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A Native Spider Crab Decorating with a Cryptogenic Bryozoan in a Mediterranean Marina

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Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Interesting Images Hiding in Fouling Communities: A Native Spider Crab Decorating with a Cryptogenic Bryozoan in a Mediterranean Marina Valentina Tanduo, Riccardo Virgili, David Osca and Fabio Crocetta * Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy; [email protected] (V.T.); [email protected] (R.V.); [email protected] (D.O.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-081-583-3217 Camouflage is the method by which animals conceal by blending in with the environ- ment, and may be achieved by fixed or changing color, shape, texture, chemical secretions, and/or behavior [1–4]. Among various forms of camouflage, the visual one mostly consists of hiding into the background, and can be attained through various methods, including the decoration through the attachment of environmental materials and objects on the exterior part of the organism [1–4]. Decoration is an active process that involves costs in terms of time and energy, and has been studied so far across a range of different taxa [3,5]. The most widely studied decorators are the crabs of the superfamily Majoidea Samouelle, 1819, a group composed of over 900 species, of which about 75% show decorations over some or all of their body. Citation: Tanduo, V.; Virgili, R.; Osca, Although some examples are known of decapod species that put edible materials on their D.; Crocetta, F. Hiding in Fouling bodies and later remove these materials to eat them, the majority of majid crabs decorate Communities: A Native Spider Crab themselves to camouflage against predators either entangling (in parallel) or impaling (in Decorating with a Cryptogenic perpendicular) biological material through the hooked setae of the exoskeleton [1,3,6–11]. Bryozoan in a Mediterranean Marina. During a recent BioBlitz (an event that focuses on finding and identifying as many J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 495. https:// species as possible in a specific area over a short period of time) carried out on the doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050495 3 May 2020 at Port Saplaya (Valencia, Spain, 39.512049◦ N, 0.321490◦ W), a small ma- rina in the western Mediterranean Sea (Figure1A), the local biota was investigated by one Academic Editor: Thomas of the authors, and in particular, the fouling communities of the mooring lines were ob- G. Dahlgren served with the help of scalpels, scissors, and a magnifying glass. Among fishes, specimens Sparus aurata Received: 18 April 2021 of two native predators were noticed, namely Linnaeus, 1758 (Figure1B) Accepted: 1 May 2021 and Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789 (Figure1C). With regards to the fouling organisms, the Published: 3 May 2021 area resulted to be dominated by the cirriped Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854), the bryozoans Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) and Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758) [complex], Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral and the ascidians Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823) and Microcosmus squamiger Michaelsen, 1927 with regard to jurisdictional claims in (Figure1D,E), all alien or potential cryptogenic species already known for the Spanish published maps and institutional affil- coast of the Mediterranean Sea (e.g., [12–16]). However, a crab specimen decorating with iations. a number of colonies of an arborescent bryozoan was also found living among mooring lines (Figure1F). As such decoration was never encountered by us during fieldwork in various localities of the Mediterranean Sea, it attracted our attention, and thus the crab was sampled, photographed, and fixed in 99.9% ethanol for subsequent integrative taxonomic Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. analyses. The crab sample and some bryozoan colonies detached during manipulation Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. were deposited in the collection of the Laboratory of Benthos-Napoli, Stazione Zoologica This article is an open access article Anton Dohrn (Naples, Italy), with the following codes: SZN-B-1358CR106C (Arthropoda) distributed under the terms and and SZN-B-936BR3A (Bryozoa). conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050495 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jmse J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 495 2 of 8 J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 8 FigureFigure 1. Port 1. Port Saplaya Saplaya (Valencia, (Valencia, Spain, Spain, wester westernn Mediterranean Mediterranean Sea) Sea) and and its its biota. biota. (A ()A The) The local local marina. marina. (B) ( BThe) The gilt-head gilt- seabreamhead seabream Sparus Sparusaurata. aurata(C) The.(C )gray The graytriggerfish triggerfish BalistesBalistes capriscus capriscus. (.(DD,E,)E )Fouling Fouling communities communities ofof mooring mooring lines. lines. (F )(F) MacropodiaMacropodia czernjawskii czernjawskii decoratingdecorating with with colonies colonies of the Bugula neritinaneritinacomplex. complex. TheThe crab crab specimen was was identified identified to genusto genus level level following following guides guides on the decapodon the decapod biota biotaof the of Atlanto-Mediterranean the Atlanto-Mediterranean area [17 area,18], and[17,18], subsequently and subsequently to species levelto species according level to ac- cordingguides andto guides specialist and literature specialist [17 literature–22]. In particular, [17–22]. In among particular, other diagnostic among other features, diagnostic the features,specimen the showed specimen basal antennalshowed segmentsbasal antennal with spines segments visible with in ventral spines and/or visible lateral in viewventral and/or(Figure lateral2A), a view downcurved (Figure rostrum2A), a downcurv whose lengthed rostrum did not exceedwhose thelength antennal did not peduncles exceed the antennal(Figure2 B,C),peduncles and a (Figure pyriform 2B,C), cephalothorax and a pyriform with a singlecephalothorax median protogastric with a single bilobed median protogastric bilobed spine (Figure 2B,C). In addition, the carapace surface, sternal area, pleon, and chelipeds were unevenly and densely covered with pile, whereas the gastric region presented a large protogastric protuberance on each lateral side. All these features J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 495 3 of 8 J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 8 spine (Figure2B,C). In addition, the carapace surface, sternal area, pleon, and chelipeds suggestedwere unevenly the morphological and densely covered identification with pile, of whereasthe crab theas gastricMacropodia region czernjawskii presented a(A.T. Brandt,large protogastric1880). It was protuberance a female, measured on each lateral 13.74 side.mm × All 9.40 these mm features in total suggested length (from the the anteriormorphological part of identificationthe rostrum ofto thethe crab posterior as Macropodia tip of the czernjawskii telson) (A.T.× width, Brandt, and 1880). hosted It 43 colonieswas a female,(or colony measured fragments) 13.74 of mm a single× 9.40 arborescent mm in total bryozoan length (from species, the anterior distributed part ofin the followingthe rostrum way: to Cephalothorax the posterior tip (8 of colonies), the telson) L(eft)× width, P(ereiopod) and hosted 1 43(carpus: colonies 1), (or LP2 colony (carpus: 3, fragments)propus: 3), ofLP3 a single (merus: arborescent 2, carpus: bryozoan 2, propus: species, 2), LP4 distributed (merus: in2, thecarpus: following 1, propus: way: 1), LP5Cephalothorax (merus: 1, propus: (8 colonies), 1), R L(eft) (ight) P(ereiopod) P2 (carpus: 1 (carpus:2, propus: 1), LP21), RP3 (carpus: (merus: 3, propus: 2, carpus: 3), 1, propus:LP3 (merus: 2), RP4 2, carpus:(merus: 2, 1, propus: carpus: 2), 1, LP4 propus: (merus: 3), 2, carpus:RP5 (merus: 1, propus: 1, carpus: 1), LP5 (merus:1, propus: 1, 1) (Figurepropus: 2D). 1), The R (ight) bryozoan P2 (carpus: colonies 2, propus: were identified 1), RP3 (merus: to genus 2, carpus:level following 1, propus: guides 2), RP4 on the (merus: 1, carpus: 1, propus: 3), RP5 (merus: 1, carpus: 1, propus: 1) (Figure2D). The bryozoan biota of the Atlanto-Mediterranean area [23–26], and subsequently to species bryozoan colonies were identified to genus level following guides on the bryozoan biota levelof theaccording Atlanto-Mediterranean to guides and area specialist [23–26], literature and subsequently [24,26–30]. to species In particular, level according the colonies to wereguides brown-purple and specialist in literature color, the [24 autozooids,26–30]. In particular, lacked spines the colonies and avicularia were brown-purple but had a indistal margincolor, thewell autozooids marked, lackedand the spines ovicells and aviculariawere white, but big, had aand distal globular, margin welljointed marked, by a andpedun- clethe to ovicellsthe maternal were white, zooid big, and and with globular, an oblique jointed orientation by a peduncle (Figure to the 2D,E). maternal All these zooid features and suggestedwith an oblique the morphological orientation (Figure identi2D,E).fication All theseof the features colonies suggested as Bugula the neritina morphological (Linnaeus, 1758),identification an apparently of the coloniesworldwide-distributed as Bugula neritina sp(Linnaeus,ecies discovered 1758), an to apparently be a species worldwide- complex in thedistributed last decades species [31–36]. discovered to be a species complex in the last decades [31–36]. FigureFigure 2. Macropodia 2. Macropodia czernjawskii czernjawskii fromfrom Port SaplayaSaplaya (Valencia, (Valencia, Spain, Spain, Mediterranean
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  • SPECIAL PUBLICATION 6 the Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the Great Japan Tsunami of 2011

    SPECIAL PUBLICATION 6 the Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the Great Japan Tsunami of 2011

    PICES SPECIAL PUBLICATION 6 The Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the Great Japan Tsunami of 2011 Editors: Cathryn Clarke Murray, Thomas W. Therriault, Hideaki Maki, and Nancy Wallace Authors: Stephen Ambagis, Rebecca Barnard, Alexander Bychkov, Deborah A. Carlton, James T. Carlton, Miguel Castrence, Andrew Chang, John W. Chapman, Anne Chung, Kristine Davidson, Ruth DiMaria, Jonathan B. Geller, Reva Gillman, Jan Hafner, Gayle I. Hansen, Takeaki Hanyuda, Stacey Havard, Hirofumi Hinata, Vanessa Hodes, Atsuhiko Isobe, Shin’ichiro Kako, Masafumi Kamachi, Tomoya Kataoka, Hisatsugu Kato, Hiroshi Kawai, Erica Keppel, Kristen Larson, Lauran Liggan, Sandra Lindstrom, Sherry Lippiatt, Katrina Lohan, Amy MacFadyen, Hideaki Maki, Michelle Marraffini, Nikolai Maximenko, Megan I. McCuller, Amber Meadows, Jessica A. Miller, Kirsten Moy, Cathryn Clarke Murray, Brian Neilson, Jocelyn C. Nelson, Katherine Newcomer, Michio Otani, Gregory M. Ruiz, Danielle Scriven, Brian P. Steves, Thomas W. Therriault, Brianna Tracy, Nancy C. Treneman, Nancy Wallace, and Taichi Yonezawa. Technical Editor: Rosalie Rutka Please cite this publication as: The views expressed in this volume are those of the participating scientists. Contributions were edited for Clarke Murray, C., Therriault, T.W., Maki, H., and Wallace, N. brevity, relevance, language, and style and any errors that [Eds.] 2019. The Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the were introduced were done so inadvertently. Great Japan Tsunami of 2011, PICES Special Publication 6, 278 pp. Published by: Project Designer: North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) Lori Waters, Waters Biomedical Communications c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences Victoria, BC, Canada P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2 Feedback: www.pices.int Comments on this volume are welcome and can be sent This publication is based on a report submitted to the via email to: [email protected] Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan, in June 2017.