and Karl Gustav was crowned the tolerance. A most dejected Durie wrote same day whilst Whitelocke was still in to the Swedish Parliament shortly before Sweden. The new King, in great finan- his death: “I have done what I could cial debt to the Unionists, promised to advance the union of saints. Hence- Whitelocke, for form’s sake, to keep up forth I shall solicit the help of no one the negotiations. Lilly said Karl Gustav because I have asked them all. Neither was a stella nova who teamed up with a do I see any Patron in Germany, whom royal Cromwell would usher in a New God would point out to me as fit for World. Instead, in 1658, Cromwell the work.” He died at Kassel on 28th died and Richard was a national and September in 1680 aged 85. Sweden international flop. Durie was the most still remembers his work gladly and in disappointed man in Europe. At the Germany the Lutheran and Reformed Restitution, Durie found Charles II a churches obtained full union in a num- Unionist in principle. However, Scot- ber of states and a joint national synod. land used and abused Charles and Par- Sadly, the Reformed Church of England liament hardly gave him a chance. The and the Scottish Presbyterian churches King was scarcely able to keep Britain are further from Reformed unity than together, never mind Europe. Though ever and disappearing rapidly into dis- aging fast, Durie accepted a call to integration. As yet, in Britain, Durie’s Hessen in 1661 where the Tolerantia fifty years of hard work were in vain.

AnnotationAnmerkungen

1 They Subdued Kingdoms, p. 50. 6 History of the Westminster Assembly, p. 363. See 2 See Negotiations about Church Unity, p.27 ff. also pp. 362–364; 376–384. 7 3 Brook’s The Lives of the Puritans, vol. 3, p. 371. God’s Englishman, p. 165. 8 4 They Subdued Kingdoms, p.49. A History of the English Church from the Accession of Charles I to the Death of Anne, p. 141. 5 See Life of Archbishop Laud: By a Romish Recu- 9 sant, Chapter XVIII. Pymme was one of the victims of Pride’s Purge.

20 MBS Texte 148 John Durie (1596–1680): Defragmenter of the Reformation

TheÜber den Author Autor

Dr. George M. Ella was born in England in February 1939, and as a teenager moved to Sweden to continue his training as a Forestry Apprentice. After his conversion he returned to England to study theology. Whilst at the London Bible College, he attended the worship services of the well- known Dr. Martyn Lloyd-Jones. Upon graduation at London and Hull Universities, he worked as a school teacher and evangelist among the Lapps. For the past 32 years Dr. Ella has lived in Germany, near the Dutch border. Now retired, his career included work as a Senior Civil Servant, university examiner and wri- ter of curricula for librarian assistants and apprentice retailers for the state’s commercial colleges. This work included editing and grading textbooks. After adding various external degrees and post-graduate qualifications in theology/ literature, business studies, education, history, psychology and library science at Uppsala, Duisburg and Essen universities, he gained a doctorate in English Literature at Duisburg University. He has written a number of books prior to this volume, including works on William Cowper, James Hervey, John Gill, Andrew Fuller, William Huntington and Augustus Toplady. Dr. Ella was nomi- nated for the John Pollock Award by Prof. Timothy George in 2001. A major work on the English Reformation Exiles under Mary I will appear shortly. Dr. Ella has written over twenty books on Church History and doctrinal issues, including works on William Cowper, James Hervey, John Gill, Andrew Fuller, William Huntington, Augustus Toplady, the Marian Exiles and Henry Bullinger. Dr. Ella was nominated for the John Pollock Award by Prof. Timothy George in 2001. Dr. Ella has also published several hundred doctrinal and biographical essays which have appeared in magazines such as the Banner of Truth, the Ban- ner of Sovereign Grace Truth, the English Churchman, the Baptist Quarterly, Focus, New Focus, the Bible League Quarterly, and the Evangelical Times. At present, he is working on a detailed biography of John Durie and a Dr. Theol. thesis on ‘Defragmenting Knowledge: The Contributions of John Durie (1596– 1680) to Christian Pansophism’.

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