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Intensifiers in Oceanic Languages: the Value Added by Typology

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Intensifiers in Oceanic Languages: the Value Added by Typology SummerSummer SchoolSchool inin TypologyTypology Leipzig, August 2010 IntensifiersIntensifiers inin OceanicOceanic languages:languages: TheThe valuevalue addedadded byby typologytypology (see handout 3 for the examples) AustronesianAustronesian familyfamily PROTO-AUSTRONÉSIEN Formose malayo-polynésien (plusieurs groupes) malayo-polynésien malayo-polynésien occidental central et oriental (Philippines, Sumatra, Malaisie, Java, Bornéo, Sulawesi (Célèbes), malgache, langues cham du Viet- nam ainsi que deux langues micro- nésiennes : chamorro et palau) malayo-polynésien central malayo-polynésien (Sud et Centre des Moluques, Petites oriental Iles de la Sonde (est de Java), Timor) Sud d'Halmahera et Ouest OCÉANIEN de la Nouvelle-Guinée langues austronésiennes de Mélanésie, de Polynésie et de Micronésie (à l'exception du chamorro et du palau) OceanicOceanic subgroupsubgroup PROTO-OCÉANIEN AMIRAUTÉ OCÉANIEN OCÉANIEN CENTRAL OCCIDENTAL ET ORIENTAL NOUVELLE-GUINÉE PAPOUASIE MÉSO-MÉLANÉSIEN SUD-EST DES OCÉANIEN DU NORD SUD-EST (Nlle-Irlande, SALOMON ÉLOIGNÉ (Nord-Est N-G (péninsule Sud-Est Nord-Ouest Salomons (Golfe de Huon) et de la N-G et îles depuis Bougainville Nlle-Bretagne) voisines : jusqu'à Santa Isabel) D'Entrecasteaux, Trobriands, Woodlark) NLLE-CALÉDONIE SUD DU CENTRE ET NORD MICRONÉSIEN PACIFIQUE ET I. LOYAUTÉ VANUATU DU VANUATU CENTRAL ROTUMIEN FIDJIEN ORIENTAL POLYNÉSIEN FIDJIEN OCCIDENTAL TONGIEN POLYNÉSIEN NUCLÉAIRE What are intensifiers? König & Gast 2006 (i) Intensifiers are basically operators denoting an identity function. (ii) All intensifiers are generally focused and evoke specific types of alternatives (‘alone’); or provide alternative descriptions of the same event token to which the sentence refers (‘too, also’). (iii)Intensifiers trigger certain types of presuppositions. IntensifiersIntensifiers usesuses KönigKönig and and SiemundSiemund (2000) (2000) •• the the adnominaladnominal use:use: ‘The‘The chiefchief himselfhimself willwill comecome toto thethe meeting’meeting’ •• the the adverbialadverbial exclusiveexclusive use:use: ‘My‘My fatherfather cookedcooked thethe mealmeal himselfhimself ’’ •• the the inclusiveinclusive adverbialadverbial use:use: ‘John‘John waswas himselfhimself sicksick lastlast month’.month’. •• the the attributiveattributive use:use: ‘His‘His ownown sonson betrayedbetrayed himhim’’ •• the the reflexivereflexive use:use: ‘John‘John pinchespinches himselfhimself ’’ Origins of the Oceanic intensifiers (1) emphatic/restrictive particles Polynesian languages East Futunan fa’i (1-4) East Uvean, Niuafo’ou, Tongan pē Tuvaluan loa Samoan, Tokelauan lava (5-9) Loyalty islands languages Drehu kö, Nengone ko (10-13) Origins of the Oceanic intensifiers (2) ‘alone’ Fagauvea hage, Māori anake (14-16) Kusaiean na , Marshallese make Ponape, Mokilese pein Fijian gā Saliba bom Chamorro maisa , Bahasa Indonesia sendiri Origins of the Oceanic intensifiers (3) precision of reference ‘true, exact’ Polynesian languages: Tongan , East Futunan, East Uvean tonu , totonu (17-20) New Caledonian languages (attributive use only): Xârâcùù, Ajië, Xârâgurè (21) Origins of the Oceanic intensifiers (4) bound/relational noun Anejom isp wa-, Sye ehpe- Lolovoli sibo- (22-23) South Efate tme-/tmo- Kwaio labe- Kokota tagi- Nadrog ā vaini- Iaai hame- (24-26) Origins of the Oceanic intensifiers (5) Spatial notions a) (ad)verb ‘return, again’ • Seldom intensifying functions • Exceptions: - Paamese (27-28), with –ris(i) < ‘return, again’ in attributive and reflexive uses -Māori (29-30) with an ō ‘again’ in adnominal and reflexive uses Origins of the Oceanic intensifiers (5) Spatial notions b) ‘Downwards ’ West Uvean ifo Marquesan, Hawaiian, Nukuoro, Tahitian iho (31-34): ifo, iho < Proto Polynesian *hifo ‘go down’ Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Formosan languages Western Malayo-Polynesia Central Eastern Malayo-Polynesian return/again TAGALOG alone MALAY Central Eastern head noun BAHASA INDO NESIA TETUN true CHAMORRO South Halmahera/WestNG Oceanic preverbal particle TABA postverbal particle Western Oceanic Central Eastern Oceanic North New Guinea Cluster Papuan Tip Cluster Meso Melanesian Cluster South-East Solomonic Remote Oceanic MANAM SAL IBA ROVIANA TAWALA KOKOTA KWAIO SUDEST TOLAI BUMA TORAU LONGGU URUAVA Remote Oceanic Micronesia NorthCentralVanuatu SouthVanuatu New Caledonia Loyalty islands Central Pacific KUSAIEAN MWOTLAP SOUTH EFATE CAAC , NÊLÊMWA , IAAI MARSHALLESE PAA MESE ANEJOM NYÊLAYU , YUANGA DRE HU PONAPE LOLOVOLI LENAKEL (NEMI , FWÂI , CÈMUHÎ , HMWAVEKE ) NENGONE MOKILESE KWAMERA PAICÎ , AJIË URA TÎRÎ , XÂRÂCÙÙ , XÂRÂGURÈ SYE NUMÈÈ , HAMEA , ‘O ROÊ Central Pacific Rotuma/West Fijian Tokalau Fijian NADROGÄ ROTUMAN East Fijian Polynesian FIJ IAN Tongic Nuclear Polynesian with Outliers TON GAN EAST FUTUNAN IFIRA -MELE (Vanuatu) NIUEAN EAST UVEAN NUKUORO (Micronesia) SAMOAN TUVALU AN (Micronesia) TOKELAUAN WEST UVEAN (Loyalty islands) NIUAFO ’OU TAHITIAN MARQUISIAN HAWAIIAN MAORI return/again RAPANUI downwards alone bound noun TOK PISIN true BISLAMA preverbal particle postposed particle The main parameters of variation Number of functions • Correlation between source of intensifier and number of functions: in Oceanic languages, between 2 and 4 uses. • No inclusive adverbial intensifier The main parameters of variation Partial identity Tuvaluan (35-38) : ēlō (adnominal), eiloa (exclusive adverbial), loa (attributive), loa / loa … loa (reflexive) East Futunan, East Uvean (17-20): tonu (adnominal, attributive), totonu (exclusive adverbial, reflexive) The main parameters of variation Number of intensifiers for the same function a) Choice available between: - ‘return’ and ‘alone’: Saliba, Tawala, Māori (14-16; 29-30) - ‘true’ and emphatic particles: East Futunan, East Uvean - ‘true’, emphatic particle, and ‘other’: Drehu (39-42) b) Polarity constraints: Fagauvea (43-44) Thank you for your attention! !.
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