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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan 70-14,113 WAGNER, Keith Edward, 1935- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN PENNSYLVANIA DURING THE CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1969 History, modem University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by Keith Edward Wagner 1970 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED ECOHŒIC IEVEL0PÎ-5ÎMT IN PENNSYLVANIA DURING THE CIVIL WAR, I 86 I-I 865 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillirant of the Requirements for the Degî’ee Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by K eith Edward Wagner, B.A., M,A. ****** The Ohio State University 1969 Approved by A dviser Départaient of History VITA December 1?, 1935 ...... Born - Centre Hall, Pennsylvania 1957 ... B.A., Thiel College, Greenville, Pennsylvania 1959 . M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio I 959 -I 962 ......................................... Graduate Assistant, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1962-1964 . ........................ Instructor (Half-time), Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1964-1 965 .......................... Assistant, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1965 -I 966 .................................. Assistant Professor, California State College, California, Pennsylvania 1966 -I 969 ..................................... Instructor, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia FIELDS OF STUOr Major Field: The Slavery Controversy, Civil War, and Post-Bellum South. Professor Henry H. Simms Political, Social and Economic History of the United States, I 763-I 865 . Professor Eugene H. Roseboom Political, Social and Economic History of the United States, I 865 -I 9 OO. Professor Francis P. Weisenburger 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VITA............................................................... 11 LIST OF TABLES.............................................. Iv INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 Chapter I . AGRICULTURE.................................................................. 15 I I . COAL.................................................................................. 73 I I I . IRON........................................... 120 IV. PETROLEUM...........................................................................l6 l V. BUSDESS AND BANKING........................................................195 VI. TRANSPORTATION.................................................................. 255 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................... 296 APPENDIXES...........................................................................................307 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................... 353 111 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Average Annual Gold Premium and E q u iv alen t Specie Value of the Greenback Dollar, I 86 O-I88 O ...................................... 30? 2. Wheat Production in the United States and Pennsylvania, 1 8 6 2 -1 8 6 5 ..........................................................................................310 3. Rye Production in the United States and Pennsylvania, 1 8 6 2 -1 8 6 5 ..........................................................................................311 4. Buckwheat Production in the United States and Pennsylvania, 1862-1865 ...... 312 5. Corn Production in the United States and Pennsylvania, 1 8 6 2 -1 8 6 5 ......................................................................................... 313 6. Oat Production in the United States and Pennsylvania, 1 8 6 2 -1 8 6 5 ......................................................................................... 314 7. Barley Production in the United States and Pennsylvania, 1 8 6 2 -1 8 6 5 ......................................................................................... 315 8. Hay Production in the United States and Pennsylvania, 1 8 6 2 -1 8 6 5 ..................... .....................................................................316 9. Tobacco Production in the United States and Pennsylvania, 1862-1865 317 10. Livestock on Farms in the United States and Pennsylvania, i860, 1866, and I 870 .........................318 11. Relative % ole sale Prices of Farm Products, I 86 O-I87 O. 319 12. Relative V/holesale Prices of Food, Etc., I 86 O-I87 O . 320 13. Relative V/holesale Prices of Clothes and Clothing, 1860-1870 .............................................................................................321 14. Relative Wholesale Prices of Fuel and Lighting, I86O -I87O ......................................................................................... 322 15. Relative Wholesale Prices of Metals and Implements, 1860-1870 .............................................................................................323 i v Table Page 16. Relative Wholesale Prices of Lumber and Building Materials, I 86 O-I87 O . ........................................................ 324 17. Relative 'Wholesale Prices of Drugs and Chemicals, 1860-1870 .......................................................................................... 325 18 . Relative l/holesale Prices of House Furnishings, 1860-1870 ............................. 326 19 . Relative Wholesale Prices of Miscellaneous Items, 1860-1870 ...................................................................................................327 20. Relative VHi ole sale Prices of All Commodities, I 86 O-I87 O , 328 21. Annual Anthracite Coal Production of Pennsylvania, 1840, 1845, I 85 O-I87 O ..............................................................................330 22. Annual Coal Trade of the Wyoming Anthracite Region, I 85 O-I87 O .................... 331 23. Annual Coal Trade of the Lehigh Anthracite Region, 1850-1870 ......................................................................... ..... 334 24. Annual Coal Trade of the Schuylkill Anthracite Region, 1850-1870 .............................................................................................. 335 25. Distribution of the Schuylkill Coal Trade, 1855-1865 . 338 26. Yearly Awrage Price of Anthracite Coal at Philadelphia, I 850 -I 8 7 0 .......................................................................................... 339 27. Annual Semi-Bituminous Coal production of Pennsylvania, 1840, 1845, I 850 , 1855-1870 ....................................................... 340 28. Cumberland Coal Trade of Maryland, 1842, 1845, I 85 O, 1855-1870 .............................................................................................. 341 29 » Estimated Annual Bituminous Coal Production of Pennsylvania, 1840, 1845, I 85 O-I87 O ...........................342 30. Coal Trade of the Major Transportation Systems in Central and Western Pennsylvania, I 855 -I 87 O ...................................343 31. United States Imports of Foreign Coal, I 85 O-I87 O .... 345 32. United S ta te s Coal Im ports From Nova S c o tia , I 85 O-I87 O, . 348 33. Coal Exports from the United States, I 85 O-I87 O ..... 349 V Table Page 34. Estimated Annual Pig Iron Production of the United States, 1860-1870 ........................................................................................................350 35» Annual Production, Importation and Average Price of Iron and Steel Rails in the United States, I 85 O, 1855» 1860-1870 ............................................................ ........................351 36, Annual Production and Yearly Average Price of Crude Oil in Pennsylvania, 1859-1870 352 v i INTRODUCTION Depending upon one’s philosophy of history, the course of human events may be studied and analyzed in a number of ways. Early clerical historians saw the unfolding of events as the manifestation of God's w ill. Others have observed a pattern of repetition which led to the conclusion that history moves in cycles. Less pessimistic historians have detected a more or less steady progress in their study of man’s p a st. Modern students have g e n erally attem pted to divorce them selves from any preconceptions in an effort to write as objectively as possible, and some have gone so far as to contend that history can be understood only in terms of the "science" of human behavior. Regardless of the approach used, historians have tended to focus their study upon certain cataclysmic events. More often than not, these great political or social upheavals have been marked by warfare, and consequently the division of history into periods has hinged upon the most regrettable aspect of the record of mankind. There is, of course, considerable justification for this division beyond the convenience it affords the writers of textbooks. Great political issues have been decided on the battlefield, and fundamental political, social and econo­ mic changes have resulted both directly and indirectly from wars. This is particularly true of those conflicts which have taken place in this century, for modern total warfare involves the entire nation and touches the lives of nearly every individual. 1 This approach to the writing of history contains an inherent pit­ fall for the historian. There is a strong inclination to view all events as factors either leading up to the transcendent event or issuing from it. This is not intended to demean the importance of searching for cause and effect relationships, but rather to indicate cognizance of the danger which may arise from attempts to fit all historical developments
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