THE ROCKINGHAM STREET ANOMALY - A GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION

Preliminary report April 2019

Michael Hacker, Prof. Rob Scaife, Peter Collins.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction 2. Anomalous buried hollows 3. The Rockingham Street Anomaly 4. Archaeological and historical background 5. The 2017 soil sample 6. Pollen analysis 7. Soil analysis 8. Discussion 9. Conclusion 10. Acknowledgments 11. Bibliography 12. Maps

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Artwork by Gail Dickerson Fig. 2 Rockingham Street Anomaly geology Fig. 3 Section through the Rockingham Street Anomaly Fig. 4 Location of Rockingham Street Anomaly Fig. 5 Rocque’s map of 1746 Fig. 6 Fairburn’s map of 1802 Fig. 7 Prehistoric seed and insect remains

Table 1 Pollen count data

Page 1 1. INTRODUCTION

Hidden beneath the surface of the Central London Thames floodplain lie numerous, deep, crater- like pits known as 'anomalous buried hollows’ (or sometimes drift filled or scour filled hollows). They penetrate deep into the London Clay and sometimes beyond. Most of these hollows are filled with sands and gravels. They are believed to have formed under sub-arctic, peri-glacial conditions.

One of these hollows, The Rockingham Street Anomaly, is situated in the London Borough of Southwark, close to . It is nearly 300m wide and over 19m deep. The Rockingham Street Anomaly is exceptional in that unlike most of the other hollows, a substantial part of the fill comprises a deep accumulation of peat.

The peat was first identified during the construction of a sewer in the early 20th century and the general shape of the hollow and presence of peat have been confirmed by subsequent boreholes in the area.

In 2017 representatives of the London Geodiversity Partnership, assisted by community volunteers, conducted a further borehole examination. This was to establish whether any peat had survived the extensive urban development that has take place in this part of Southwark and if so, to obtain a sample of the peat for use by a local community artist, Gail Dickerson (Fig. 1).1 Having found peat, the opportunity was taken to undertake a geo-archaeological evaluation and Prof. Rob Scaife (University of Southampton) conducted a preliminary pollen analysis of a subsample of the peat.

Fig. 1: Rockingham Peat: Artwork incorporating peat extracted from the Rockingham Street anomaly. © Gail Dickerson 2017

1 see: http://land2.leeds.ac.uk/people/dickerson Page 2

The sub-sample, taken from approximately the midpoint in the depth of the peat, was found to contain well preserved pollen, seed, wood and insect remains. The pollen analysis indicated that this level of the peat fill had accumulated in the prehistoric Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age, in a boggy, wooded, carr environment dominated by alder trees.

The report concludes that the exceptionally deep accumulation of peat in the fill of the Rockingham Street anomaly has the potential to provide a continuous, undisturbed, high resolution, dated record of local vegetational and environmental change in the central London flood plain from soon after the end of the Devensian Ice Age to the early modern era, possibly covering most of the Holocene period of over 10,000 years.

2. ANOMALOUS BURIED HOLLOWS

Numerous anomalous buried hollows have been identified in the central London flood plain. 2 The origin, nature and extent of these hollows remain problematic.3

The majority of these hollows are filled with deposits of silt, sand and gravel. This material is difficult to distinguish from the Quaternary alluvial deposits of the Thames floodplain. There is generally no indication of the hollows on the surface and the majority of hollows have only been detected in borehole cores, tunnelling and other construction work. Some are relatively small and shallow but they can be up to 500 m across and over 60 m deep.4 Whilst some hollows contain shallow lenses of peat or peaty sand, the upper part of the fill of the Rockingham Street anomaly is made up of an exceptionally deep accumulation of peat. The underlying rocks are different too in that they are distorted but are not the typical intermixing of the underlying sediments.5

With some exceptions the detailed shape and depth of the hollows and the nature of the fill is uncertain. The information that is available is mainly derived from borehole logs which tend to be unevenly distributed and many are shallow or of poor quality.5

The hollows tend to be funnel shaped, but some form near vertical shafts with cliff-like sides. Their age and the processes that lead to their development is a topic of continuing research and discussion. A variety of geological processes are believed to have contributed to their formation, among which are; scour hollows, permafrost 'pingos' (or related ground-ice forms), karst subsidence, artesian springs, and faulting of the underlying bedrock.6

It has been suggested that the hollows developed under periglacial conditions during the Devensian Glaciation, (MIS 5d-2). However, some may have originated during earlier cold periods.7 The last of these periods of extreme cold, The Younger Dryas started about 13,000 years ago (c.12.9 ka cal. BP, MIS 2). The end of this cold period marks the beginning of the present warm period, the Holocene (c.11,700 cal. BP, MIS 1).8

2 Banks et al. 2018 3 Collins et al. 2014 4 Lee & Aldis 2012, p.7 5 Collins et al. 2014; London Geodiversity Partnership SGI 23, 2017 6 Hutchinson 1980, p.253; Lee & Aldis 2012, p. 17, Banks et al 2015; Collins et al, 2014 7 Ghail et al. 2015 8 Railsback et al 2015 Page 3 3. THE ROCKINGHAM STREET ANOMALY London Borough of Southwark, (Centred on grid reference: TQ 322 791).

The Rockingham Anomaly is situated in the London Borough of Southwark 1.5 km south of the , centred on the junction of Rockingham Street and Meadow Row (TQ 322 791), (Fig 2.) The London Geodiversity Partnership has identified it as a Site of Geological Interest (SG1 23). 9

In this part of the central London the Quaternary Kempton Park Gravel overlies the Eocene London Clay of the Thames valley.10 The gravel terrace has been dissected by the Thames and tributary channels to create gravel islands or eyots. The channels separating the eyots are filled with fine grained, alluvial sand, silt and clay deposits.

The BGS survey of bedrock and superficial geology indicates the anomaly as an area of peat surrounded by a ring of alluvium (Fig. 2).11 The BGS maps do not include geological formations shallower than 1 m and the Rockingham anomaly is the only area of peat indicated in the Central London area. The peat deposits of the Thames flood plain are generally shallow and covered by alluvial deposits of sand, silt and clay. These alluvial deposits accumulated during marine transgressions as a result of rising sea level in the Late Iron Age/early Roman period.12.

Fig. 2: The Rockingham Street Anomaly in relation to the geology around Elephant and Castle, showing bedrock, superficial deposits and underlying faults (London Geodiversity Partnership)

9 London Geodiversity Partnership SGI 23, 2017 www.londongeopartnership.org.uk. 10 BGS Geology of Britain Viewer http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html 11 ibid 12 Devoy 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982, 2000 (quoted in Scaife 2009); Sidell et al 2000, p. 16-17 Page 4 The anomaly is apparent on the surface as a broad, irregular, oval depression c.1.75 m deep and c.300 m across. The peat was 'discovered' during work for the Southwark and Storm Relief Sewer in 1906 – 08. At its lowest point the surface of the depression is at c.0.0 m OD. Boreholes showed up to 5.9 m of peat overlying 4.2 m of Thames Mud above 6.0 m of Thames Gravel indicating that the anomaly is at least 19 m deep.13

Since the first O.S. levelling of 1848 successive O.S. surveys show a total subsidence in the central part of the anomaly of about 1.5 m. Berry suggests that the peat has consolidated as a result of the extraction of groundwater in the 19th century.14

In this general area the base of the Thames Gravel (Kempton Park Gravel) is at c. -3 m to -7 m OD, lying on London Clay. Boreholes show the base of the London Clay c.300 m west of the anomaly at -18 m to -23 m OD and c.500 m to the east at c. -13 m OD. Boreholes at the centre of the anomaly had not penetrated the deep gravel at -16 m OD. It has been suggested elsewhere15 that the anomaly has penetrated the impervious London Clay and that the gravel fill may be lying directly on the Woolwich and Reading beds of the Lambeth Group at c.-19.5 m OD.

Most of the borehole logs record the material overlying the Kempton Park gravel and the peat as disturbed ground containing building and other material. The material overlying the gravel and the peat is indicated on the sectional drawing (Fig. 3) as 'made ground'.

S.W. B------A N.E.

OD

metres

horizontal scale metres Fig. 3: SW-NE section through the Rockingham Street Anomaly showing the location of the 2017 peat sample, (after Rainey, 2017 in London Geodiversity Partnership SGI 23).

13 Rainey 2017, based on records of the British Geological Survey (NERC) 14 Berry 1979 p.22 15 Berry 1979 p.22 Page 5 A possible fault line traverses the SW sector of the anomaly (see figs 2 and 3). It has been noted that many of the anomalous buried hollows identified in central London are clustered in areas where the underlying bedrock has been affected by faulting.16 It is probable that the fault acted as a pathway for the release of water under artesian pressure from deep within the underlying chalk aquifer.17 A regular source of water may have contributed to the unusual thickness of the peat. Rocque’s 1746 map of the area shows ditches draining the area and these may be related to spring water arising from the Rockingham Anomaly (see Fig. 5)

One model of the formative process for anomalous buried hollows is that of a relict pingo. Under discontinuous permafrost condition the release of artesian spring water into a scour hollow could have lead to the development of an open system, hydraulic pingo (see footnote18).19 This would have comprised a large ice cored dome covered with soil and vegetation. When the climate ameliorated, the ice core would have melted, causing the pingo mound to collapse, leaving a deep, flooded hollow. The resulting lake or mere would have constituted a hydrosphere in which the fibrous peat accumulated.20 Anomalous hollows elsewhere in London contain the mélange of sediments typical of this model (5) but in the Rockingham Anomaly the strata have kept their original layering, albeit distorted somewhat; the origin is therefore more likely to be related to the possible fault.

16 Bricker et al 2013 17 Banks et al 2015 18 An open system, hydraulic pingo is formed by doming of frozen ground due to freezing of injected water supplied by ground water moving through taliks to the site of the pingo. (Harris et al 1988). Relict pingos take the form of roughly circular depressions surrounded by raised ramparts enclosing areas of marshy ground or ponds (Walmsley 2008) 19 Hutchinson 1980, 1991, quoted in Banks et al 2015 p.57; Yoshikawa 1998, p.1 20 www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/successn/hydro.htm Page 6

Fig. 4: Location of the Rockingham Street Anomaly, showing the line of the fault crossing the anomaly and the line of the diagrammatic section in figure 3 (Rainey, personal communication 2017). The tinted area indicates the approximate extent of the area of peat shown on the BGS map of bedrock and superficial geology in figure 2. The red dot indicates the location of the sample core. The black dots indicate the locations of the archaeological interventions mentioned in the text.21

4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The anomaly lies within an area designated as an area of archaeological priority by the LB of Southwark (APZ-60). A number of Roman , comprising part of an extensive Roman cemetery, have been recorded to the north of the anomaly.

21 Based on OS London Sheet VII-95 rev. 1938 ©The British Library Board. Microfilm; Spool Vol 48

Page 7

Five archaeological sites within or close to the edge of the anomaly are recorded on Historic England's Greater London Historic Environment Record. (GLHER)22

1. Rockingham Street (see Fig. 4, E) 18th century record of wooden piles found in a marsh.

2. 37 Arch Street (see Fig. 4, D) Site of a former pub. Peat was encountered in excess of 2.16 m deep. The full depth of the peat was not established.

3. Junction of Harper Road and Falmouth Road (see Fig. 4, B) Fragment of Roman pottery in peat 20 cm deep.

4. Dickens Square (see Fig. 4, C) Roman inhumations, 2nd century AD Roman pottery. Peat 10-20cm thick.

5. 45 Tarn Street (see Fig. 4, A) Site of a former pub. Fragments of 3rd century AD Roman pottery and ceramic building material (CBM) and fragment 16th century pottery in peat of unknown depth. An environmental analysis of pollen and seeds from the peat indicated damp, scrubby ground.

All of these sites record peat. Three of the sites, Tarn Street, Harper Road/Falmouth Street and Dickens Square, lie outside the area of peat indicated on Fig. 4, suggesting that the extent of the peat may be larger than that shown on the BGS survey (see Fig. 2).23

On a plan of Manor of 1681 the site is identifiable as the 12 acre “Stewfen”, an osier ground, which is likely to have been under water for most of the year, “bounded all round by a Common Sewer”.24 Rocque’s 1746 Map of the area shows that the land had been reclaimed by mid 18th century.25

An early nineteenth century map of the area by John Fairburn shows a well-defined circular area in the location of the anomaly.26 It is identified as 'Newhalfpenny Hatch' suggesting that it may have been a riding school or circus, which had become popular form of entertainment at that time. The underlying peat of the Rockingham anomaly may have made the ground particularly suitable for horse riding27 (Fig. 6).

The New Kent Road was built passing about 100 m south of the site in 1754. Further drainage works are suggested by later 18th and early 19th century maps. By the time of the first detailed

22 Historic England HER, Heritage Gateway www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/default.aspx 23 NOTE: BGS do not record deposits less than 1m deep 24 Rainey pers. comm. 2017 25 Roque J. 1746. “A Plan of the Cities of London and Westminster and Borough of Southwark.” 26 Fairburn John (1802) A plan of London and Westminster. Trustees of the British Library 27 Note: There may be an association with Philip Astley, (1742-1814) the founder of the modern circus who established a riding school and circus in 1768 on a field in Lambeth known as Glovers Halfpenny Hatch www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-London/vol23/pp69-74#n88 Page 8 Ordnance Survey map of 1872 the whole area was built over. Most of the site is now a Southwark Council housing estate built in about 1914.28

Fig. 5: Extract from Rocque's 1746 survey with the approximate extent of the Rockingham Street Anomaly indicated in brown and the main drainage ditches indicated in blue.29

28 Rainey 2017, The manor of Walworth and parish of St. Mary, Newington’ in Survey of London: Volume 25, St George’s Fields (The Parishes of St. George the Martyr Southwark and St. Mary Newington) ed. Ida Darlington (London, 1955) pp 81 – 90. British History Online (www.british-history.ac.uk/survey- london/vol25/pp81-90) [accessed 20 January 2017] 29 Rocque. 1755. © Locating London’s Past (Motoco Enterprises & The Museum of London Archaeology {MOLA]) Page 9

Fig. 6: Extract from John Fairburn's 1802 map showing 'New Halfpenny Hatch' in green.30

30 Fairburn 1802; ©The British Library Board. Maps K. Top. 20.55

Page 10 5. THE 2017 SOIL SAMPLE

Location (TQ 3229 7916) Soil samples were taken from a grassed landscaped area on the Rockingham Estate on the eastern side of Rockingham Street, close to the NW corner of Martin House. Ground level at this point is c.0.61m OD.

Method A hand auger with an open-ended 7 cm dia. head was used to obtain soil samples (Eijkelkamp soil auger - Edelman combination soil head).

The auger penetrated a c.1m depth of made ground comprising fragments of mortar, CBM, ceramic, glass and clinker. Peat was encountered immediately under the made ground and continued to the limit of the auger at c. - 2.2 m. The upper part of the peat sequence is assumed to have been truncated during the construction and demolition of the 19th century houses that had previously occupied the site.

The peat was homogenous, no variation in colour, texture or composition was observed. There were no indications that the accumulation of the peat was interrupted by for example by such events as drying, over-bank flooding or the deposition of alluvial sands or gravels. This is consistent with descriptions of the peat in the BGS borehole logs and the reports of the archaeological interventions.

Samples of peat were taken for use in art projects. In addition, a sub-sample of peat was taken from c.2.0 m depth (c.-1.49m OD) for geoarchaeological analysis.

6. POLLEN ANALYSIS Prof. Rob Scaife Professor of Geography and Environment University of Southampton Highfield Southampton

Pollen analysis was carried out on a single sample of humified peat taken from c.2.0m depth from the Rockingham Street anomaly.

The study was undertaken to establish if sub-fossil pollen and spores are preserved at this site and if so, to provide some preliminary information regarding the character of the vegetation and environment at the time of accretion and the possible age of the peat based on known London chronologies.

The analysis established that this part of the peat was laid down in a boggy fen/carr woodland environment, dominated by alder trees, together with reeds rushes, sedge and ferns. The site was situated in a wooded landscape dominated by oak and hazel with some lime and elm. No direct dating evidence was obtained but the pollen spectrum is typical of the pre-historic late Neolithic or early Bronze Age in the London area, i.e. c.5,500 - 3,500 years before the present (BP).

Page 11 Standard techniques were used for the extraction of the sub-fossil pollen and spores and the study proved successful. Pollen and spores are well preserved and present in substantial numbers such that a count was easily obtained.

Preliminary pollen count data obtained are given in Table 1 below.

Trees & Shrubs Count Betula 1 Pinus 1 Ulmus 3 Quercus 61 Tilia 10 Fraxinus excelsior 1 Corylus avellana type 20 Herbs Poaceae 1 Viscum album 1 Fen/Marsh

Alnus glutinosa 372 Salix 1 Cyperaceae 14 Typha latifolia 1 Typha angustifolia 5 Potamogeton type 1 Ferns

Dryopteris type 69 Polypodium 1 Table 1: Pollen count data for sample taken at c.–2.0m.

The pollen data Taxonomic diversity is low with very few herb taxa present. This reflects to character of the on-site environment.

Alder (Alnus) pollen is dominant with high numbers present. This reflects the on-site dominance of alder carr woodland. This was a damp woodland habitat during the summer months with the possibility of standing water for some months during the winter; thus allowing pollen preservation

Page 12 and stratigraphic accumulation of organic matter. Other constituents of the autochthonous flora included willow (Salix), which is poorly represented in pollen spectra and a ground flora with sedges (Cyperaceae), common reedmace (Typha latifolia), lesser reed-mace (Typha angustifolia) and/or bur-reed (Sparganium) and ferns (Dryopteris types).

The density of the on-site carr woodland can restrict pollen arriving from the adjacent dry-soils of the fluves so that only the close-by flora is represented. This is possibly the case here. However, the woodland shown here is typical and diagnostic of other London sites in showing the importance of lime (Tilia) which is under represented in pollen spectra along with oak (Quercus) and some hazel (Corylus). Occasional elm (Ulmus) and ash (Fraxinus) may also have been present.

There are few herb pollen and no evidence for human activity.

Mistletoe (Viscum album) is not a common occurrence in palaeo-pollen studies and a single grain here may be attributed to growth on oak or Rosaceous tree taxa; but not recorded.

Dating/Age Pollen is not a means of dating having been superseded by radiocarbon measurement. However, suggestions may be made where there are other local and regional chronologies.

The pollen data obtained here are typical of the late prehistoric, late Neolithic to middle Bronze Age, periods for London. This is based on the presence of dominant woodland, which includes lime (Tilia), which was largely removed by the middle Bronze Age at c. 3,500BP. The small numbers of elm (Ulmus) indicates a post Neolithic Elm Decline age; that is, after c. 5,500-5,000BP.

A single pollen sample cannot provide evidence of change through time. There is, however, clear potential for a more detailed study, which might provide a longer record of vegetation and environmental change.

7. SOIL ANALYSIS Michael Hacker

A preliminary soil analysis of 340 gm sub-sample of peat from c. -2.0 m below the surface was made to establish the potential for preservation of organic evidence and the nature and composition of the peat.

The peat was moist, dark, brownish black, with occasional woody fragments. The pH was assessed as pH 7, neutral to slightly acidic.

The sample was dispersed in water and passed over 2 mm, and 500µ sieves. The residues were dried, weighed and sorted with the aid of a x10 binocular optical microscope.

In describing the anomaly Berry states that 'much of the peat is probably peaty clay or mud'.31 However, no significant component of clay or silt was observed in the sample. It did include a small amount (c.2.2gm (0.6%) of sand and other inorganic particles, but this fraction contained fragments of mortar, CBM and <1gm of iron rich particles that responded to a magnet. It is likely that some, or all, of this fraction was introduced by the open sided auger from material from the

31 Berry 1979 Page 13 made ground overlying the peat deposit. Apart from this, the only other possible anthropogenic evidence was occasional fragments of wood charcoal.

The residues contained well-preserved fragments of twig, leaves and wood as well as fragments of insect and mollusc remains. A variety of well-preserved seeds and glumes were isolated. Among these some have been provisionally identified as blackberry (Rubus), alder (Alnus), sedge (Carex) and pondweed (Potamogenton). Three of these plants, alder, sedge and pondweed were also identified in the pollen analysis (see Fig. 7).

As the report on the pollen analysis emphasizes (Scaife, above), pollen can only give a broad indication of date. Radiocarbon (14C) measurement can provide a more accurate dating framework. Seeds and small twigs are particularly suited to this method of dating as they represent a single year’s growth.

Fig. 7: Well preserved prehistoric seed and insect remains isolated from the 2017 sample of peat.

8. DISCUSSION

The evaluation confirmed that a significant portion of the peat fill of the anomaly has survived the extensive urban development that has taken place since the peat was identified in the early 20th century. The peat contains well-preserved pollen, seed, wood, charcoal, insect remains and other organic material.

Page 14 A substantial body of evidence exists for the history of vegetational development of the Thames floodplain. Synthesis of data gathered from a wide variety of sequences has lead to a broad understanding of the Late Devensian and Holocene vegetational chronology.32 The pollen analysis indicated that the mid-level of the peat fill had accumulated in the prehistoric Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age, in a boggy, wooded, carr environment dominated by alder trees. Whilst the pollen evidence did not provide any direct evidence of human activity, the presence of charcoal in the soil sample indicates the possibility of prehistoric occupation or exploitation of the landscape.

A previous pollen assessment carried out in the 1970s, on a sample presumed to have been taken from a lower part of the peat, indicated a Boreal (Mid-Holocene) date.33 At this stage it is not possible to establish from the available evidence when the peat first began to accumulate. However, analysis of peat deposits from similar peat filled hollows in SE England, Norfolk, Ireland and the Netherlands indicated that the peat in all these hollows began to accumulate soon after the end of the Younger Dryas cold period [Loch Lomond Stadial (c.11,700 cal. BP, MIS 2)].

Much of the pollen evidence from the Thames flood plain has been obtained from accumulations of peat and humic sediments. The accumulations of peat from hollows such as the Rockingham anomaly are particularly valuable as the pollen evidence is autochthonous i.e. mainly derived from the immediate location. Pollen evidence obtained from mineral rich sediments, whilst often of considerable interest, may also include evidence from a wide area carried to the site by river or tidal currents and may include redeposited, older material.34

Whilst many of the peat accumulations in the Thames floodplain have a substantial mineral content,35 the low mineral content of the Rockingham Anomaly peat indicate that it was not subject to significant alluvial deposition from over-bank flooding or marine transgression. 36

Particular importance is attached to data obtained from the few sites which can provide an uninterrupted record from the late Devension/Early Holocene to the present and that are deep enough to provide high resolution evidence of change over short time spans.37. Two sites close to the Rockingham Street anomaly have provided such evidence: Bramcote Green 38 and Fore Street in Silvertown39.

The evidence from these and other similar sites on the Thames flood plain indicate that there were significant local variations in the nature of Holocene vegetation. A more detailed analysis of the peat fill of the Rockingham Street anomaly would provide valuable additional evidence of the nature of these local variations in habitat, both in terms of historical development and in the variety of vegetation.

32 Siddell et al, 2000; Corcoran et al. 2011; Scaife in preparation. 33 Berry, 1979 p.21. Note: the text refers to ‘a pollen spectrum from the peat suggests a late Boreal data (about 6,000 years BP)’, the analysis is acknowledged to Dr R. Beck, no other detail of the pollen analysis is included and the original report has not been traced. 34 Maclean et al 2014 35 Batchelor et al 2014, p.5. 36 Lee & Aldis 2012; Toms et al 2016. 37 MacLean et al 2014 38 (Bramcote Green, Bermondsey, Southwark (TQ 34934 78061) (Thomas and Rackham 1996). 39 Fore Street, Silvertown, TQ407802 (Scaife 1998, 1996; Wilkinson et al. 2000) Page 15 9. CONCLUSION

The exceptionally deep accumulation of peat in the fill of the Rockingham Street anomaly has the potential to provide a continuous, high resolution record of local vegetational and environmental change in the central London flood plain from soon after the end of the Devensian Ice Age to the early modern era, possibly covering the entire period of the Holocene of over 10,000 years.

10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Pollen analysis: Prof Rob Scaife, Professor of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton

The authors are grateful to David Bevan (Hon vice president London Natural History Society) for his help in identifying the seeds. We are grateful to the librarians and staff of the British Library for their advice and assistance.

Personnel: Diana Clements, Peter Collins (London Geodiversity Partnership), Michael Hacker, Gail Dickerson (Community artist), John Dennison, Patricia Scammell and Tom Wolesley. Paul Rainey (LGP) researched many useful maps and borehole data which informed the project.

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