Adaptation, 13–14, 61, 98 Adaptive System, 11, 13 Adjacency Matrix

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48065-9 — Languages in Space and Time Marco Patriarca , Els Heinsalu , Jean Leó Leonard Index More Information

Index

adaptation, 13–14, 61, 98 cladistics, 27, 37, 59, 64 adaptive system, 11, 13 cluster, 10, 13, 20, 29, 35, 37, 56, 77, 112, 175 adjacency matrix, 22–23 coalescence, 16 artiﬁcial intelligence, 11, 101 coarse-graining, 100–101 assimilation, 16–17, 32, 73, 165 cognitive system, 3, 106 automated text analysis, 3 cohesiveness, 80–81, 86 communication failure, 113 backness, 20 communication strategy, 111 Basque, 4, 41, 57–59, 65, 104, 109, 141, 164, communication success, 113 174 active, 106 bilingual, 15, 98, 104, 120, 128, 133, 138, passive, 106 147, 164, 173 competition, 1, 11, 97, 118, 128, 137, 143, bilingualism 168, additive, 104, 108, 164–166, 170, 173 complex network, 1, 21, 23–24, 26, 115–116, emerging, 108 161 policy, 140 complex system, 1, 21, 100, 161, 177 subtractive, 109, 165–166 complex systems theory, 5–6, 177 unequal, 109 complexity, 1, 12, 99 116, 129, 163, 177 biological species, 4, 21, 117, 128 complexity theory biological time, 3 bit, 1, 9 bit-string model communal, 1 Kosmidis, Halley, and Argyrakis, 119 constitutional, 1 Schultze and Stauﬀer, 117, 119 interactional, 1 structural, 5 connectivity, 23, 26 carrying capacity, 118, 121, 149, 151, 155, consensus, 110, 112–115, 165 160 consonant, 17, 19, 90 change rate, 13 coronal, 20 choreme, 48, 50, 52, 72 creole, 3, 13, 29–31, 103, 144 clade, 20, 34–35, 37–40 cross-fertilization , 29

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198 Index

Darwinism, 28–30 ergative alignment, 3, 68 database Euskalkia, 104, 109 ALTO, 67 evolution, 1, 11, 110, 118, 147, 164, 178 ASJP, 19–20 evolutionary linguistics, 13, 30–31, 37 EAS, 57, 164 exaptation, 11–14 degree, 21, 23–27, 78, 100, 108, 131 exaptive system, 14 degree distribution expanding normalization, 108 average, 23 extinction, 29, 35, 98, 108, 152, 163 deletion, 17, 61 demographic process, 101 feed, 17, 59 dendrogram, 55, 91 fieldwork, 12 dialect, 2, 9, 17, 28, 37, 47, 54, 59, 61, 67, 73, fitness 86, 102, 124, 164 social linguistic, 121 dialect continuum, 9, 68, 79, 102 forgetting process, 120 dialect fortition, 16–17 attributive, 40 frontness, 20 blind, 40 dialectometry, 37, 64 gender variation, 170, 172 ff di usion gene transfer, 10 cultural, 16, 151 genealogical ramification, 29, 34 diglossia, 5, 104–105, 164 genera, 14–15, 19–20, 28, 35, 37 dilalia, 104, 105 genus, 14, 20, 32, 38–40 diphthongization, 18 geographical barrier, 142, 157 dispersal geography, 39, 77, 83, 90, 117, 151 inhomogeneous, 153, 157 geolinguistics, 31 dissimilation, 16–18 globally stable, 139–140 distance matrix glottometric diagram, 81, 86, 93 Hamming, 42, 44 grammatical calquing, 14 Jaro, 44 grammatical function , 18 longest common subsequence, 44 grammatical robustness, 28 metric, 41–42, 56–57 graph diversity, 4, 12, 68, 97, 105, 121, complete, 24, 76 dorsal, 20 Erdos-Rényi˝ random, 25 random, 25–26 ecological factors , 100, 129, 142 ecological process, 4 heat map, 88 ecology, 4–6, 21, 101, 161 heterogeneous, 19, 26, 32, 56, 142, 156 edge, 21, 26, 54 historical glottometry , 10, 23, 80, 85, 93 edit distance , 17, 41, 44 Holling factor, 162–163 edit operations, 41–44 homogeneous, 21, 25, 39, 125, 142, 157 equilibrium point , 131–132, 137, 140 hub, 23 Erdar, 109, 164, 168

Index 199

incipient activism, 108 language use incipient mobilization, 108 dominant, 145, 148, 164 incipient normalization, 108 dominated, 145 index donor, 30 agglutination, 32 endangered, 4, 46, 98, 106, 134, 148 compounding, 33 minority, 5, 105, 129, 141, 146–148, 165 derivation, 33 national, 105, 174 inflection, 33 natural, 16, 18, 102 prefixation, 33 proto-, 10–11, 35, 79, 84 similarity, 44–45, 68, 71–75 vehicular, 98, 105, suffixation, 33 lateral, 20, 52, 141 synthesis, 32 lattice constant, 21 innovation learning process, 10 conflicting, 80 lenition, 16, 18, 32 exclusively shared, 80–81, 86 Levenshtein distance irregular, 85–86 Damerau-, 44 regular, 85–86 non-weighted average, 59 insertion, 17, 44 relative, 43 interaction, 3, 22, 113, 120, 163 weighted average, 59 interdisciplinary, 1, 6, 97, 130 Levenshtein matrix, 43, 88 IPA, 9, 10, 84 lexical variation, 74, 76 isogloss, 39, 80, 86–87 lexicology, 67 lineage, 12 language acquisition, 98, 112, 174 lingua franca, 37, 98, 102, 109 language change, 2, 13, 97, 110, 153, 177 linguistic area, 10 language cognition, 2 linguistic barrier, 153, 157 language comparison, 9, 10, 43 linguistic change, 29, 99 language competition, 2, 4–5, 101, 128, 168 linguistic community, 6, 108, 128 language contact, 13 linguistic policy, 107, 168 language death, 13, 106–107 linguistic stock, 14–15, 19, 28, 32, 34 language diffusion linguistics language dynamics, 1, 13, 97, 100, 110, 160, comparative, 28–31, 68 164, 178 computational, 3, 98 language ecology, 5 general, 29 language evolution, 2, 11, 79, 102, 116, 164 link, 21–23, 54, 64, 72, 89, 148 language faculty, 11, 103, linkage, 9, 79 language family, 10, 13, 28, 79 local endemicity, 108 language maintenance, 129 local resilience, 108 language origin, 12, 178 logistic dynamics, 150 language planning, 5, 164, 172 logistic term, 149, 151 language shift, 78, 107, 147, 154, 166 loop, 12, 17, 59, 120, 122 language similarity Lotka-Volterra equation, 101

200 Index

Malthus rate, 118, 149–150, 160, 162 mutual intelligibility, 15, 22, 46, 102, 125 Malthusian principle, 29 Mayan language, 35, 37, 66 naming game, 112, 143 Mazatec, 4, 13, 32, 45–47, 124 Native Land website, 82 mean ﬁeld equation, 137, 143 natural selection, 11, 97, 128 meme, 2 nearest neighbor map, 90 metathesis, 17 Neogrammarian, 15, 29, 31 minimum spanning tree, 54, 92, Neolinguistica, 29 model network, 1, 17, 21, 28, 54, 61, 63, 82, 92, 101, AB, 137–138, 144, 152 141, 151, 168, 173 Abrams and Strogatz, 129–130 network of interactions, 22 Baggs and Freedman, 161 network of linguistic similarity, 22 Cedergren’s, 17–18 network of mutual intelligibility, 22 continuous, 6, 149 network topology conversation, 147 connected, 24, 48, 56, 72, 138, evolutionary, 97 directed, 23 family tree, 79 fully connected, 24, 48, 56, 72, 138, 151, individual-based, 22, 100–101, 117, 137, 161 143 regular, 21, 25 language dynamics, 97, 100–101, 110, 163, scale-free, 26–27 178 semantic, 22 macroscopic, 101, 130 small-world, 23, 25 mean ﬁeld, 101 undirected, 23 mesoscopic, 101 niche, 13, 177 Minett and Wang, 134, 141 node, 21, 54, 72 naming game, 112, 143 nonlocal dispersion, 157 natural selection, 97 noun, 18, 34, 52, Nowak, 102, 112, 116 numerical experiment, 99, 111, 125, 157 Pinasco and Romanelli, 150 numerical simulation, 4, 10, 99, 125, 159 semiotic dynamics, 97, 101, 110 Numic, 6, 17, 82, 85, 93 SFVL, 59, 61 Numic homeland, 83 socio-cognitive, 2 Numic spread hypothesis, 82, 84, 93 three-state, 128, 133–134, 138, 149, 161 two-state, 128–130, 149, 151, 161 open taxonomy, 34 Viviane De Oliveira, 117, 121 opinion dynamics, 2, 13 voter, 100, 137, 152 monolingual, 101, 133, 135, 143, 161, 168 path length morphology, 32, 67–68, 116 average, 23, 26–27 multidimensional scaling, 10, 56, 92 mean, 25 multidimensional space, 56 pattern, 2, 17, 39, 61, 79, 105, 164, 175 multilingual, 1, 15, 105, 147, 164 pause, 18–19 multilingualism, 5, 105, 129, 141, 173 phase portrait, 132, 138, 139 mutation, 11, 101, 118, 126

Index 201

phonation, 20 spreading, 2, 22, 40, 64, 126, 161 phonology, 11, 32, 67, 73, 77, 116 Stammbaum, 28, 56 phonotactic, 18 Stammbaumtheorie, 79 phyla, 15, 28 statistical mechanics, 1, 4, 99 phylogenetic, 14, 37, 47, 64, 103 strengthening, 16–17, 107 phylogenetic isolate, 14 string, 10, 41, 72, 119, 124 phylogram, 34, 38, 40, string metric, 10, 41 Pidgin, 13, 30–31, 103 structural embedding, 18 Poissonian distribution, 25 structure, 6, 59, population dynamics, 102, 111, 149, 160 subgraph, 24, 76, 78 position, 18, 35, 47, 90, 152, 159 subgroupiness, 81 power law, 23, 26–27, 115, 117, 138 substitution, 44, 123 prestige, 15, 28, 77, 108, 129, 134 syllable, 17–19, syntactic category, 18 reaction–diﬀusion equation, 152, 153, 158 reactivated proﬁciency, 106 taxonomy, 20, 29, 34, 57 regional variation, 57, 168 threshold, 47, 54, 72, 116, 123, register, 13, 15, 19, 104 time evolution, 98, 118, 120–121, 147 regular lattice, 21, 24, 133 token, 13, 28, 35 repertoire, 3, 104–106, 172 trait reproduction, 111, 118, 120 converging, 29 residual colloquiality, 108 cultural, 2, 16 revitalization, 106 transition rate, 131, 135, 143 rhoticity, 20 transmission horizontal, 134, 162 segment, 17, 19, 40, 108 vertical, 118, 134, 162 selection, 2, 13, 97, 128, 157 transposition, 44 self-organization, 3, 30, 40, 103 tree, 10, 27–28, 54, 79, 92 semiotic dynamics, 97, 101, 110, 112, 144 Tseltal, 6, 17, 35, 66–68, 73, 76 sibilant, 18–19 Turing pattern, 156 social time, 3 typology, 19, 31–32, 34, 68, 77 sociolinguistic, 5, 19, 103, 107, 146, 164 sociolinguistics, 5, 103, 149 universal grammar, 3, 38, 68, 103 sonority, 20 sound change, 13, 16, 38, 116 variation, 12, 19, 57, 68, 74, 168, 170 sound correspondence, 19–20 vehicular, 98, 109, 173 spanning tree, 28, 54, 92, vernacular, 104, 108, 164, 173 speciation vertice, 21, 28, 72 allopatric, 10 vocal tract, 12 parapatric, 10 void, 59 speech style, 18, 77 volatility sprachbund, 10 parameter, 130–131, 148

202 Index

high, 131 WALS, 15 low, 131 wave front, 160 neutral, 132 wave theory, 10, 79–80 vowel, 17–19, 38, 61 weakening, 16