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Diet and Body Shape Among Populations of Bryconamericus Iheringii (Otophysi: Characidae) Across the Campos Sulinos Ecosystem

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Diet and Body Shape Among Populations of Bryconamericus Iheringii (Otophysi: Characidae) Across the Campos Sulinos Ecosystem Neotropical Ichthyology, 16(4): e170167, 2018 Journal homepage: www.scielo.br/ni DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170167 Published online: 18 October 2018 (ISSN 1982-0224) Copyright © 2018 Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Printed: 07 December 2018 (ISSN 1679-6225) Original article Diet and body shape among populations of Bryconamericus iheringii (Otophysi: Characidae) across the Campos Sulinos ecosystem Érika Endo Kokubun1, Karine Orlandi Bonato1, Edward D. Burress2 and Clarice Bernhardt Fialho1 Alterations in natural landscapes, mainly caused by anthropic pressures, have been threatening the world’s biomes, includ- ing aquatic environments and its biota. This study describes the diet of Bryconamericus iheringii, and how its body shape relates to environmental variables in populations of 22 streams. A wide array of food items were found, mainly composed of allochthonous plants (50.5%) and autochthonous invertebrates (25.2%). Even though food items remained almost the same, the predominant food group significantly differed among streams, mainly in relation to environmental characteristics. There was variation in body shape primarily associated with body depth and length of the pre-dorsal region; however, these dif- ferences did not correspond with streams. PLS-CA analyses indicated that environmental characteristics, such as substrate type, percentage of marginal vegetation have some influence over food items availability but not on body shape. This may be because B. iheringii is a non-specialist species capable of prey switching based on availability due to an intermediate body shape suited for generalist feeding habits. Keywords: Ecomorphology, Generalist diet, Grassland ecosystem, Stream. Alterações em paisagens naturais, principalmente as causadas por pressão antrópica, tem ameaçado os biomas mundiais, incluindo ambientes aquáticos e sua biota. Este estudo descreve a dieta de B. iheringii e como seu formato corporal se rela- ciona com variáveis ambientais, em populações de 22 riachos. Uma grande variedade de itens alimentares foi encontrada, principalmente compostos por plantas alóctones (50,5%) e invertebrados autóctones (25,2%). Ainda que os itens alimentares tenham permanecido quase os mesmos, o grupo alimentar predominante diferiu significativamente entre riachos, principal- mente devido a características ambientais. Ocorreu variação no formato corporal principalmente associado com profundidade do corpo e comprimento da região pré-dorsal; entretanto, tais diferenças não corresponderam aos agrupamentos por riacho. A análise PLS-CA indicou que as características ambientais, tais como tipo de substrato, porcentagem de vegetação marginal exercem alguma influência sobre a disponibilidade dos itens alimentares, mas não sobre o formato corporal. Isso pode ocorrer por B. iheringii ser uma espécie não especialista com capacidade de mudar suas presas de acordo a com disponibilidade das mesmas, isto, devido ao seu formato corporal intermediário adequado a hábitos generalistas. Palavras-chave: Dieta generalista, Ecomorfologia, Ecossistema de pastagem, Riachos. Introduction birds (Harding et al., 1998; Grau et al., 2003; Waltert et al., 2004). Given that aquatic and terrestrial environments are Due to great anthropogenic pressure, the world’s natu- interdependent (Dufech et al., 2003), activities that affect ral landscapes have been transformed (DeFries et al., 2004; land cover and its ecological processes may propagate im- Foley et al., 2005). Land use, for instance, enhances primary pacts to aquatic environments and their biotic components, production available for human populations but decreases including native ichthyofauna (Ferreira, Casatti, 2006). Al- availability for ecosystem processes (DeFries et al., 2004), terations in physical and chemical properties of terrestrial changes hydrological responses (Costa et al., 2003), causes and aquatic habitats, therefore, can modify characteristics of habitat loss and fragmentation, degradation of soil, and fish assemblages such as abundance and diversity (Tramer, changes the assemblage composition of plants, fish, and Rogers, 1973; Dyer et al., 2003; Cunico et al., 2006). 1Laboratório de Ictiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia , 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. (EEK) [email protected], (KOB) [email protected], http://orcid.org/0000- 0002-3741-8086 (corresponding author), (CBF) [email protected] 2Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, 101 Life Sciences Bldg., Auburn University, 36849 Auburn, AL, USA. [email protected] e170167[1] Neotropical Ichthyology, 16(4): e170167, 2018 2 Diet and body shape of Bryconamericus iheringii Despite being an endangered biome due to agriculture and degrees of environmental impact. A broad study area, and silviculture activities, the Campos Sulinos ecosystem is such as the Campos Sulinos, is ideal for comparisons at these still considered an area with high fish diversity (Pillar, Lange, ecological scales. Furthermore, the characid Bryconamericus 2015). Its ichthyofauna extends throughout four drainage sys- iheringii (Boulenger, 1887) is a good option for this study, tems: the Uruguai River basin, Laguna dos Patos System, part since it occurs in a broad geographical area (Laguna dos Pa- of Paraná State drained by Iguaçú River, and a coastal basin tos System, Uruguay River basin and Paraguay River Basin) between the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina and in different types of environments including small and (MMA, 2000). Yet, our knowledge of its fish fauna is frag- big streams as well as shallow and deep lagoons (Casciotta mented and scarce in many aspects (i.e., taxonomy, bioge- et al., 2002). Bryconamericus iheringii is considered a gen- ography, ecology, and conservation status). Biological traits eralist, with opportunist dietary habits and a high degree of are useful tools to increase knowledge and to help understand trophic plasticity (Oricolli, Bennemann, 2006; Oosterom et certain ecological aspects. Feeding biology and morphology, al., 2013), which are favorable characteristics for this study for instance, are good indicators of population dynamics, since they may reflect the availability of resources in the en- ecology of species, community structure and help to under- vironment. stand the food web of the system (Polis, Winemiller, 1996). The objective of this study is to describe the diet and mor- Even though there can be a certain specificity for certain phology of B. iheringii across a broad spatial scale to evalu- food items, the majority of fish species have a highly flexible ate the influence of different environmental characteristics, feeding behavior (i.e. trophic plasticity) (Abelha et al., 2001; such as substrate composition of the streams, percentage of Meurer, Zaniboni-Filho, 2012), particularly Neotropical vegetation cover, presence of human interference, etc. Thus, freshwater species. This feeding flexibility is an adaptive re- our hypothesis is that the diet and body shape of populations sponse (Brandão-Gonçalves et al., 2009) to fluctuations in the of B. iheringii will vary in response to different environmen- availability of food resources in the environment (Abelha et tal characteristics across the Campos Sulinos ecosystem. al., 2001). Such fluctuations may be caused by several factors such as physicochemical, spatial and temporal components Material and Methods (Lawlor, 1980; Costa et al., 2013; Jacobson et al., 2015). For example, the presence of riparian vegetation is an important Study area and sampling. According to Pillar, Lange source of food subsidies for fishes (Esteves, Aranha, 1999; (2015), the Campos Sulinos is a grassland ecosystem found Burnett, Reeves, 2006) as well as for shading the water (Pusey, on the three southernmost states of Brazil (Paraná, Santa Ca- Arthington, 2003). Its absence, therefore, may result in higher tarina and Rio Grande do Sul states), and distributed on two levels of insolation and, consequently, increase primary pro- distinct biomes: the Atlantic Forest and Pampa. The grass- duction by facilitating the growth of diatoms and filamentous lands from the Pampa biome extend throughout the Repu- algae (Allan, 2004). Other possible consequences include a blic of Uruguay and Argentine provinces, from Bahia Blan- decrease in invertebrate density (Vasconcelos, Melo, 2008). ca, Argentine to Porto Alegre – RS, Brazil, and is dominated All those alterations, nearby and within the stream, may influ- by low grass and small shrubs. ence the diet of fishes by favoring opportunist species that For the present study, 22 streams belonging to two drai- are more flexible in their foraging behaviors and preferences nages (Tab. 1) and distributed in ten municipalities, in Rio (Oliveira, Bennemann, 2005; Bonato et al., 2012). Grande do Sul State, were sampled (Fig. 1). These streams Morphological characteristics such as general body are in the Pampa biome, which is distinguished by vegetation shape, head length and caudal peduncle aspect ratio may also composed of grass, creepers, and some trees and bushes close be influenced by habitat alterations (Langerhans et al., 2003; to bodies of water (Pillar et al., 2009). The climate of the area Neves, Monteiro, 2003; Zúñiga-Vega et al., 2007), given that is subtropical, characterized by mild temperatures and rainfall differences in body shape are often associated with biotic well distributed throughout
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