Appraisal Report on Social Impact

Public Disclosure Authorized Appraisal Report on Social Impact

Shanghai Agricultural and Non-point

Pollution Reduction Project Public Disclosure Authorized by

GEF Donation

Public Disclosure Authorized

Ecomomic, Legal and Social Consultancy Center Public Disclosure Authorized Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences

26/08/2009

Participants from Social Appraisal Team:

Yang Min, Hu Jianyi, Huang Wei and etc

1. Person in charge: Yang Min (associate research fellow)

Legal and Social Consultancy Center of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences

2. Compiled by:

Component 1: Hu Jianyi (associate research fellow)

Legal and Social Consultancy Center of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences

Component 2: Huang Wei (Research Assistant)

Legal and Social Consultancy Center of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences

Component 3: Yang Min (associate research fellow)

Legal and Social Consultancy Center of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences

1 Contents

Chapter 1 Preface ...... 4 1.1 Constitution of the Project ...... 4 1.2 General Introduction of GEP Project ...... 6 1.3 Criteria, Principles and Methods of Social Impact Appraisal ...... 7 1.3.1 Appraisal Criteria ...... 8 1.3.2 Appraisal Principles of Social Impact...... 10 1.3.3 Appraisal Method of Social Impact ...... 10 1.4 Minorities Problem in Construction Area ...... 10 Chapter 2 Component 1: Livestock Waste Management Technology Demonstration ...... 11 2.1 General introduction of the component ...... 11 2.1.1 Geographic location for demonstration area of componet 1 ...... 11 2.2 Construction Contents and Capacity of Component 1 ...... 15 2.3 Analysis on Social Status for Component 1 ...... 17 2.3.1 Major Social Impact before demonstration establishment of Shanghai Bright HOLSTAN Co., Ltd...... 17 2.3.2 Major Social Impact before demonstration establishment of Shanghai Shenye Dairy Cooperative ...... 18 2.3.3 Major social problems before Qianwei demonstration spot established .... 18 2.4 Public Participation ...... 23 2.4.1 Participation process of related interest parties and public opinions for sub-component of component 1 ...... 23 2.4.2 Attitudes toward demonstrative program of firedamp construction from residents by sample in Qianwei village, Chongming country ...... 25 2.5 Conclusion and Suggestion of Component 1 ...... 27 2.5.1 Conclusion ...... 27 2.5.2 Suggestion ...... 29 Chapter 3 Component 2 ...... 31 3.1 Background ...... 31 3.2 Construction Contents ...... 33 3.3 General Introduction of Construction Area ...... 34 3.3.1 Status quo of economic development ...... 34 3.3.2 Geographic location of construction area ...... 38 3.3.3 Status-quo of Sewage Treatment Situation in Construction Area ...... 42 3.4 Analysis on Social Impact ...... 45 3.4.1 Positive Impact ...... 46 3.4.2 Negative Impact ...... 46 3.5 Public Participation ...... 47 3.6 Conclusion and Suggestion ...... 55

2 3.6.1 Conclusion ...... 55 3.6.2 Suggestions ...... 56 Chapter 4 Component 3 ...... 58 4.1 Brief Introduction ...... 59 4.1.1 Program background ...... 59 4.1.2 Construction contents of demonstrative spot ...... 60 4.2 General Introduction of Construction Area ...... 61 4.2.1 Location and impact scope ...... 61 4.2.2 Status-quo of economic development in program area ...... 62 4.2.3 Income status of farmers on demonstration bases ...... 65 4.3 Social Impact Analysis ...... 67 4.3.1 Acceptance toward promotion of organic fertilizer in demonstration bases ...... 68 4.3.2 Opinions and Attitude toward reasonable reduction use of pesticides in demonstration bases ...... 72 4.4 Public Participation ...... 76 4.4.1 Quality assurance of commercial organic fertilizer ...... 76 4.4.2 Cost reduction of commercial organic fertilizer ...... 76 4.4.3 Distance between demonstration base to manufacturing location of commercial organic fertilizer should be shortened as much as possible ...... 77 4.4.4 Unification of financial subsidy standard for organic fertilizer as soon as possible ...... 77 4.4.5 Improvement and enforcement of certificate system of agro-products ...... 78 4.4.6 Improvement and enforcement of agrotechnical education and training ... 78 4.5 Analysis on Social Benefit and Risk ...... 80 4.5.1 Positive impact ...... 80 4.5.2 Negative Impact ...... 81 4.6 Conclusion and Suggestion ...... 83 4.6.1 Conclusion ...... 83 4.6.2 Suggestions ...... 86 Annex 2: Questionnaire for Component 2 ...... 93 Annex 3 Questionnaire for Component 3 ...... 96 Annex 4: Community Participation handbook after establishment of Shanghai Wetland Demonstration for Pollution Reduction ...... 98

Chapter 1 Preface

1.1 Constitution of the Project

Global Environment Facility (“GEF” in abbreviation) approved the concept of “Shanghai Agricultural and non-point Pollution Rreduction” program in November, 2007. On June, 24th, 2008, the State Ministry of Finance signed a protocol of GEF Reserve Donation. This project is invested by both Shanghai Municipal Government and GEF for pollution reduction of ecological system of East Asia Sea and is implemented in concrete measures by Shanghai Municipal Government. This project will take a series measures of eco-friendly and demonstrative activities to deal with problems of agricultural and non-point pollution. Corresponding activities will be promoted and implemented to a large extent in the near future.

This project are composed by the following components:

Component 1: the Livestock Waste Management Technology Demonstration Program

1.1 Livestock Waste Management on Large Farm Program selects Shanghai Bright HOLSTAN Co., Ltd. Located at Jinshan Dairy Farm; 1.2 Livestock Waste Management on Medium Farm Program selects Shanghai Shenye Dairy Cooperative located at Chongming modern agriculture park; 1.3 Integraged Livestock and Agricultural Waste Management Program selects Chongming Shuxin Town Qianwei Vollage, which is the ecological village of Shuxing Town, Chongming Country. Component 2: the Wetland Demonstration for Pollution Reduction Progarm

4 2.1 The program select Jiading Town River-network Wetland Demonstration; and,

2.2 Qingpu Village Wetland Sewage Treatment System: Xiezhuang village, Bei Wangbin village, Jintian village and Qianwan village located at Jinze Town and Liantang Town of Qingpu are regarded as 4 demonstrative spots of sweage treatment system.

Component 3 : the Integrated Agricultural Pollution Reduction Techniques Program

The Program will be organized and implemented by Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center. Zhu Jiajiao town, Jinshan Liangxia modern agricultural Park and Chongming Yangtze river farmland are regarded as 3 demonstration bases.

Component 4: the Project Management and Dissemination

The program will be implemented by Shanghai Agricultural Broadcasting and TV School donated by GEF.

The detailed location can be seen in the following picture:

5 1.2 General Introduction of GEP Project

General annual income of Shanghai rural families Shanghai, a city making big stride to be an international metropolis, is opening to the outside, serving nationwide and leading other cities within Yangtze river delta. It is of great importance in the national economic construction and social development. In year 2007, the population of permanent residents reached 18,580,800 in Shanghai with total volume of RMB121,888,500,000 as GDP; the economic growth has kept two-digital growth for consecutive sixteen years with per-capita GDP nearly $9000. The overall living standard of people in Shanghai has improved significantly and the income level of urban and rural areas is increasing continuously. According to the sample from municipal statistics bureau, in year 2007, per-capita disposable income of an urban family reached RMB23,623, increased by 14.3% compared with RMB20,668 in year 2006; in year 2007, per-capita disposable income of a rural family reached RMB10,222, increased by 10.95% compared with RMB9213 in year 2006. The Engel's Coefficient of Shanghai rural families is 36.8 and according to the standard put forward by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, if the Engel's Coefficient is more than 59%, it is called poverty; if Engel's Coefficient is between 50%-59%, it is called warm and sufficient life relatively comfortable; if Engel's Coefficient is between 40%-50%, it is called relatively comfortable; if Engel's Coefficient is from 30-40%, it is called wealthy; if Engel's Coefficient is less than 30%, it is called most wealthy. Given this, the living standard of Shanghai rural family is wealthy.

According to the further investigation by sample on 600 rural households in year 2007, the number of average population of each family was 3.18 and 2.17 persons were labor forces, which was decreased compared with corresponding number in year 2006; one labor force afforded 1.47 person,

6 which was increased compared with corresponding number in year 2006; the average disposable income was RMB10,222. On this reasoning, the average per-capita annual disposable income of a rural family was RMB32,506.

In year 2007, the major resource of disposable income of Shanghai rural families was as follows: RMB7498 for employment income which accounted for 73.35%; RMB 754 for net income of family business which accounted for 7.38%; RMB1970 for transferring and property income which accounted for 19.27%.

The per-capita expenditure of daily consumption of Shanghai rural family is RMB8,845, including RMB3,259 for food which accounts for 36.85%; RMB476 for clothing which accounts for 5.38%; RMB452 for home appliances and service which accounts for 5.11%; RMB571 for medical treatment and healthcare which accounts for 6.46%; RMB884 for transportation and communication which accounts for 10%; RMB 857 for culture, education and entertainment which accounts for 9.69%; RMB 2,097 for housing which accounts for 23.71%; RMB249 for other commodity and service which accounts for 2.82%.

1.3 Criteria, Principles and Methods of Social Impact

Appraisal

7 Under such circumstances, it is urgent to commence the pollution treatment of Shanghai rural area-resource of livestock wastes, especially livestock farm establishing effective technical system of disposing livestock wastes, technical arts and disposal facilities and it is aiming to improve overall ecological environment and living standard of common citizens in a comprehensive way by means of demonstrations.

1.3.1 Appraisal Criteria

1. No.4 memorandum for Global Environment Fund approved the concept of Shanghai reduction program of agriculture and non-point Source Pollution (22/06/08---03/07/08) 2. GEF Social appraisal and demolition action plan consulting and service contract of Shanghai reduction program of agriculture and non-point Source Pollution (2008.8.8) 3. Feasibility Research report on comprehensive demonstrative program of disposing of livestock wastes and agricultural wastes in Qianwei ecological village,Shuxin town, Chongming country (2008.7) 4. Feasibility Research report on construction of East Chongming Disposal center of livestock Wastes program (2008.9) 5. Feasibility Research report on construction of power generation by firedamp conducted in Shanghai Bright Holstein Jinshan breeding cattle farms (2008.8) 6. License of Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Project in Qingpu district( Phase I) 7. Feasibility Research report on wetland of Beijiao( draft for Phase I) 8. Feasibility Research report on Shanghai agricultural technology demonstration programs of area pollution control 9. Energy Saving Law formulated by the People's Republic of China 10. Renewable Energy Law formulated by the People's Republic of China

8 11. Anti-pollution of solid wastes Law formulated by the People's Republic of China 12. Planning summary of Medium & long- term development of state energy （2004~2020） 13. Planning summary of Shanghai No.11th "five-year" national economic development 14. Temporary ordinances of countermeasures administration of Livestock Pollution( Shanghai municipal) 15. Municipal ordinances of Environment Protection 16. Year reference of state statistics 17. On-the-spot investigation

The detailed construction area is as follows:

9 1.3.2 Appraisal Principles of Social Impact

Principle of being objective and reality: During the process of investigation and research, it should be in the principles of neutralization, inquiring and reflecting real information concerning affected people on construction land and their requirements.

Principle of participation of the affected: The affected should be informed program’s aim and scheme and their suggestions should be collect as many as possible. As far as the people who are greatly affected are concerned, they should be granted sufficient rights of suggestion.

Principle of eliminating potential contradictions: On-the-spot investigation and research should be made to make them understand the aim of construction and inquire their suggestions and opinions, deepening communication between construction unit and the affected to find out the optimizing point which can eliminate potential contradictions.

1.3.3 Appraisal Method of Social Impact

In the principle of independent, objective and fair spirit, this social appraisal is mainly adopting sociology methods, such as taking reference from literatures, on-the-spot interviews, questionnaires, small-scale discussion, to get basic social information of demonstration areas. It aims to make the appraisal fair, reasonable and standardized by means of comparison analysis, analysis on interest parties.

1.4 Minorities Problem in Construction Area

The construction is not conducted in the scope of minority area. No.1 program is conducted in the suburb of Shanghai instead of minority area, which only affected people of Han nationality. Given this, there is no cross-culture, cross-nation problems involved.

Chapter 2 Component 1: Livestock Waste Management Technology Demonstration

2.1 General introduction of the component

According to the findings of researches and investigations made in recent years, nearly thousands of livestock farms of scale in shanghai suburbs have produced annual wastes of 7,600,000tons. Since it is short of effective disposal facilities of wastes, such as solid wastes fermenting into organic fertilizers and sewage treatment, 40% of livestock wastes are discharged into water environment by means of direct discharging or discharged by natural force. Given this, some indices of water is very high, such as COD106, 000 tons/year, BOD554, 000 tons/year, TN10, 800 tons/year and TP4, 300 tons/year. Under such circumstances, it is urgent to commence the pollution treatment of Shanghai rural area-resource of livestock wastes, especially livestock farm establishing effective technical system of disposing livestock wastes, technical arts and disposal facilities and it is aiming to improve overall ecological environment and living standard of common citizens in a comprehensive way by means of demonstrations.

2.1.1 Geographic location for demonstration area of componet

The component 1 respectively select three demonstrative spots that the Shanghai Bright HOLSTAN Co., Ltd. Jinshan breeding cattle farm is regarded as the livestock waste management on large farm (Jinshan Dairy Farm); Chongming modern agriculture park regarded as livestock waste management on medium farm (Chongming Dairy Farm) and the ecological village of Shuxin town, Chongming country regarded as integrated livestock and agricultural

11 waste management (Qianwei Village).

2.1.1.1 The demonstration of livestock waste management on large farm (Jinshan Dairy Farm) is located in Shanghai Jinshan Bright Holstein Co., Ltd. which is situated in Shanghai Jinshan Langxia modern agricultural park. It belongs to the moderate level of husbandry farming area which is in line with the general planning requirements of "ecological agriculture".

2.1.1.2 The demonstration of livestock waste management on medium farm (Chongming Dairy Farm) is located in north Bei Liujiao breeding cattle farm of Shanghai Shenye dairy Cooporative in Chongming modern agricultural park. Within 5km, there is neither resident building nor non-volunteer

12 problem. It will use an area of 28mu, allocated from own land of agricultural park, to build sewage of excrement and urine treatment facilities. Given this, no procedures of land acquisition is needed. The selection of location is in line with general planning and specialized farming planning of Chongming island.

Shanghai Shenye Dairy Cooporative, a private-owned cooperate with registered capital of RMB5,000,000, is a business entity who is mainly engaged in dairy cattle production, growing high-quality dairy cattle, production of fresh milk. It has attached great importance to develop further re-processing and sales. In addition, it is also an operating company who makes great efforts on disposal of livestock wastes. On general, it is mainly taking responsibility of disposal of wastes of pigs and cattle from two dairy cattle farms and a pig farm which has ten-thousand pigs. It aims to realize comprehensive exploitation, protection of water ecological environment as well as development of modern service of agriculture. The operating company is affiliated into professional corporate community. A professional management team is established and two administrators are assigned in each farm; there is one responsible who is in charge of disposal issue under leadership of cooperate community. At present, there are 38 employees, including three high-level technicians and 15 preliminary and medium-level technicians. This company participated in comprehensive construction of Chongming livestock wastes and promoted and applied micro-dynamics arts of processing wastes and sewage treatment researched by Chongming environment and scientific office, during which it has accumulated abundant experience featuring high-efficient organizing, directing, coordinating, operating abilities as well as application and promotion ability for operative technology.

2.1.1.3 The demonstration of integrated livestock and agricultural waste management (Qianwei village) is located in Chongming Shuxin Town Qjianwei Village, which is the ecological village encircled and formed by the sea-land，used by the village itself, since 1970s. It used to be an abandoned land and after 30-year struggle and development, Qianwei village has transformed from a backward village to an ecological village featuring modern style, harmonious union of human being and nature and booming economy. In March, 2008, it was listed as one of twenty-four ecological villages honored by Environment Protection Ministry of People’s Republic of China. The existing area of Qianwei village is 267-hectare with 753 populations while there are 284 households with planned land of 650.4 hectares. When modern agriculture is developed, its tourism industry featuring “happy-hour of farm land” is in continuous construction and development. At present, many tourism facilities, including scientific education spots for youngsters, world stone wonder museum, root carving art museum, Binhai fishing village, Guying restaurant are developed with tourist-receiving capacity 4000—8000 people per day. In year 2007, the average income in the village was around RMB12, 000.

2.2 Construction Contents and Capacity of Component 1

The capacity of demonstrative program will be 160,000 tons which will significantly improve living environment and living quality within demonstrative spots.

2.2.1 (Jinshan Dairy Farm)The construction of power generation by firedamp conducted by Shanghai Bright Holstein Co., Ltd. Jinshan breeding cattle farm has two aspects: civil engineering mainly includes anaerobic reactor, gas-holder pool, liquid firedamp holder; infrastructure engineering includes power generators, net-surfing systems, piping-net construction and etc. After establishment of this project, the daily production capacity of firedamp will be 4255m3 with 14-ton of firedamp wastes, liquid firedamp of 238 tons, daily electricity output of 7659kWh, annual electricity output of 2,790,000kWh and installed capacity of 500KW. On the basis of existing 5000 dairy cattle, the overall annual discharging volume of livestock wastes is around 930,000tons.

2.2.2 (Chongming Dairy Farm) East Chongming Disposal center of livestock Wastes program(demonstration of wastes turning to farms) is using wastes material from 1600 breeding cattle in Bei Liujiao breeding cattle farms

15 of modern agriculture park with annual dejection drainage capacity of 18,000tons and nearly 10,500tons of urine ( overall annual wastes drainage is around 30,000 tons). This capacity can establish a new East Chongming Disposal center of livestock Wastes with annual production capacity of 6000 tons of solid ecological organic fertilizer and 10,500 tons of liquid fermented organic fertilizer. This center is organized and managed by Shanghai Shenye dairy cattle Professional Corporate Community. The Construction includes: Disposal system of dried livestock wastes and urine-pollution treatment and transportation system in dairy cattle farm.

2.2.3 (Qianwei Village)The future scale of comprehensive demonstrative program of disposing excrements and urine and agricultural wastes in Qianwei village will be : Annual production capacity of Solid organic fertilizers will be 2187 tons and liquid organic fertilizer will be 10,716 tons with inflammable clean energy of firedamp of 1022912 m³( almost equals to daily production of 2802 m³). The main products are: 1) gas provision by domestic clean energy—firedamp; 2) green electricity energy—firedamp generation; 3) green environment protection—utilization of remaining heat of generating electricity by firedamp 4) Solid organic fertilizers ---firedamp remains 5) liquid organic fertilizer---firedamp liquid

At present, there is one farm for growing pigs. There are 4000 pigs in fence and 10000 pigs leaves fence every year. Every pig is producing solid dejection 2kg per day and 3kg of urine. Every year, 2920 tons of solid dejections are produced and 4380 tons of urine will be produced; overall drainage of livestock wastes is 730tons; the growing area for crops is planned to be 3200mu in Qianwei village, two times of harvest per year. The annual production of straws is around 2000tons; there are 753 populations in Qianwei village and tourist-receiving capacity is 300-people per day; everyone can produce 2kg domestic wastes. The annual domestic wastes will be around 800 tons. Given this, the volume of agriculture wastes, domestic wastes and

16 livestock wastes will be around 10,000tons.

2.3 Analysis on Social Status for Component 1

It aims to realize changing useless excrement and urines into useful energy in large and medium farms, and to exploit and utilize biological resources. Given this, not only 2nd time pollution of livestock wastes can be reduced, but also it will bring new economic growth points for the husbandry farm. A new demonstration area featuring biological-circulation economy will be formed by power generation by firedamp and organic fertilizer for farm.

2.3.1 Major Social Impact before demonstration establishment of Shanghai Bright HOLSTAN Co., Ltd.

Jinshan breeding cattle farm, affiliated to Shanghai Bright Holstein Co., Ltd. and located in Yonggan village, Langxia town in Jinshan district, occupies an area of 510mu with RMB200,000,000 investment. It was put in use at the end of June, 2006 with supposed number of 6000 cattle while actual number of more than 5300. Since it was just established, the disposal of livestock wastes can not keep pace with requirements for thousands of cattle from other grazing lands which leads to arbitrary discharging of livestock wastes into feeder farm, an area of 4000mu( about 2sq.m~3sq.m). Given this background, the air quality is deteriorating with flies’ emerging a lot, which produced environment pollution and side feedbacks to our related departments by affected households. Given this, the people's government of Langxia town, Jinshan district issued No. 56(2007) paper to order the company to make renovation. At present, the situation is getting better.

17 2.3.2 Major Social Impact before demonstration establishment of Shanghai Shenye Dairy Cooperative

The demonstrative program is conducted in the Shanghai Shenye dairy cattle Professional Corporate Community which used to grow feeder, cauliflower, about 11 lines with an area of 990mu. Leasing method was adopted which indirectly affected 4 households. These households were responsible for planting of cauliflower and the cauliflower belonged to Professional Corporate Community. At present, the fertilizer from livestock wastes is directly transported into the farmland of contractors, which means thee is no increase in their corresponding costs. Given this, contractors haven’t been affected.

2.3.3 Major social problems before Qianwei demonstration spot established

Qianwei village is a concentrated neighborhood with 753 populations of 284 households. Given this, we have selected 30 villagers (10.56% of total households) as samples to have made an investigation and the findings are as follows:

2.3.3.1 Basic Condition from spot investigation in Qianwei village, Chongming country

It is found that the average population of one family is three with per capita building area of 66.6 sq.m. The employment rate is around 68.5% which is more than two-thirds. The population between 18-year-old to 60-year-old accounts for 74%.

No. of Index households Population General survey in Qianwei village, Chongming country 284 753 Samples 30 89 Percentage 10.56% 11.82%

percentage of Samples population samples D01 Family Population 89 D02 Male 43 48.31% D03 Female 46 51.69% D04 Under 18 years old 9 10.11% D05 18--60 years old 66 74.16% D06 >60 years old 14 15.73% D07 Below secondary school 54 60.67% D08 High school 23 25.84% D09 University and above 5 5.62% D10 Employment population 61 68.54% D11 Building area of residence (sq.m) 5930 per-capita household( one) 2.97 Building residence area of each household( sq.m) 197.67 Per-capita building residence area( sq.m) 66.63

2.3.3.2 Spot investigation on Household Income in Qianwei village, Chongming

According to the investigation on per-capita monthly family income, the income distribution is as follows: less than RMB500yuan (23.3%); RMB600 to RMB2000 (70%); more than RMB2000 (6.7%)

D14 No. Actual per-capita monthly of income Questionnaire of D14 households pieces Percentage （1）< RMB300 3 10.00% （2）RMB301～RMB400 2 6.67% （3）RMB401～RMB500 2 6.67% （4）RMB501～RMB600 （5）RMB601～RMB700 7 23.33% （6）RMB701～RMB900 7 23.33% （7）RMB901～RMB2000 7 23.33% （8）RMB2001～RMB5000 2 6.67% （9）>RMB5000 Total 30 100.00%

2.3.3.3 Spot investigation on Household Income in Qianwei village, Chongming

According to the standard put forward by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, if the Engel's Coefficient is more than 59%, it is called poverty; if Engel's Coefficient is between 50%-59%, it is called warm and sufficient life of relatively comfortable; if Engel's Coefficient is between 40%-50%, it is called relatively comfortable; if Engel's Coefficient is from 30-40%, it is called wealthy; if Engel's Coefficient is less than 30%, it is called most wealthy. Given this, 63% of local people are beyond warm and sufficient life of relatively comfortable.

Among expenditure of households, 70% households spend less than 10% in transportations and communications while 30% households spends more than 10%; 87% households spend less than 10% in water, electricity and gas while 13% households spends more than 10%; 80% households spend less than 10% in medical treatment while 20% households spends more than 10%; 80% households spend less than 10% in medical treatment while 20% households spends more than 10%; 77% households spend less than 10%

20 in education investment while 23% households spends more than 10%; 93% of local people have already involved social insurance including farm, town and urban insurance. The general living standard is relatively satisfying.

No. of Questionnaire D15 on food pieces Percentage （2）10%～20% 4 13.33% （3）20%～30% 5 16.67% （4）30%～40% 6 20.00% （5）40%～50% 4 13.33% （6）>50% 11 36.67% Total 30 100.00%

No. of D16 on transportation and Questionnaire communication pieces Percentage （1）<1% 4 13.33% （2）1%～3% 4 13.33% （3）3%～5% （4）5%～10% 13 43.33% （5）10%～30% 8 26.67% （6）>20% 1 3.33% Total 30 100.00%

No. of Questionnaire D17 on water, electricity, gasoline pieces Percentage （1）<0.5% 2 6.67% （2）0.5%～1% 3 10.00% （3）1%～2% 4 13.33% （4）2%～5% 5 16.67% （5）5%～10% 12 40.00% （6）>10% 4 13.33% Total 30 100.00%

21 No. of Questionnaire D18 on medical and health care pieces Percentage （1）<1% 4 13.33% （2）1%～3% 4 13.33% （3）3%～5% 9 30.00% （4）5%～10% 7 23.33% （5）10%～30% 5 16.67% （6）>20% 1 3.33% Total 30 100.00%

Which kind of No. percentage social security you chose? of Questionnaire pieces

（0） non participation 2 6.67% （1）urban social security 2 6.67% （2）township security 1 3.33% （3）farm security 25 83.33% Total 30 100.00%

No. of Questionnaire D19 on education pieces Percentage （0）no expenditure 3 10.00% （1）<1% 11 36.67% （2）1%～3% 0.00% （3）3%～5% 2 6.67% （4）5%～10% 7 23.33% （5）10%～30% 3 10.00% （6）>20% 4 13.33% Total 30 100.00%

2.3.3.4 Usage Status quo of aging firedamp facilities in Qianwei village, Chongming

22 Since early 1980s in 21st century, Qianwei village has established his own independent firedamp station and harvested a big success under support of related scientific research institutes, colleges and universities. The practice is persisted till present. However, since the facility containers and gasoline pipings were getting aged, the production capacity is limited with narrow application area, which now is in the stoppage status. However, since the local residents are used to using liquid petrol as major fuel, there is no impact on daily life of local residents due to stoppage of aging firedamp facilities.

2.4 Public Participation

2.4.1 Participation process of related interest parties and

public opinions for sub-component of component 1

Date Location Participants Contents Public opinions

Introduction of on the 3 Responsible of construction It is expected that this Shanghai Bright afternoon of construction unit and contents, scopes project can be started as HOLSTAN Co., August 15th, personnel of social and affected soon as possible to Ltd. 2008 appraisal units corresponding improve environment. interest parties. The implementation of Yonggan this program will be benefit 7 Personnel of social appraisal village,Langxia to know about status to ameliorate surrounding on the units and representatives from town , quo of residents and ecological environment afternoon of surrounding residents of Holstein Jinshan district, surrounding and reducing negative August 21st, breeding cattle farm; people’s environment of cattle effect on surrounding 2008 representatives from people’s government of farm environment. government of town. Langxia town, Environment should be protected and ameliorated. Shanghai to on-the-spot check The re-use of livestock on the 3 Personnel of social Shayne dairy on locations of is also benefit to improve morning of appraisal units and cooperative in demonstrative spots soil structure of wetland. August 19th, responsibles of Chongqing and indirectly It is expected that this 2008 construction units modern affected groups project can be started as

23 agriculture park soon as possible.

It is benefit for Personnel of social To know about on the Chongming improving residents’ living appraisal units; 3 leaders ongoing progress morning of Shuxin town quality, environment. It is from Qianwei village and and make August 20th, Qianwei Village expected to be taken into some representatives of questionnaire 2008 Committee concrete measures as farmers; 10 people in total investigation soon as possible.

Picture 1: personnel of social appraisal are making interviews with surrounding villagers in Yonggan village, Langxia town, Jinshan district in order to know about emerging impacts by construction of cattle farm and production.

Picture 2: Personnel of social appraisal are communicating with locally-affected villagers on the spot of Qianwei village, Chongming country concerning construction impacts.

2.4.2 Attitudes toward demonstrative program of firedamp construction from residents by sample in Qianwei village,

Chongming country

According to the investigation, more than 93% people hold positive attitude while 7% people don’t care about it; 90% of residents believe that the establishment this program will be helpful to improve the living quality; more than 73% of residents believe that it will increase employment opportunity of local residents; during the construction period, none of residents can not stand the negative impact; 40% can stand the negative impact; 50% indicate that it’s better to reduce negative impact; more than 80% residents showed their acceptance on a small cost increase related to living quality.

No. of D20 Your attitude toward this construction: Questionnaire pieces Percentage （1）welcome 28 93.33% （2）don’t care 2 6.67% （3）oppose Total 30 100.00%

No. of D21 After construction, do you think, it will influence your living Questionnaire standard and living quality? pieces Percentage （1）to improve living quality 27 90.00% （2）no influence 3 10.00% （3）to reduce living quality （4）Others Total 30 100.00%

25 No. of D22 After construction, do you think, it will impact employment Questionnaire for local villagers? pieces Percentage （1）to create more employment opportunities 22 73.33% （2）to reduce employment opportunities （3）no impact 8 26.67% Total 30 100.00%

No. of D23 If related construction affects your daily life, what's your Questionnaire attitude? pieces Percentage （1）can not tolerate （2）can tolerate 12 40.00% （3）to reduce impact factors as soon as possible 15 50.00% （4）to suggest countermeasures 3 10.00% Total 30 100.00%

No. of Questionnai D24 If expenses of improving living quality will be moderately re increased, do you think, whether you can accept it or not? pieces Percentage （1）welcome 2 6.67% （2） accept 25 83.33% （3）don’t know （4）don’t accept 3 10.00% Total 30 100.00%

No. of D25 If some expenses are increased, what do you think is Questionnaire the most reasonable increase range? pieces Percentage （1）around RMB0.05 12 40.00% （2）around RMB0.1 9 30.00% （3）around RMB0.15 6 20.00% （4）around RMB0.2 3 10.00% Total: 30 100.00%

26 2.5 Conclusion and Suggestion of Component 1

2.5.1 Conclusion

2.5.1.1 Demonstrative program of livestock waste management technology is abiding by state energy policies concerning sustainable development, not only benefit for our state but people as well.

The aim of this child-program is to realize changing useless excrement and urines into useful energy in large and medium farms, and to exploit and utilize biological resources. Given this, not only 2nd time pollution of livestock wastes can be reduced, but also it will bring new economic growth points for the husbandry farm. The operation of power generation by firedamp engineering will realize the cycling utilization of nutrients, water and renewable resource in closed environment. After disposal of excrement and urine of livestock, the wastes can be transformed to organic fertilizer for field which is helpful to better soil structure and strengthen fertility. Implementation of this demonstrative program will create a brand-new technical road for disposal of excrement and urine of livestock on farm in Shanghai and alleviate pressure from shortage of energy and environmental-protection of husbandry industry. In the principle of scientific development, active utilization of biological resources will provide solid guarantee to build a harmonious society featuring energy-saving and environment-friendly characters; and meanwhile, it is a necessity to protect ecological environment and solve self and public sanitation security problems; it can promote development of renewable energies and cycling economy as well as sustainable development of ecological agriculture.

2.5.1.2 Demonstrative program of livestock waste management technology is in line with state status quo and it is helpful for promotion and application

27 Demonstrative programs will bring benefit in the following aspects:

1. It will promote construction new socialist countryside which is an important aspect to improve environment. However, since the annual discharging of wastes from husbandry is a big pollution source, it is a necessity to build supporting facilities concerning disposal of excrement and urine as well as resource utilization.

2. It will help development cycling economy. The measure to promote cycling economy is to persist in combination of agriculture and husbandry, creating trinity ecological system of agriculture production featuring soil, planting industry and farming industry. It will not only effectively eliminate and absorb excrement and urine of livestock, but also guarantee sufficient high-quality feed, balance of environment and society, which will make whole agricultural eco-system processing in a healthy cycling.

3. It is helpful to build a resource-saving society. After being harmlessly processed, the excrements and urines of livestock will be transformed into new resources in order to realize sustainable utilization of agriculture and husbandry resources. It is known that sustainable utilization is an important kind of saving. Given this, it is a kind of strategic measure to build a resource-saving society by means of attaching great importance and balancing ecological environment and husbandry industry.

4. It is providing guarantee for sustainable development for husbandry industry. The pollution source from farming industry, if can’t be solved, will affect water quality, air and soil, which will do harm to both people’s health and animals; and when it comes to production activities, it will deteriorate quality of husbandry, including possible increase of bacteria as well as harmful materials. If high

28 quality husbandry products can not be guaranteed, it must make negative effect on sustainable development of our domestic meat industry.

2.5.1.3 Demonstrative program of livestock waste management technology is not involving new land acquisition without any impact on local labor forces and living conditions. The land for construction is its own or was acquisitioned before; no any new land should be acquisitioned. Given this background, there is no negative impact on local farming or employment. The new program is located in tide area, north of Qianwei village; during the process of construction, according to the on-the-spot survey, personnel for social appraisal, the existing firedamp facilities are almost in the stoppage stage and villagers are using liquid petrol instead of firedamp.

2.5.2 Suggestion

2.5.2.1 Speeding up commencement of programs. The common merits of three programs involved are that it has already taken some time to make application and the longer non-disposal of excrements and urines, the more negative impact will occur. Given this, it is better to speed up the commencement of programs to implement them into concrete construction.

2.5.2.2 Propagandas should be strengthened and supervision from common people is encouraged. According to the white paper concerning Shanghai energy, promotion and utilization of biological resources is confirmed; in year 2010, power generation capacity from 10,000 to 20,000kw will be realized;fesibility research on demonstrative programs of power generation by straw in Chongming country must be developed; it is confirmed that demonstrative spots for developing renewable energy will be built as application base and propaganda platform ,and utilized in a comprehensive manner in order to be a comprehensive and demonstrative zone featuring

29 power generation by wind, comprehensive utilization of biological resources, buildings of solar energy and etc. Given this, it is expected to strengthen Shanghai energy development strategy featuring security-oriented, priority of energy-saving, environment-friendly and creative promotion. It has actively encouraged common people to have participation and supervision to put “eight-character” (in Chinese) guideline, that is, multiple, safe, clean and high-efficient.

Chapter 3 Component 2

This program is composed of Jiading Town River-network Wetland Demonstration and Qingpu Village Wetland Sweage Treatment System，one of four components, donated by GEF donation.

3.1 Background

Environment protection is one of the necessities for economic development. Environment improvement is not only a strong base for economic development but also a sign for living standard improvement. Water environment protection is a vital component of environment protection. With rapid development of social economy and improving living standard, the requirements for local biological environment quality must be increased. If domestic sewage can’t be disposed, it will cause serious environment pollution which will have negative impact on living and investment environment and lead to deteriorating of local economic development.

Building a new socialist countryside is a major historic task set at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Sixteenth Central Committee of the Party. In year, 2005, No.39 paper concerning strengthening scientific development concept and environment protection was issued by state council, clearly indicating that building a new socialist countryside and implementing environment protection action plan in moderately prosperous countryside. According to the environment protection action plan in moderately prosperous countryside issued by state environment protection bureau, comprehensive improvement should be strengthened in rural environment in line with reality with pilot demonstrative program. It is expected to take around 15 years to basically solve “dirty, mass and backward” problems and effectively curb deteriorating trend of environment pollution in rural area to better rural living and production

31 environment in order to build a new socialist countryside featuring clean water source, clean living environment and clean garden, which will provide a security guarantee for building a moderately prosperous society in a comprehensive manner. It is planned, till year 2010, demonstrative construction of sewage treatment facilities will be completed in ten thousand of administration villages. Demonstrative engineering will be carried out in seriously water-polluted rural area and some key water-improving area as priorities with consideration of actual local condition by adopting different kinds of technology, such as septic tanks, purification containers of sewage, artificial wetland, sewage treatment by underground-paving. Sewage treatment facilities will be built and will play a demonstrative role in radiating and driving development of surrounding areas.

Demonstrative program of sewage treatment system on wetland is for infrastructure facilities at country and town’s level and serves for local society. Artificial wetland has two positive functions in both ecology and scenery. Since self-built sewage treatment station is put into operation, it will not only reduce drainage of local wastes, improving local ecological environment, but also having scenic effect by means of combination of functional plants and appreciative plants. It will improve local living quality, reducing pollution on local environment, which will better local environment quality and increase investment attraction.

The Wetland Demonstration for Pollution Reduction has two types: One is Jiading Town River-network Wetland Demonstration, the other is Qingpu Village Wetland Sweage Treatment System. The two sub-components donated by GEF will be implemented respectively through Shanghai International Automobile City Newanting United Development Co., Ltd. And Liangtang Town Government and Jinze Town Gjovernment, Qingpu District, Shanghai.

32 3.2 Construction Contents

At present, technology of sewage treatment on artificial wetland, a kind of ecological processing technology, is widely used in rural area. This technology is taking advantage of union function of soil, microbes and plants to dispose pollutes through four steps, that is, filtering, absorbing, degrading and plants processing. It has a series of merits which are suitable to different processing scales with low cost for construction fee and construction facilities which are composed of natural ecological system or are easily-built without any complicated machinery which is easy for operation, maintenance and management. It’s easy to get main raw materials, such as grinded stones, coal, and soil. Since the processing system is built alongside terrain, sewage can automatically flow into rivers without any additional momentum which will cost only 10%-50% of common technology as transportation.

Qingpu Village Wetland Sweage Treatment System

It is located in Liantang town and Jinze town, Qingpu district

Table 3.1 Natural village of sewage treatment engineering in rural area

Name of No. Town Administrative Name of Natural Village village Jinze 1 Lian hu Xie zhuang town 2 Tai bei Bei Wangbang Liantang 3 Jin tian town Jin qian 4 Qian wan

The service scope involves all residents in the four natural villages mentioned in table above.

Jiading Town River-network Wetland Demonstration

Main construction contents include sewage treatment and renovation on Gu creek, Miao creek and Shenzhai creek. It aims to build an ecological wetland and river net featuring sound self-purification ability, perfect ecological

33 structure and effective function. It includes dredging up river courses and protection of plants which involves an area of 667407.34m2. This construction aims to combine and dredge up river system on the basis of existing river network: (1) to clean polluted substrate sludge and to enlarge water-carrying section (2) to reduce silts caused by slumps in order to be in line with stability requirements of slopes alongside river courses. It is expected to adjust the river network which had served for agriculture to be suit for the river network style for discharging domestic sewage. The function of river courses has improved from solely water safety to water environment and water scene.

3.3 General Introduction of Construction Area

3.3.1 Status quo of economic development

Qingpu Village Wetland Sweage Treatment System

Jinze Town

Jinze town, southwest of Qingpu district, is a gateway to Shanghai and the only town connecting Shanghai and Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Jinze town is connecting Zhu Jiajiao town at east, connecting Liantang town at southeast, connecting Dingzha town, Da shun town at southwest and connecting Xinta town of Jiangwu city, Zhouzhuang town and Jinxi town of Kunshan city of Jiangsu province at northwest. The water transportation is very convenient and is a key transportation of Shanghai, Jiangwu province and Zhejiang province. No.318 national highway and Hu Qingping highway are crossing the whole town. The main watercourses, Taipu river, Jishui port, are very passages to Jiangwu province, Zhejiang province and An’hui province and a golden watercourse of Huangpu river. The total area of Jinze town is 108.49 km2, including an area of 3096.79ha of arable land and an area of

34 33.8ha of lakes and rivers. There are 30 administrative villages and 5 village committees. As of year 2007, there were 76327 permanent resident populations and 21155 of households with 60248 residents. The per-capita disposable income is RMB8535 for rural residents.

Lian tang Town

Lian tang town, southwest of Qingpu district, is connecting Xinbang town of Songjiang district, connecting Shi Hutang town at east, connecting gemao river of Shanghai Sun Island Tourism Resort, connecting Zhu Jiaojiao town at north, connecting Jinze town at northwest, connecting Ding Zha town of Jiangshan country of Zhejiang province and connecting Fengjing town at south and southwest. Liantang town is located in the interlocked area of Jinshan, Songjiang and Qingpu districts. Within Liantang town, Zhufeng road, Zhulian road and Songzhen road are connecting No.318, No.320 national ways as well as Huning and Huhang highways. The river network is very intensive which belongs to Tai lake of Huangpu river affected by both tides of Huangpu river and rivers of Zhejiang. The main watercourses are composed of Hongqi pond, Dazhen port, Yuhui pond, Taipu river, Lanlu port and Mao river. Hongqi pond, Dazhen port, Yuhui pond are major watercourses for Huangpu river to Hang Jiahui plain and Taipu river is major watercourse for floods from Tai lake flowing into Huangpu river. Lanlu port and Mao river are connecting Dianshan lake and Huangpu river at west and Huangpu river at east. The total area of Jinze town is 93.66 km2, including an area of3356.6ha of arable land and an area of 1572ha of lakes and rivers. There are 25 administrative villages and 4 village committees with 4 economic zones. As of year 2007, there were 19964 permanent resident populations and 52956 of households with migrant populations. The per-capita disposable income is RMB8380 for rural residents.

It involves 5 natural villages which are located in Liantang town, Jinze town, Qingpu district. There are 2555 households in Jinze town with permanent population of 7565 and migrant population of 2153; there are 3092 households in Zhu Jiajiao town with permanent population of 9547 and migrant population of 501. The detailed information can be seen in Table 3.2, Table

35 3.3.

Table 3.2 status-quo of natural villages in Jinze town

No. Occupying Whether it is Adminis Name of of Popul area of Population of along one No. trative natural House- ation residence migrants lake or three village village holds (mu) rivers? Along San 1 Tang bei 267 735 133.5 205 Dianshan tang lake Along Cai 2 Cai bang 160 510 200 17 Dianshan bang lake 3 Lian hu Xie zhuang 267 888 1765 189 no along 4 Xi cen Shan shen 216 591 130 56 Dianshan lake 5 Dong xi Xi tian 88 260 60 20 no 6 Cen bu Cen zhuang 220 620 120 30 no Along 7 Xi cen Zhang lian 300 785 180 1447 Dianshan lake Dashanmen 8 Jin ze 119 336 19.04 no kou Along Dong Wang jia 9 166 500 100 57 Dianshan xin bang lake Xin Along Lanwu 10 You bang 298 890 150 80 gang alley Qian Along Taipu 11 Qian sheng 339 1004 110.75 32 sheng river 12 Xin chi Loutianban 105 318 31.5

Table 3.3 status-quo of natural villages in Liantang town

Occupying Whether it is Name of No. Administra Populati area of Population along one No. natural of tive village on residence of migrants lake or three village HH (mu) rivers? along taipu 1 Lian dong Maokou 221 1046 145 133 river 2 Jin tian 181 842 118 76 ditto 3 Jin qian Qian wan 235 436 165 82 ditto 4 Hou wan 118 559 98 79 ditto 5 Dong tian Dong yeku 334 975 527/2 22 ditto Bei 6 Tai bei Wangban 424 846 238 12 ditto g along Ximao 7 Dian Maodian 755 2360 433 52 river 8 Dongmao Dong san 380 1126 250 26 ditto along taipu 9 Xi Yeku 315 934 527/2 16 river Ye gang Gao 10 129 423 100 3 ditto Jiagang

Most parts of this area belong to water resource protection of upper-reaches of Yangtze river. Jinze and Liantang towns are typical south style featuring development direction of leisure tourism. There are many key units for protection of historic relics. Zhu Jiazao was granted title” Chinese famous historical and cultural town”

The second industry is developing slowly because agriculture industry has a big percentage in industrial structure; in the recent years, with development of Zhu Jiajiao ancient town, Sun Island and tourism resources of surrounding Dian shan lake, tourism and related tertiary industry is developing quickly.

Jisding Town River-network Wetland Demonstration

Jiading district, northwest of Shanghai city, is located in 31°23ˊ degrees north latitude and 12l°15ˊeast longitude; it connects Baoshan and Putuo districts in east; it is adjacent to Kunshan city, Jiangsu province in west; it

37 connects Minhang, Changning, Qingpu districts in south; it is close to Tangchang city, Jiangsu province in north. The total area is 463.9 sq.m. The terrain in Jiading is flat, a little bit high in northeast and relatively lower in southwest. River courses at city and district levels, including Yun Zao creek, Lian Qi river, Lou tang river, come across from west to east till Yangtze River and Huangpu river; Yan Tie lake, Hengli river come across from south to north and connects Wusong river and Liu river. The total length of river courses in Jia ding district is more than 1800-kilometer and the density of river net work is around 4-kilometer per sq.m.

There are total 21,400 hectares of arable land and the sowing rate of grain crops to cash crops has been adjusted to 34:66. There are 206,000 farmers have been involved in social insurance of city and 142,000 are involved in social insurance of township; another 53000 farmer have got their social security by adopting pension resettlement on acquisitioned land; there are 211,000 migrants workers involved in social comprehensive insurance; the unemployment rate in towns and cities is always controlled below 4.5%. The annual per-capita disposable income of a family in urban area reached RMB17, 300yuan and the annual per-capita disposable income of a rural family reached RMB10, 600yuan. The minimum of pension in rural Jiading district is 170 per month and total saving of all residents accounts for RMB31, 630,000,000yuan.

3.3.2 Geographic location of construction area

Qingpu Village Wetland Sweage Treatment System

The brief condition of 4 natural villages is as follows:

(1) Jintian village

It is located in Liantang town and is separated into South-North parts by a watercourse in the village. There are a lot of Zizania aquatica at northwest and east village. The water level is always 2.7-meter with width of 18m. There is no boat in the river. There are three small bridges (the height is 8m) which are connecting both south and north neighborhood. The two

38 neighborhoods are evenly distributed alongside the river bank with the length of 750m from east to west and the width 240m from south to north.

The construction site, an area of 1200m2, for the sewage treatment station is selected at south of No.34 with the length of 60m from east to west and the width 20m from south to north. The whole site is abandoned area. The construction site is a plain on geographic appearance. The transportation is very convenient and since the site is adjacent to streets outside, it has good soil condition. However, the weak point is that it is a little bit far away from watercourse. There is no pollution source area the site.

The sewage collection treatment system is paving PVC-U riffled tubes of DN225 in terms of existing layout style as main-piping and the soil coverage rate at beginning parts will be 1.0m; the sewage from other households will be collected by PVC-U riffled tubes of DN225 as sub-piping and then flow into main piping; When main piping is crossing river, the construction will adopt pulling-pipe construction method.

(2) Qianwan village

It is located in Liantang town and is separated into west-northeast-southeast parts by a watercourse in the village. There are a lot of Zizania aquatica at east and north and it is growing many loquats seeds at south. There is a water-entrance floodgate on river of south village and there is no boat in the river. There are three small bridges (the height is 8m) which are connecting three neighborhoods with the length of 580m from east to west and the width of 560m from south to north. Since one sewage treatment system has already been available at northeast, this construction is only applied to west and east parts of villages.

The sewage from west Qianwan village will be collected into southeast part for processing. The sewage collection treatment system is paving PVC-U riffled tubes of DN225 in terms of existing layout style as main-piping and the soil coverage rate at beginning parts will be 1.0m; the sewage from other households will be collected by PVC-U riffled tubes of DN225 as sub-piping and then flow into main piping; When main piping is crossing river, the construction will adopt pulling-pipe construction method.

39 The construction site, an area of 2500m2, for the sewage treatment station is selected at west of No.82 in southeast part with the length of 50m from east to west and the width of 50m from south to north. The construction site is a plain on geographic appearance. The transportation is very convenient and since the site is adjacent to streets outside, it has good soil condition. There is no pollution source area the site.

(3) Beiwang bang

It is located in Liantang town and is full of water network. Grain crops are grown in eastern and western village. Bei Wangbang is separated into five parts, that is, north, northwest, northeast, southwest and southeast by Bang wangbang river of east-west direction, Bei Hengbang branch of south-north direction and its branches. The length from east to west is 600m and the width is 790m from south to north. There are only some small and domestic boats in the river. There are seven small bridges (the height is 5m--8m) and one easily-built bridge which are connecting five neighborhoods. Residents are living adjacent to the river banks and the soil over riverbank is hardened.

Within the service scope of sewage treatment station, abundant river network has divided Bei Wangbang into north, northeast, southwest, northeast, and southeast. If it is centralized collection and processing, it will lead difficulty of construction and the main piping will be extended too long (it will further increase building cost). Given this, it is supposed to deal with Bei Wangbang in separate parts. The geography of Bei Wangbang is high in west and low in east. In terms of designing principles and its influential factors of sewage treatment station, two sewage treatment stations are built divided by Bei Wangbang river. Sewage from north Bei Wangbang and South Bei Wangbang are centralized for collection respectively.

North Sewage treatment station has selected northern of No.167 in northeast area. The construction site, an area of 880m2, for the sewage treatment station is selected at south of No.167 with the length of 20m from east to west and width of 44m from south to north. The whole site is an abandoned area. The construction site is a plain on geographic appearance. Since the site is adjacent to riverbank, there is no road available. There is

40 little impact on surrounding environment and no demolition is involved.

The sewage collection treatment system is paving PVC-U riffled tubes of DN225 in terms of existing layout style as main-piping and the soil coverage rate at beginning parts will be 0.7m; the sewage from other households will be collected by PVC-U riffled tubes of DN225 as sub-piping and then flow into main piping; When main piping is crossing river, the construction will adopt pulling-pipe construction method.

(4) Xie Zhuang

It is located in Jinze town. Shanshen village is separated into three parts, that is, northwest, southwest and east parts by a river of south-north direction and a branch-river of west-east in the direction of west to east. The length from east to west is 400m and the width is 550m from south to north. The depth of watercourse is 2.5-3m with width of 15m-18m. No boat is available on the river. There are four small bridges connecting three neighborhoods. Residents are living very adjacent to the river bank.

At present, since most of residences are naturally formed and built in line with geographic location without advanced planning featuring scattering of residences, various types, narrow-distance and sewage arbitrary discharging.

Xicen sewage treatment plant, a municipal engineering company, has designing sewage treatment capacity of 5000m3/d ， and now its actual operating capacity is 1200 m3/d which is lower than its designing capacity. Given this it has capacity to receive domestic sewage from Xiezhuang which is located only 0.6km away from it.

According to the municipal sewage treatment facilities construction surrounding Xiezhuang and combination of its real characteristics, it is planned to designate Xicen sewage treatment plant to dispose of domestic wastes from Xiezhuang. The sewage collection treatment system is paving PVC-U riffled tubes of DN225 in terms of existing layout style as main-piping and the soil coverage rate at beginning parts will be 1.0m; the main sewage pipes are connected into the water-entrance piping of Xicen sewage treatment plant.

Jisding Town River-network Wetland Demonstration

41 This program, located in ecological-culture park in Jiading new town, is connecting Shengxin road to east, Bao’an road to south, Jiasong (north)to west and Huyi road to north. It crosses A5 and A30 highways. The construction area is supposed to be 12.6 sq.m.

Two river sections, Yantie pond and Zhangpu river, are important components of three water circles in downtown area and two water circles in outskirt respectively; the original Lianqi river has connected three water circles while Jiming pond connects Yantie pond, Zhanpu river and Lianqi river, which has formed one big circle and two small circles outside demonstration base.

The construction area is extended to Lianqi river which is a backbone of river courses in north, to Miao creek (under administration of township) in south, to Gu creek (under administration of township) in west. The existing status of land within this area includes fish ponds, river courses, nurseries, farmland, resident buildings, roads, silts. It composed an area of 170041.8m2 for nurseries, an area of 63713.78m2 for river courses, an area of 126463.03m2 for silts and an area of 84569.75m2 for fish ponds. The remaining area of 222618.98 m2 is for other use, including land for growing vegetables, buildings, roads and etc.

3.3.3 Status-quo of Sewage Treatment Situation in

Construction Area

Qingpu Village Wetland Sewage Treatment System

Up to now, there is no any sewage treatment station and the drainage piping network is backward. There are no sewage collection pipings within Gangyan town and there are only some concourse pipings for partial rainfall and sewage which hasn’t been a system; Most of the rainfalls flow into rivers nearby by means of natural force.

With many years of endeavors, the rural environment anti-pollution and

42 ecological environment has made great stride in Jinze, Liantang and Zhuang Jiajiao towns which are regarded as municipal water-source protection areas. However, since the rural living and production are scattering with its own differences, in general speaking, it is short of improved sewage treatment and drainage system in rural area, especially since most of residences are naturally formed and built in line with geographic location without advanced planning featuring big arbitrary style, scattering of residences, various types, narrow-distance and sewage arbitrary discharging. According to the on-the-spot survey, there are following problems in the sewage discharging and treatment:

(1) In rural area, when many rural households are building new houses or improving its aging sanitation facilities, though 3-division septic tank, they still use a backward drainage method by soil penetration , easily practicing but seriously polluting surrounding underground water, and after a long, since soil adhesive increases and saturation of moisture contents, it is impossible to “absorb” and “digest” all sewages by penetration completely which will caused emerging of flies and mosquito with strong stink and sewage outflow. Given this, the surrounding environment is deteriorating quickly which will cause tense relationship between neighbors and have side-impact on establishing harmonious society of rural area.

（2）In rural area, though some rural households have not only 3-division septic tank but sewage drainage with sewage treatment system, because of unreasonable and unscientific designing and insufficient norms and standards of construction, it has reached standard featuring harmless discharging. Though there is no big impact, it can not be ignored that it is still polluting lower-reaches of rivers and the whole village.

（3）Some rural households haven’t got their own sanitation facilities and they are still using traditional containers of excrement and urine which are kept in feed containers. Since the consumption volume of soil fertilizer is decreasing, it is often happened that there is excessive soil fertilizer, especially during idle-season in farming and long-time rainy-and-storm days. Some individuals often discharged excrement and urine into surrounding small rivers and ponds

43 without being noticed by others.

（4）Some part of domestic sewage is directly discharged without any treatment, which has negative impact on living environment and surface water.

Jisding Town River-network Wetland Demonstration

The water quality within this Jiading district is Class V and there are four main pollution resources: 1. Since there is no sewage treatment piping system, residents are discharging their domestic sewage by either septic tank or directly discharging to surrounding water body; 2. agricultural pollution resource which is caused by losses of fertilizers and pesticides; 3. since backbone river course has been polluted , it will then pollute rivers inside; 4. the silts have been accumulated for a long time without any cleaning and treatment. The substrate sludge inside has caused pollution for water body.

There are 7 fish ponds in the construction area with many river courses. The existing river courses are: Gu creek, Miao creek and Shenzhai creek and other creeks of different scales. The river courses are connected with each other with well-reserved river network, among which Miao creek from east to west, Gu creek from south to north and Shen zhai creek are backbones in the construction area. The whole river network is connecting Lianqi river in north and Yantie pond which is another backbone in Jiading district in west. The river network is going smoothly. Most existing river courses are soil slopes which have played an irreplaceable role in waterlogging and flood control. However, since these river courses haven’t received any renovation these years, it is short of plantings along river courses which make soil completely exposed to outside and it witnessed slump of slopes and seriously excessive silts.

It is planned to receive water from surrounding areas and water from upper stream of Lianqi river and Yantie pond, which will flow together into Yunzao creek and finally come to the East Sea through Yangtze River. It is

44 also a water pollution resource for the East Sea. At present, silts are seriously blocked in the river courses and the water exchange rate with Lianqi river is very slow which has negative impact on water quality of Lianqi river. Water quality in this area belongs to class 5 of bad quality which can be seen from appearance. And simultaneously, water is also an important link of energy exchange of physical material and energy. Given this, this construction can make water environment better and better and finally form a water circle.

3.4 Analysis on Social Impact

With development of civilization and social economy, people are getting realized that environment protection and pollution control are playing a vital role in promoting economic prosperity and social stability. In China, environment protection has already been a basic national policy on which entire society and people’s governments at all levels attach great importance. The construction of this project is an important component of drainage planning and environment protection planning, which is an effective means to control water pollution and safeguard water quality and a precondition for developing local economy. Given this, the construction is of great significance and its development and implementation is a necessity.

Though this construction used some pieces of land, it was using abandoned land which was collectively-owned alongside river in the village. These pieces of land can not produce any economic return and has no impact on living or incomes of villagers. However, this construction will produce better living and production environment for villagers. Given these, paying transfer fee of usage right of land is adopted instead of land acquisition. This transfer fee is paid in terms of annual output of agricultural crop per mu on the land by construction unit. This transfer fee is paid once for all of 30-year in terms of RMB800/mu/year as standard in general. Since the construction is using

45 collectively-owned land which is now abandoned, these pieces of land are utilized again with payable transfer compensation. Given this, local villagers can get some economic return while collectively-owned properties are not affected. It is called win-win situation.

For detailed compensation, you can take reference from “RAP on Land-taking (use) of Shanghai Agricultural and Non-point Pollution Reduction Program by GEF Donation”

3.4.1 Positive Impact

This construction is helpful to improve ecological environment and serves for future regional development. The operation and establishment of this project will solve many problems, such as domestic sewerage treatment in rural area, reduction of pollution of sewage discharging for surrounding water and improvement of regional environment quality. It will be of great significance of overall development. However, improvement of environment quality can promote overall development of investment and tourism along Dian Shan lake area, which has positive impact on economic prosperity of surrounding areas.

According to the planning of greenland in Shanghai, this demonstration program is an important part of construction of large-scaled forest wetland park in northern suburbs and is also a vital link for establishing greenland system in Shanghai. According to general planning, Jiading district has been oriented as an ecological culture park featuring ecology, leisure and sports. Combined with green belts in north, it will be an important ecological security for sustainable department in Jiading district after its establishment.

3.4.2 Negative Impact

The construction will maybe produce some temporary negative impacts:

46 1) Construction will bring dusts on surrounding buildings and plants, which will bring temporary troublesome;

2)The transportation of construction machineries and building material, noise of vehicle motors and horns maybe bring some noise to surrounding residents;

3) Some abandoned soil will be produced during the construction period and when these soils are being disposed, it is possible to produce surrounding environment;

4) When the construction starts, the accommodation of construction workers will be temporarily arranged in the construction area, which will produce some domestic wastes. If these wastes can not be disposed of well, it will seriously impact sanitation environment within construction area.

3.5 Public Participation

Social appraisal is a means of comprehensive public participation and its detailed process is a communication process between programs and corresponding interest groups. In order to fulfill its aim, social appraisal team is actively promoting participation of local affected-villagers during investigation process.

accompanied by the construction unit, social appraisal team is making on-the-spot interviews with the affected and, organizing directly or indirectly affected villagers and related interest groups for discussions, giving them enough right to speak out their opinions or suggestions concerning on-going construction, its future operation as well as sustainable development. The following selections are taken from the on-the-spot interview experiences.

Interview 1

Date: 13/08/08

Location: Qingpu Research Institute of Environment Protection

47 Participants: Construction Unit Qingpu Research Institute of Environment Protection

Chen Jian (director);Zhou Xiaochun (engineer)

Social appraisal unit: Consultancy Center of Shanghai Academy of Social Science

Yangmin Huangwei Hu Jianyi

Interview content: to be informed of construction contents and ongoing progress

Interview summary: A self-built sewage treatment station of artificial wetland is adopted. Generally speaking, if a sewage treatment station is built for 40 households, it will take only an abandoned area of 80 m2. In addition, the pump stations are almost in closed atmosphere with little strong smell. Songjiang agricultural committee has established a pilot program in Cao Jiabang village of Cao Jiabang village, Maogang town and it has been in sound test commissioning. Qingpu environment bureau has decided to make a pilot program in Liantang town and confirmed with local government that the construction is on going.

At present, leaders from Jinze town and Shanshen village in Qingpu district have already known about this program but villagers have no idea about it.

Rural area accounts a big percentage in suburbs and sewage treatment has been a blind area for a long time. Now, it has arisen concerns from all walks of life, which is a piece of very well-beneficial news for local villagers and our environment protection bureau should give full support to this projects and related programs.

Picture 1: Specialists from Qingpu Environment Protection Bureau are introducing construction contents to personnel from social appraisal team.

Interview 2

Date: 13/08/08

Location: Village Committee of Shen shan village of Xicen, Jinze town.

Participants: Construction Unit Qingpu Research Institute of Environment Protection Chen Jian (director); Zhou Xiaochun (engineer)

Construction site: economic and trade department of people’s government of Jinze town Zhang Xiaosheng

Lin Jinfeng (Secretary of Shanshen village committee)

Zhang Furong (director)

Twelve villagers from Shanshen village

Social appraisal unit: Consultancy Center of Shanghai Academy of Social Science

49 Yangmin Huangwei Hu Jianyi

Interview Contents: to be informed of construction contents, basic condition of social&economic condition of construction area, and willingness and suggestions of local villagers.

Public opinions: According to public feedbacks, local villagers believe that pollution of water environment is the most serious problem which is followed by solid wastes, water environment, air pollution and greening and pollution of surface water of rivers and lakes is the biggest problem in pollution of water environment. And furthermore, from the feedbacks from villagers, direct discharging of domestic wastes to rivers and lakes has seriously affected overall environment of village and the existing sewage treatment condition is not satisfactory.

When it refers to establishment of sewage collection system and sewage treatment stations by GEF donation of The World Bank, all villagers indicated their support for it and said, “We are welcoming all that do well to improve our daily life”.

When it refers to increase rate of sewage treatment, all the villagers said: “We are now paying only water consumption fee without any sewage treatment fee, and almost farmers are using well water to save expense as much as possible. Given this, our expenses and burdens should not be increased due to establishment of a sewage treatment plant and of course. However, if our state stipulates that rural area should also pay sewage treatment fee, we will obey it but we do not really want to have it happened.

When it refers to potential side impact from construction, most villagers said it should be land acquisition and demolition. When they heard that there would be no any land acquisition or demolition for sewage treatment stations, they felt very happy. And however, they put their requirements on civilized construction and if there is any loss of properties for local villagers brought by

50 construction, it should be compensated properly. The construction period should be shortened as quickly as possible and noisy and dust should be reduced in order to avoid any side impact on villagers.

During the interview, leaders from village committee said, “We will give active support to construction work and coordinate well in publication work.” However, they said, “We are conducting construction for establishing new socialist countryside and one of the contents is to make every village connect with each other on transportation. In the near future, we will have renovation of paving road for road at village level and we do hope the piping construction of sewage treatment will be completed before road construction in order to avoid loss of double construction of digging road.

Picture 2: Social appraisal team is organizing some representatives from local villagers to make them know about the construction contents and ask them for their opinions. After getting feedbacks from directly or indirectly-affected villagers, social appraisal unit has visited Cao Jiangbang village pilot spot, where artificial wetland sewage collection system will be supposed to be established.

51 Interview 3

Date: 15/08/08

Location: Cang Jiabang village, Mao gang town, Songjiang district

Participants: project designing unit:

Shanghai Jiaotong University: Qiu Jiangping (professor)

Social appraisal unit: Social appraisal unit: Consultancy Center of Shanghai Academy of Social Science Yangmin Huangwei Hu Jianyi

APL: Fuzhong

East China Normal University: Lu Weichang

Global company: Zhao Jun

Interview content: to be informed of operation progress of pilot spot.

Interview summary: Cao Jiabang village in Songjiang country, a pilot spot for sewage collection technology owned by Shanghai Jiaotong University, has an area of 200m2 of wetland and collects 60-ton domestic sewage from 250 households per day. It has been in operation for almost one year with good feedback. We can see many fishes in the water exit of river course after sewage treatment has been applied. The processed water is better than Level 2 and this sewage treatment method is promoted into whole Songjiang area step by step.

Picture 3: Personnel from APL office, social appraisal and environment units are making on-the-spot investigation concerning the sewage treatment system of small-scale wetland in Cao Jiangbang village of Maogang town (Model engineering in Songjiang)

Picture 4: the sewage treatment system of small-scale wetland in Cao Jiangbang village, Maogang town in Songjiang country. (Full scene)

Interview 4:

Date: 15/08/08

Cao Jiabang village, Maogang, Songjiang district

Participants: one resident living near sewage treatment station: Mr.Sun

Social appraisal unit: Social appraisal unit: Consultancy Center of Shanghai Academy of Social Science Yangmin Huangwei Hu Jianyi

APL: Fuzhong

East China Normal University: Lu Weichang

Global company: Zhao Jun

Interview Content: to be informed of construction progress and feedbacks from demonstrative village.

Interview summary: Before this station was built, we were really worried about whether it could receive positive results though its purpose is very good. In addition, it needs paving pipings with 2-plus months of construction period and it will produce flying dust and noisy. But now, it has received good results with better improvement of rivercourses and environment. It takes around 100-meter from my house to the sewage treatment station and we don’t find any stinking smell. Given this, I do believe that it is a beneficial construction for us by our government.

Picture 5: Personnel from APL office, social appraisal and environment units are making interviews with households who benefited from the construction, sewage treatment system of small-scale wetland in Cao Jiangbang village ( Model engineering in Songjiang), and collecting their opinions after construction.

3.6 Conclusion and Suggestion

3.6.1 Conclusion

After investigations and analysis, the social appraisal unit concluded that the construction was not only a requirement of ecological environment but also a necessity of regional future development. The construction and operation of this project can solve domestic sewage collection of 4 villages where the program was implemented at first phase of Jinze town and Liantang town of Qingpu district. According to the implementation schedule, it will be applied to domestic sewage collection in Qingqu district, reducing pollution on surrounding water from sewage discharging, improving environment quality to make surrounding water environment reach planned water standard, which can effectively protect surrounding environment quality of Jinze and Liantang

55 towns of Qingpu district and will be of great significance of future overall development. In addition, it will quicken paces to build Qingpu district to be a green and ecological island and promote overall development of investment and tourism along Dianshan lake of Qingqu district which will play an active role in economic prosperity of surrounding area. The implementation of this project in Qingpu district will not only improve local water environment, but also be helpful guarantee good quality of water at upper reaches of Huangpu River in Shanghai. Given this, this project has great realistic significance and it’s a contribution which is supported by people.

3.6.2 Suggestions

According to the on-the-spot surveys and opinions from different local villagers, in order to avoid temporary side-impact brought by the construction, the social appraisal unit suggests:

A. Civilized construction should be conducted to guarantee that villagers’ property will not be lost; the construction period should be shortened as quickly as possible in order to reduce noisy and dust when construction quality should be guaranteed; the construction unit should strengthen

56 communication and coordination with local government in order to reduce construction losses of road at village level.

B. After construction is completed, local villagers should join operation and management of the project, transforming the pattern of improvement and protection of environment dominated by the government to common participation, and finally realize and form a sound atmosphere featuring everyone cares for environment, everyone protects environment and everyone makes contribution to environment improvement.

C. From the suggestions from local villagers, after establishment of GEF programs, it can not charge any operation and maintenance fee from local villagers; and when artificial sewage treatment system is finished for promotion, it still can not charge any fee from local government for operation and maintenance.

For detailed operation, maintenance and public participation afterwards, you can take reference from Annex 4, “Community Participation handbook after establishment of Shanghai wetland demonstration for pollution reduction”

Chapter 4 Component 3

“Integrated Agricuotural Pollution Reduction Techniques” is component 3. Thanks to past three-round of environment action plan in Shanghai suburb area, the consumption of Nitrogen fertilizer per square meter in Shanghai is decreasing but however, compared with national standard, there is still a big gap remained. The consumption of fertilizer and pesticide in Shanghai suburbs belong to higher level compared with other area nationwide in terms of both total volume and consumption per square meter.( the detailed information can be taken reference from feasibility report of this project). At the same time, since the variety structure of fertilizers and pesticide is not reasonable enough with low utilization rate, big consumption volume and scattering business operation of plants, it has led to diffused pollution by fertilizer and pesticide. Given this, the program is expected to be one of programs solving the most serious and urgent environment problems concerning agriculture and non-point Source Pollution and one of the pilot programs for Shanghai 4th round of three-year environment protection action plan (2009-2011）. The location of this program can be seen in the next map in purple:

58 4.1 Brief Introduction

4.1.1 Program background

According to the findings from tests on farmland and sample analysis of agricultural products, the consumption of fertilizers in suburb area of Shanghai is exceeding the normal requirements of crops. It will come into water environment by means of rainfall and penetration which will lead to deteriorating of underground water eutrophication of surface water. The excessive and repeating use of pesticide forced natural enemies to die out on farmland to reduce its natural control; under such circumstances, it will increase the resistance of pests which produces threaten to safety of agriculture products and environment. The excessive and repeating use of pesticide will increase unnecessary production cost which will lead to decrease of net income from farmland. At the same time, it will lead to degradation of physical, chemical and biological properties of soil which will lead to decrease of agriculture production.

The main reason for excessive use of fertilizer and pesticide is that the utilization rate of fertilizer and pesticide is low; the fertilizing technologies and fertilizing machineries are backward; uneven fertilizing occurs; the variety structure of pesticide is not reasonable and of low-quality; excessive of pest-killer; non-performance of technology assistant.

This program is mainly focusing on adopting an integrated and holistic approach to fight against Diffused Pollution (DP) from agricultural production and planting. Based on demonstrative spot of agriculture production in Shanghai rural area, The aims of promoting agriculture technology is to reduce pollution on shallow underground water, surface water system, soil and East Sea area during the process of agricultural production and planting; to protect and improve water resources; to speed up optimizing and upgrading of variety

59 structure of fertilizer and pesticide in Shanghai; to improve utilization rate of fertilizer and pesticide; to keep use of fertilizer and pesticide within limits to further control DP to insure safety of agricultural products ; to promote agro-cycling economy and development of eco-agriculture. And meanwhile, this program will speed up volume reduction of existing fertilizer and pesticide; to promote of this technology; to improve integrated ability of anti-pest; to cultivate a group of new farmers with good educational background and master of know-how; to improve farmers’ income and local sustainable development of local agriculture production.

4.1.2 Construction contents of demonstrative spot

(1) Modern agriculture Park of Zhu Jiajiao town, Qingpu district: The existing area of agriculture-use land in Zhu Jiajiao town is 60,000mu, in which all-concentrated fishing pond occupies 8000mu and arable land occupies 52,000mu. As far as vegetable is concerned, the area of various vegetable planting occupies 50,000mu annually. Since the economic return is high and the variety of pests has some similarities with paddies, the rate of fertilizer application is high which leads to high rate of poisoning pesticide It is supposed to establish a demonstration of scale where fertilizer application technology by soil measure prescription will be promoted in order to reduce the rate of fertilizer application and improve utilization rate of fertilizer. Technology of green pest control will be promoted in a comprehensive way, including organic fertilizers, fertilizers especially for vegetables, sex attractants, pest-killer light, chemical pesticide of high efficiency and low poison, ecological pesticide and etc. (2) Modern agriculture Park of Lang xia town, Jinshan district: It occupies an area of more than 10,000mu with grain and oil-bearing crops as major products. Agrotechnical measures, including commercial organic fertilizer, fertilizers specially for grain crops and green manure on fallow land are

60 comprehensive used; keeping the straw for field by machinery can not produce any burning; promoting fertilizer application technology by soil measure prescription can balance fertilizer application structure; by many different kinds of green pest control technology, including ecology control , eco-adjustment, physical killing and scientific application of pesticides, for example, promotion of eco-friendly pesticide of high efficiency and low poison, new type of plant protection machinery, concentrated and innovative pest-killer net, pest-killer light and chemical biological pesticide.

(3) Chang jiang farm, Chongming island: It occupies an area of more than 15,000mu with grain and oil-bearing. There are dairy cattle, ducks on farms and their excrement, urines, grinded straws of rice and wheat will be re-processed into harmless heaping compost for farm to establish a grain production mode combined planting and farming. Commercial organic fertilizer, specially for grain crops and green manure on fallow land, is comprehensive put into use; keeping the straw for field by machinery can not produce any burning; promoting fertilizer application technology by soil measure prescription can balance fertilizer application structure; many different kinds of green pest control technology, including model sex attractants, pest-killer light and harmless chemical biological pesticide.

4.2 General Introduction of Construction Area

4.2.1 Location and impact scope

The core demonstrative bases are located in three suburbs of Shanghai with total area of 8730mu:

1. Modern agriculture Park of Zhu Jiajiao town, Qingpu district: An area of 2630mu is selected in Huangjin village, Xinsheng village, and Zhangma village with rice, wheat and vegetable as crops;

61 2. Modern agriculture Park of Lang xia town, Jinshan district: An area of 2400mu is selected in Nanlu village, Nantan village, Youhao village and No.7team of Jinshan Yinglong in Langxia town with rice, wheat and vegetable as crops;

3. Chang jiang farm, Chongming island: An area of 3700mu is selected in No.3 team of Pingdong, No.7 team of Qianjiang with two crops of rices and wheats.

Modern agriculture Park of Zhu Jiajiao town, Qingpu district: An area of 2630mu is selected in Huangjin village, Xinsheng village, and Zhangma village with rice, wheat and vegetable as crops;

It aims to improve utilization rate of productive fertilizers and pesticide, to upgrade agricultural green control technology and to reduce environment pollution by residues of fertilizer, pesticides and agricultural organic through promotion of agrotechnical measures from demonstration bases radiating outside.

4.2.2 Status-quo of economic development in program area

 Zhu Jiajiao town, Pingpu district

Zhu Jiajiao is the juncture of Jiangsu, Zhejiang province and Shanghai with total population of 60,000. It has 28 administrative villages and 9 village committees. The area of whole town is 138.6 sq.m (including water area). At the end of year 2007, the regional output reached RMB3, 343,000,000, increased by 18.97% compared with the same period of last year and the per-capita disposable income of a rural family reached RMB8, 807, increased by 10.5% compared with the same period of last year.

In year 2008, it is comprehensively arranging regional development, adjusting economic structure, protecting ecological environment and improving

62 social welfares in line with economic and social development trends, which features strength increase of three districts, outstanding construction of villages and towns, improvement of eco-environment and harmonious management of social management. The main development index is to realize regional GDP topping RMB3, 850,000,000, 15.2% increased compared with last year. In year 2008, it is predicted that the per-capita disposable income of a rural family reached RMB9, 494, an increase of 7.8% compared with last year. Zhu Jiajiao town will struggle to make itself a scientific development area and keep in pace with economic development opportunity, especially building new socialist countryside and developing eco-agriculture industry.

 Modern agriculture Park of Lang xia town, Jinshan district

Jianshan district is located in southwest of Shanghai and south of Yangtze River delta. The total area of the whole district is 586.05sq.m. with permanent population of 580,400,000. There are 3.2 people in one household on average.

In year 2007, it witnessed sound development in organization step by step, quick transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture and sound establishment of modern agriculture. A series of standardized production bases are cultivated and name-branded vegetables and fruits of regional characteristics have been formed. On the basis of past foundation, eight cooperation communities were newly-developed and the total number has reached 83. The agriculture industry is also developing in Langxia town, including plant rice, wheat, vegetable and fruits to a large extent to increase farmers’ income. According to statistics in 2007, GDP in Jinshan district reached RMB30, 560,000,000, 20.1% increased. The net income of rural residents reached RMB9596, 10% increase compared with last year.

Langxia town, Jinshan district, is regarded as Shanghai municipal modern

63 agriculture park with an area of 52sq.m. It is implementing an integrated management system combining the town and the park and in the future, Langxia village will be a key park featuring complete functions, unification of system and mechanism of twelve agriculture parks in Shanghai.

■ Chongming Changjiang farm

Chongming island is connecting Yangtze river at west, facing East Sea at east and Pudong district, Baoshan district and Taichang city of Jiangsu province in south on the other side of a river, facing Haimen city, Qingdong city of Jiangsu province at north on the other side of a river. The total area of the island is 1,267sq.m with length from east to west of 80km and the width from south to north from 13km to 18km. At the end of year 2007, the population of Chongming country was 69.7, 3000 people less compared with last year.

In year 2007, the annual average net income per rural household was RMB7, 485, 10.3 increased compared with last year. The minimum living standard was increased RMB131, 500,000 compared with last year; the rural corporate medical treatment subsidy was increased RMB19, 370,000; the subsidy of retired farmers was increased RMB34, 000,000; the income for farmers by increase of new employment reached RMB63, 360,000.

Shanghai Wan Shifa Industrial Co., Ltd of Chongming Changjiang farm is one out of three demonstration bases of this program. It is located in Changjiang farm of Chongming island, mainly focusing on agricultural planting. It has an area of arable land of 60,000mu with 378 employees and there is a base of organic food production. The organic food has obtained certificates issued by development center of organic food of State Environment Protection Bureau and other authorities abroad and its brand is called”Ying Feng Wu Dou”. The priority of sustainable development is to develop organic agriculture and its modern eco-agricultural technical center is providing strong and solid technical supports for its development. The development aim is to build the company to be a model of cycling agricultural and ecological

64 economy.

Notes: statistics above comes from year-book of statistics in Jianshan district, Qingpu district and Chongming country ( year 2008)

4.2.3 Income status of farmers on demonstration bases

Contractual management of land is adopted for agricultural production in rural Shanghai, which is the same practice as that of other rural area nationwide. Since it used to have decentralized operation of contracted land with low productivity, Shanghai started concentration management of scale in order to improve land productivity not long ago. Land transferring means, on the precondition that the contractual right of land will not be changed, the land will be concentrated and will be managed together by means of transferring land-use rights. Contractors (rural households) concentrate their contracted arable land at village level and each household should sign land contract protocol with village committee, who will give land to management institute at town or country’s level and sign the contracted protocol with it. The land after concentration will be operated and managed by related institution at town or country’s level for unifying business, such as planting or farming of scale. The contract right granted by the state in stipulated period will continue to belong to contractor while business operation right will be transferred to contractor within transferring period. After centralization of land, farmers can still get RMB 500-600/mu/year as re-contracting (it usually takes growing grain crops as an example); if other crops are grown, farmers con get even more than average level as re-contracting fee.

Up to now, 80% of the arable land in rural area for construction has been transferred by means of transferring usage right of land. The concentration management of scale will be adopted after land transferring.

Of three demonstration bases, Chang jiang farm is state-owned and other

65 two are modern agricultural park featuring standardized management after land transferring and concentration. After land transferring, rural labor force can be got rid of restraint of land for which they used to devote their time, energy and capital for a long time; they can leave off the land and get employed outside now. If they don’t like leave off land, they can still work on land for cultivation by means of getting employed by the contractor of standardized land and the contractor will pay them their labor service on farmland.

It can be concluded that Jinshan district is performing best in the economic development, which is followed by Qingpu district and Chongming island. The average living condition of rural residents is keeping pace with local economic development. In year 2006, the average per-capita disposable income in rural area was RMB9213 (in year 2007, it almost reached or exceeded RMB10, 000. In year 2006, the average per-capita disposable income of rural residents was RMB109, 111. Compared with Jinshan district, the annual income in Qingpu and Chongming is relatively lower than average standard.

Due to high level of urbanization and radiation effect of metropolis, there is no purely-agricultural household in Shanghai and, generally speaking, their incomes mainly include land leasing, housing rent, and making odd jobs and other non-agricultural items. Let’s take an example of demonstration spot in Zhu Jiaojia town, the average annual income is around RMB9800 in the village, mainly including leasing income of arable land, employment in the enterprises or labor-service income and etc, of which employment income is the biggest contribution. According to the on-the-spot surveys, agricultural income accounts for only 10% of whole income structure in three areas, which is followed by employment or casual-labor income.

66 4.3 Social Impact Analysis

During No.10th of five-year plan, Shanghai struggled to develop new agrotechnic demonstration bases for agricultural standardization and demonstrative bases of organic agricultural products in a comprehensive manner. On this basis, in line with requirements put forward by general development plan of No.11th of five-year planning, that is, aiming to realize new socialist countryside and modern agriculture ahead of others under guideline of scientific development concept, Shanghai rural area will continue to adjust agricultural structure to improve rural comprehensive productivity. The modern agriculture framework featuring technology, biology and high-efficiency will be established and income for rural areas will be guaranteed. Sustainable development featuring harmonious coordination of economy, society and biology will be realized and making agricultural production bases for green agro-products, which is suitable for Shanghai modern agriculture industry, will also be established on general basis.

Thanks to past three rounds of environment action plan in Shanghai suburb area, the consumption of Nitrogen fertilizer per square meter in Shanghai is decreasing but however, compared with national standard, there is still a big gap remained. The aim of this program is to reduce consumption of fertilizer and pesticide per square meter of arable land in Shanghai suburbs.

This program is dealing with the following four aspects:

1. Promotion of commercial organic fertilizer

2. Fertilizer application technology by soil measure prescription

3. Reasonable and rational use of pesticides

4. Alarming and monitoring control of soil and pests.

After social investigations on feedbacks concerning four aspects as above,

67 the interviewees have some opinions and requirements to some extent on promotion of commercial organic fertilizer. According to their practice, organic fertilizer doesn’t perform as well as chemical fertilizer in aspects of fertilizer efficiency, absorption speed of crops, and productivity of agricultural crops. Given these, the acceptance toward using organic fertilizer is relatively low.

As far as reasonable consumption of pesticide is concerned, the measure, which is promoting highly-efficient pesticide with low poison, will increase the cost of original chemical pesticide by 30%. Given this, when the on-the-spot are conducted, the affected farmers have expressed their appeals. The implementation of two measures will not create burden or affect farmers while it will bring more benefits for agricultural production and planting. Under such circumstances, we have made investigation and interviews concerning the scheme and planning of promoting consumption of commercial organic fertilizers and highly-efficient pesticide with low poison.

4.3.1 Acceptance toward promotion of organic fertilizer in demonstration bases

From August, 2008, the appraisal team started to make interview with local residents, service station of agricultural technology and representatives of farmers to get their opinions. The detailed information can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.1 Target Institutes and constitutions of representatives

Representatives Interview Location Institutes/Unit From farmers Notes time （households） Buildings of 4 representatives Representatives from People’s from administration August 15th, farmers are mainly government in department of 2008 contractors of Langxi town, agricultural demonstrative spot. Jinshan district technology in The investigation 5 Langxia town adopted on-the-spot survey with QA method. They were also invited for demonstrative spot. Office of service 5 representatives center of from service center of agricultural agricultural August, 13th, 8 as above technology in Zhu technology in Zhu 2008 jiajiao town, jiajiao town, Qingpu Qingpu district district Office building of Changjiang 2 management 6 as above farmland, personnel from August, Chongming island Changjiang farmland 14th, 2008 Total 11 30 people and 19 representatives took part in the interview

The social appraisal team has conducted investigation on local department of agricultural technology and representatives from contractors of demonstrative base to get opinions of promotion of organic fertilizer and highly-efficient pesticide with low poison. As far as promotion of consumption of organic fertilizer, 98% of 30 interviewees expressed their support and other 2% interviewee thought they should abide by state requirements. Given this, generally speaking, promotion of organic fertilizer is benefit for local development, for environment protection as well as for long-term and

69 sustainable agriculture-development. The detailed information can be seen from the following investigation

 Economic Aspect

Q1: If you compared the organic fertilizer (within test period)in demonstration bases with chemical fertilizer used before, which one do you think is more economical? Does it have some impact on your existing income?

According to feedbacks from 90% of rural households, chemical fertilizer is more competitive than organic ones concerning price advantage; according to other 10% of rural households, if government will grant some due economic subsidy or preferential policies, the gap between two kinds of fertilizer will be shortened. Since the application rate of commercial organic fertilizer is only a little percentage compared with chemical fertilizer, usually 10%, there is no impact on existing income of households on farms or contractors of grains and crops during actual promotion period.

 Test and Advantage aspects

Q2: Between these two kinds of fertilizer, which do you think is more convenient to apply and easier to accept?

According to 100% farmers, chemical fertilizer is more convenient than organic one, because organic fertilizer efficiency is lower than chemical one and it means it needs more consumption volume to reach the same effect. During the practice, it needs more labor force and physical power to make transportation and broadcast sowing, which will bring more inconvenience and trouble for farmers. As far as this regard is concerned, chemical fertilizer is welcomed.

Q3: Compare with chemical fertilizer, do you think organic fertilizer has advantage in improving production output of agricultural crops?

70 According to feedbacks from 90% of farmers, chemical fertilizer is more effective than organic fertilizer; 10% of farmers found that the organic fertilizer could be supplementary to the growth of crops. However, during investigation, farmers found there are different advantages of two fertilizers, that is, usually chemical fertilizer will help crops grow quickly while organic one makes them more slowly; they will have different effect on different crops. For example, farmers who are growing vegetables and fruits have found that the organic fertilizer can improve taste effect which is better than chemical fertilizer; while farmers who are growing rice and wheat crops found that organic fertilizer had no obvious effect on crops in short-term period. Given this, farmers of different crops will have different attitude toward two different fertilizers. Most of the farmer who are engaged in vegetables and fruits expressed their willingness to accept organic fertilizer while the acceptance from farmers who are growing rice and wheat crops is lower.

Q4: When two kinds of fertilizer are used, which one do you think will have side effect on environment and if production output and environment have contradiction, which problem you will take priority to consider?

100% farmers agree that organic fertilizer will reduce pollution of excrement and urine of livestock on surrounding environment to a large extent. Though organic fertilizer has slow effect on the agricultural products, it is beneficial to improve soil structure and keep sustainable and steady development of agriculture in the long-term period. As far as promotion of regional eco-agriculture, improvement on agriculture structuring and sustainable development are concerned, if state will grant more supporting policies for commercial organic fertilizer, such as certain amount of financial subsidy and etc, 100% farmers indicated that they would actively support this promotion plan of commercial organic fertilizer.

71 4.3.2 Opinions and Attitude toward reasonable reduction use of pesticides in demonstration bases

This program is taking advantage of green prevention & control technology to eliminate environment pollution by long-term consumption of chemical pesticides by means of using highly-efficient pesticide with low poison instead of chemical pesticides. Using highly-efficient pesticide with low poison can reduce consumption times and rates of chemical pesticides to improve environment of farmland and increase quality of agricultural products. Almost 100% of 30 interviewees expressed their support. They believe that though it will increase a little cost of new pesticides, in the future, there is no remaining pesticides which is not only environmental-protection but also healthy. Given this, it will be very competitive in the market and will be sold at a good price which will offset the cost increase. According to the preliminary calculation, the cost of chemical pesticides is RMB 90 yuan/mu while cost of new pesticide is RMB120yuan/mu. However, during two-year promotion period, the center of agricultural technology will grant RMB48yuan/mu as financial subsidy which will not increase their expenditures. In addition, the new pesticide is featuring high efficiency which means that during actual implementation, it will reduces the times of consumptions to save labor force of using pesticides. Under such circumstances, it will save expenditure cost during the two years.

After two years of promotion period, the farmers will bear the expenditure of new pesticides, RMB120/mu which has been increased by RMB30yuan/mu compared with chemical pesticides. However, since the new pesticides is featuring highly-efficient pesticide with low poison, it will it will reduces the times of consumptions to save labor force of using pesticides which will reduce expenditure on labor force. Given this, the farmers on demonstration base believe that, even the promotion period is over, it will not increase expenditure cost because the increase cost has been offset by decrease of consumption rate and labor force. In addition, it will be sold at a good price which means

72 more profits. Considering the facts, the interviewed farmers expressed the increase cost is acceptable. The following attitudes and opinions are taken from on-the-spot investigation.

 Understanding on pesticides

Q5: Was pesticide (insecticide) a major means for you to improve crops production output in the past?

When it refers to the relationship between pesticide and crop production, 50% of farmers have agreed that pesticide is a major means to guarantee crops’ production output because during the growing period of agricultural crops, insect pests and diseases can not be avoided and if these can not controlled and cured, it must affect production output; 50% farmers have found that there are other measures to guarantee production output, such as, reasonable and rational application of fertilizer, management on field in due time and pesticide is only a linage to guarantee the production output. If there are some problems in other linkages, though pesticide is attached great importance on, it is still hard to receive due harvest.

 Acceptance of training on new pesticides-use and cost increase of new pesticides

Q6: Now, did you understand that pesticide should be used in a reasonable and rational way? How often does and agrotechnical promotion or education be held? Do farmers have an active attitude toward agrotechnical promotion or education and how is the effect?

Whether these farmers reasonably used pesticide (or present) depends on whether agrotechnical station has conducted related education and training on a regular basis and its effect decided the result of pesticide use of farmers.

From questionnaires, the agrotechnical station holds 7—8 times of agrotechnical training for farmers and contractors every year, including lessons

73 on how to use pesticide. 96% of interviewees know how to reasonably use it. In fact, since the existing application means is backward with outdated machinery, the application effect is not satisfactory, too much or too less. At present, in demonstration bases, the pesticide application is comprehensively arranged by local agriculture machinery station who will designate farmers or contractors to conduct it and solo-application of pesticide is very rare now.

Q7: What the major reason for you to excessively use the pesticide? (backward machinery, improper operation, the pest and disease is even worse after pesticide is applied or other reasons)

90% of farmers blame excessive use of pesticides for backward machinery; 4% for improper operation; 6% believe that more pesticides will kill pests and disease completely. Given this, updating and improving machinery of pesticide application is one of the essential aims of this program.

 Understanding towards reasonable reduction of pesticides and increase cost of new pesticides

Q8: What’s your opinion of reasonable reduction use of pesticide? If reduced, will it have impact on agricultural output? If new pesticide increases your production cost, do you think it is acceptable?

95% of interviewees have agreed to reduce use of pesticide. They know that excessive use of pesticide will not only do harm to health but also do harm to continuous cultivation of arable land; after construction of this program, it will strengthen reasonable use of pesticide regarding system, methods, application machinery and scientific innovation, which will not have side impact on agricultural output, but will reduce pesticide contents on crops, which will be good for public health and surrounding environment. since the new pesticides is featuring highly-efficient pesticide with low poison, it will it will reduces the times of consumptions to save labor force of using pesticides which will reduce expenditure on labor force. Given this, the farmers on demonstration base

74 believe that, even the promotion period is over, it will not increase expenditure cost because the increase cost has been offset by decrease of consumption rate and labor force. In addition, it will be sold at a good price which means more profits. Considering the facts, the interviewed farmers expressed the increase cost is acceptable. During promotion period, when the new pesticide is applied, it will reduce more cost; after two year of promotion period, since the expenditure on new pesticide is almost the same as chemical one, there is no excess production cost.

Appraisal from farmers

Q9: What’s your opinion of the program on agricultural demonstration base?

1 It will improve environment which will have positive impact on crops output.

2 It will improve environment but will have side impact on crops output.

3 It will not improve environment but will have a little side impact on crops output.

100% of interviewees chose No.1 answer. It will improve environment which will have positive impact on crops output because it is beneficial program which is helpful develop eco-agriculture, increasing quality of crops, soil in demonstration bases, protecting surrounding environment, increasing agricultural income and improve living standard.

Q10: Do you think, two new measures, fertilizer application technology by soil measure prescription and alarming and monitoring control of soil and pests, will have conflict with existing agro-cultivation measure or these two measures can’t be accepted?

For two new measures, 97% of interviewees believe that there will not be any conflict with existing agro-cultivation measure or agrotechnics but will

75 improve existing measures. Given this, these two new measures are welcomed by interviewees in demonstration base.

4.4 Public Participation

The opinions and concerns of the affected can be summarized in the following aspects:

4.4.1 Quality assurance of commercial organic fertilizer

The precondition for promoting commercial organic fertilizer is to guarantee that its quality has reached due standard and effect. In addition to low fertilizer efficiency, there is another reason why farmers for crops and plants are not interested in is that the quality of organic fertilizer can not be guaranteed which makes them hold little reluctant attitude toward organic fertilizer. Though this program is implemented in the demonstration base and they understand their merits and advantages of organic fertilizers, local farmers still put their strong requirements for quality guarantees, and if the quality has big difference, they still feel reluctant to accept it. Under such circumstance, the promotion plan of commercial organic fertilizer will have difficulties.

4.4.2 Cost reduction of commercial organic fertilizer

During the promotion process of commercial organic fertilizer, the project unit should guide manufacturing companies to reduce the cost of commercial organic fertilizer. Though the construction area is in demonstration base and municipal financial bureau has granted price subsidy to related farmers, the subsidy standard is different in terms of local financial

76 standard. Farmers in the demonstration base where lower subsidy is granted should take more burdens than those where higher subsidy is granted. If the manufacturing company can reduce its production cost, farmers can reduce expenditures and increase related income.

4.4.3 Distance between demonstration base to manufacturing location of commercial organic fertilizer should be shortened as much as possible

Since the commercial organic fertilizer has big volume and large quantity, if the distance between demonstration bases to manufacturing location is much longer, it will increase transportation cost for farmers. Given this, they suggest transporting organic fertilizer directly to farmland or the distance between demonstration bases to manufacturing location should be shortened which will decrease related expenditures.

4.4.4 Unification of financial subsidy standard for organic fertilizer as soon as possible

The production cost of organic fertilizer is RMB400/ton and in order to encourage and promote this kind of fertilizer, municipal financial bureau has granted RMB250/ton for farmers and contractors of planting in the agricultural production park and different districts will grant these farmers and contractors of RMB50—RMB100/ton as financial subsidy in terms of its own economic development condition at district level. Given this, farmers in different areas will take burden of RMB50—RMB100/ton as expense for commercial organic fertilizer. Since the subsidy is different, farmers with fewer subsidies suggest unifying the subsidy standard to reduce their burden. Though the expenditure is relatively limited without big impact on annual economic income, it must bring active impact if the subsidy standard can be unified.

77 4.4.5 Improvement and enforcement of certificate system of agro-products

The organic agro-products are green and healthy food, which is warmly welcomed by consumers on the markets. Its price is a little bit higher than ordinary ones. However, in order to get more profits, some manufacturer of non-organic argro-products labeled their products as organic ones by illegal rights to get others’ profits, which seriously frustrated activity of farmer who are using organic fertilizer and deprived their profits. This is harmful to the promotion of commercial organic fertilizer and it has already affected environment improvement plan. Under these circumstances, the farmers suggested that related departments should improve and enforce certificate system of agro-products to guarantee the legal interests of organic fertilizer’s producers in order to improve and promote its application of large scale in rural areas.

4.4.6 Improvement and enforcement of agrotechnical education and training

When two new measures, fertilizer application technology by soil measure prescription and alarming and monitoring control of soil and pests, are being applied, agrotechnical education and training should also be enforced. The implementation unit is a specialized institute for promoting agrotechnics and it owns many professionals at middle and senior level with strong technical strengths. It has information publication network at municipal, district, town and village’s level. As for the promotion of technology mentioned above, local demonstration base requires professional specialists to be on site to give technical guidelines and training to farmers at district and town’s level in order to have these programs implemented into concrete measures by each farmers and contractors.

78 Table 4.2 Process of public participation during on-the-spot survey and investigation made by social appraisal unit

Date Location Participant Content Public opinion

To introduce construction On the afternoon Shanghai agrotecnical 2 responsible from construction unit and contents, scope, related interest of August 12th,08 promotion center office personnel from social appraisal unit According to the construction unit, this parties program will be helpful to promote organic 3 personnel from social appraisal unit;5 fertilizer, reasonable use of pesticides and Zhu Jiajiao agrotechnical On the afternoon employees from service center of Qingpu and agricultural production of other programs. th service center, Qingpu of August 13 ,08 Zhu Jiajiao town; 8 representatives from And it will also protect and improve district demonstration base environment. Office of Shanghai Wai According to policies and regulations of 3 personnel from social appraisal unit;2 On the afternoon Shida Industrial Co.,Ltd The appraisal team has municipal and local government, 90% th employees of Wai Shida and 6 rural of August 14 ,08 on Changjiang farm of conducted on-the-spot interviewees have indicated their representatives and villagers Chongming island discussion with affected farmers understanding and support to the promotion on demonstration base and had of organic fertilizer and use of highly-efficient questionnaire interviews. pesticides with low poison. They indicated that these contents were benefit for local agrotechnical service 3 personnel from social appraisal unit; 4 development, for environment protection as On the afternoon center of Langxia town, employees from service center and station ; 5 well as for long-term development. Given of August 15th,08 Jinshan district local representatives this, this program is welcomed.

Picture 1: Some affected people are communicating with personnel from the social appraisal team on demonstration base.

4.5 Analysis on Social Benefit and Risk

4.5.1 Positive impact

Impact on rural society and daily life: Establishment of new socialist countryside is a major direction of economic construction development in the long term which should be persisted. Sound eco-environment in rural area with beautiful surroundings indicates overall development of our society.

Speeding up agricultural production will be realized by high productivity, high efficiency, high-quality with characteristics and management of scale in order to develop economy and increase farmers’ income. There are many aspects to build a new socialist countryside and improvement of environment is a key means. Huge amounts of excrement, urine of livestock and other remaining wastes from agricultural production and living period will have very big side effect on rural society. This program will have a positive impact on

80 improving rural living environment as well as life quality.

Contractual farmer households and business households on demonstration base: Contractual farmer households and contractual business households are objectives of 3 demonstration bases. In the past few months, they have used the organic fertilizer on their own land. According to social investigation, the application rate amounts for 10% of total fertilizer and farmers hold an active supporting attitude toward it on general.

Since there are still some difficulties in applying organic fertilizer to a large extent with big quantity in existing rural area, our government is encouraging farmer households who are engaged in agricultural production to use organic fertilizer and grant them of certain amount of financial subsidies.

People’s government of all levels in program area: It will improve regional ecosystem as well as investment environment to attract more and more investment, which will speed up realization of regional planning targets, common development of other related industries, increase rate of GDP as well as financial tax revenue of people’s governments at all levels. In addition, this program will improve construction of rural towns and speed up paces of urbanization.

Manufacturing enterprises of organic fertilizer. Since it’s difficult to use organic fertilizer to a large extent which has restricted the development of manufacturing enterprises of producing commercial organic fertilizer. The program will bring bright future for the manufacturing enterprise of organic fertilizer. Though this program is only implemented in three demonstration bases, it is found that these manufacturing enterprises will have bright future with increase of economic returns by means of proper financial subsidies, establishment of effective promotion network of organic fertilizer, enforcement of technical guide and training, active implantation of propaganda measures.

4.5.2 Negative Impact

Farmers and contractors for land in demonstration base: The affected are

81 mainly composed of farmers and contractors. Generally speaking, the positive impact overweighs the negative impact. However, during social appraisal investigation, it is found that it is possible to bring side impacts and worries for the affected. The following is the opinions from farmers toward organic fertilizer:

The interviewee said: “Our government encouraged us to apply more organic fertilizer with many examples of its merits. We know about these pieces of information but the organic fertilizer has a big defect, that is, the fertilizer efficiency is slower than chemical one; if we want to get the same fertilizer efficiency, we must use a large quantity of organic fertilizer which needs more man power. Given this, it will increase our production cost; in addition, the clean level of organic fertilizer is much lower than chemical one. If there is quality problem in organic fertilizer, it will produce stinky smell around the body. This is why we are reluctant to accept the organic fertilizer sometimes.

Indirect group near construction area: Organic fertilizer will produce a stinking smell on surrounding environment when it is applied. During the on-the-spot surveys and investigations, many residents reflected that the stinking smell is difficult to accept and since the chemical fertilizer is available, why we should use this kind of fertilizer of so strong smell? Besides, they found that sometimes it would be better and they wondered whether it was because of quality difference of organic fertilizer.

Disadvantaged group: There is no poverty population on the demonstration bases, including people who receive minimum social guarantee, people without income resource, floating population of low income, farmers without arable land and etc.

82 4.6 Conclusion and Suggestion

4.6.1 Conclusion

After implementation, straws for crops, agriculture organic wastes and fertilizer of special ingredients can be comprehensively utilized; the application rate of medium toxic pesticides has been decreased while the application rate of eco-friendly pesticides has been increased which has further improved pesticide structure. Under such circumstance, farmlands on demonstration bases have formed a healthy agricultural eco-cycling.

It aims to improve utilization rate of productive fertilizer and pesticide in suburb Shanghai, to upgrade agricultural green control technology and to reduce environment pollution by residues of fertilizer, pesticides and agricultural organic wastes by means of promotion of agrotechnical measures from demonstration bases radiating outside.

By means of investigation, the project can realize its social aims and make farmers in the construction area benefit from it. At first, the organic fertilizer has huge amount of active and healthy microbes and can fix Nitrogen, unfix phosphate, Kalium, and solve soil hardening in order to improve the utilization rate of Nitrogen, phosphate and Kalium. At the same time, it will improve appearance, waste, flavor and quality of fruits in order to increase production; at the same time, it will improve local ecological environment by means of using highly-efficient pesticides with low poison which can effectively contain pollution of chemical pesticides. Secondly, this program will improve local ecosystem and control pollutes from organics on agriculture production which is good for farmers’ health. And meanwhile, it is conductive to improve investment environment and provide a sound environment for common development of local agriculture and industry.

According to the analysis of social appraisal, this project witnessed a sound feasibility. Though it has impacts on farmers and contractors, these impacts are in the control and local farmers’ income and their normal life can be

83 guaranteed. If this program can be implemented in terms of state policies and policies of the World Bank as scheduled, the economic income of the affected will not be reduced and their general living condition can be improved.

And furthermore, since the social insurance system is relatively complete in Shanghai with various kinds of insurance, the implementation of this program will not lead to unemployment, poverty and other social problems, which has paved a solid foundation for implementation. In summary, this program has the following advantages:

 Shanghai is attaching great importance to both economic development and environment. Generally speaking, it is an environment protection program and citizens have urgent requirements to environment protection with high rate of supports.

 Developing eco-agriculture is one of important aims of No.11th “five-year” plan. With development of agricultural economic development, farmers have a high understanding toward eco-agriculture and green agricultural products. Related groups in the construction area are in support of this project.

 When farmers accept using commercial organic fertilizer, they can get certain amount of financial subsidies and it can reduce their cost expenditure on agriculture production

 Farmers in construction area have relatively high education background and they are willing and are capable to have communications.

 The construction area is Shanghai suburbs and the affected are Han nationalities. Given this, there is no cross-culture, cross-nation problems involved.

 No land acquisition or demolition is involved without groups who need removing; there is no disadvantaged group, such as disable persons, elders without children among the affected.

84 condition, which is an ecological and environmental-friendly engineering. It is also a welfare project for common people and is making contribution for economic and social development in Shanghai.

In summary, this program has the following advantages:

 When farmers accept using commercial organic fertilizer, they can get certain amount of financial subsidies and it can reduce their cost expenditure on agriculture production

 Farmers in construction area have relatively high education background and they are willing and are capable to have communications.

 The construction area is Shanghai suburbs and the affected are Han nationalities. Given this, there is no cross-culture, cross-nation problems involved.

 No land acquisition or demolition is involved without groups who need removing; there is no disadvantaged group, such as disable persons, elders without children among the affected.

In summary, Agrotechnic demonstration program of Diffused Pollution (DP) control, on the precondition that it is implemented in line with state regulations and policies of the World Bank, is beneficial for local economic development, eco-agriculural development and improvement of local farmers’ living condition, which is an ecological and environmental-friendly engineering. It is also a welfare project for common people and is making contribution for economic and social development in Shanghai.

85 4.6.2 Suggestions

In order to improve efficiency and benefits of the program, social economic sustainable development and to avoid secondary influence and social unsteady factors, the project should attach great important to the overall optimization. On the precondition that this project is implemented smoothly, the impact on the affected and society should also be attached great importance to. Based on the investigation, the following aspects should be improved and enforced further to guarantee smooth ongoing of the program:

 To strengthen communication with contractors and establish a fixed contact and consultation mechanism through agrotechnical service center at district or village (town)’s level

 The construction unit has adopted a step-by-step method, attaching great important to some points, driving parts and radiating area by means of agrotechnical network of municipal, towns, villages and promotion team of about 4000-plus people.

 Different kinds of measures will be used to promote new technology to transform their fertilizer application which plays an important role in income increase, agricultural efficiency and eco-safety.

As far as the implementation of commercial organic fertilizer is concerned, the project owner should adopt self-willingness principle and local related government departments should standardize financial subsidies in order to reduce cost expenditure on fertilizer during farming production.

86 Annex 1 Questionnaire for Component 1

Social Impact Questionnaire by GEF donation

No. Address: room residents’ committee ______street (town) District

Date of interview:

Dear ladies and gentlemen: We are making a social survey and research named Global Environment Fund Donation Program in order to know about the views and expectations on the project from the public. It aims to improve ecosystem and improve living standard of common people which will be satisfy sustainable development of Shanghai homogenous society and requirements of common citizens. In line with the requirement put forward by the World Bank, Shanghai Academy of Social Science will make appraisal on its social impact. Our investigation is strictly abiding by the rules stipulated in the statistics Law on statistics of People’s Republic of China. Here, we pledge that investigated information from you is only used in statistics research and your private safety is guaranteed. Note: each close-ended question has only a single answer. Please input the code in the pane or write actual condition

Basic introductions of interviewees

A 01 registered permanent residence: （1）in Shanghai （2）not in Shanghai(answer 1b)

A02 time length of residence in Shanghai: （1） less than six months( stop interview) （2） six months～one year(including six months)

87 （3） one year ～two years(including one year) （4） two years～three years(including two years) （5） more than three years

A03 sex: （1）male （2）female

A04 age: （1）eighteen～twenty-eight years old(including eighteen years old) （2）twenty-eight～thirty-eight years old(including twenty-eight years old) （3）thirty-eight years old～forty-eight years old(including thirty-eight years old) ( 4 ) forty-eight ～fifty-five years old(including forty-eight years old) （5）fifty-five ~ sixty years old (including forty-eight years old) （6）more than 60 years old

A05 health condition: （1）very good ( 2) good （3 ）not too bad（4）bad （5）very bad ( to answer Question 4b

A06 education background: （1）below primary school （2）primary school （3）junior school （4） high school（5） university （6）beyond graduate(including graduate)

A07 nationality: （1）Han nationality （2）others

A08 employment situation: （1）personnel in state government /public institution （2）employee in enterprise

88 （3）temporary worker （4）do business by oneself, such as establishing shop or company （5）student, army man （6）retired person （7） unemployed person at home （8）farmer (skip to Question 10) （9）others

A09 Position: (1) boss/leading cadre in enterprise/senior manager （2）professional （3）intermediate leader of management （4）clerk/ordinary worker （5）industrial worker （6）person who does odd jobs （7）others

A10 Individual monthly income (including pay, bonus, pension, income from secondary profession, each benefit from investment and unemployment insurance and social subsidy and other incomes) （1）less than RMB450 （2）RMB451～RMB1000 （3）RMB1001～RMB2000 （4）RMB2001～RMB3000 （5）RMB3001～RMB4000 （6）RMB4001～RMB5000 （7）RMB5001 ～RMB6000 （8）more than RMB6000

89 Comprehensive Condition Basic condition (please put the number from D01 to D06)

D01 Family No. ；

D02 male

D03 Female

D04below 18-year old ；

D05 18~60years old ；

D06 >60-year old

Education background:

D07 below secondary school or below

D08 high school

D09 university and beyond

D10 employment population

D11 building area of resident house sq.m.

D12 Property right of resident houses

(1) Commercial residential building (2) Leasing house (3) Sold residential building (4) Houses of use right (5) Private houses (6) Others

D13 Major Consumer durables (please fill in three commodities)

D14 per-capita income of family:

90 （1）RMB5000

Per-capita expenditure of family

D15 on food （1）<10% （2）10%～20% （3）20%～30% （4）30%～40%（5）40%～50% （6）>50% （7）others ( please give the percentage)

D16 on transportation and communication （1）<1%（2）1%～3%（3）3%～5% （4）5%～10%（5）10%～30% （6）>20% （7）others ( please give the percentage)

D17 on gas, electricity and water （1）<0.5% （2）0.5%～1% （3）1%～2% （4）2%～5%（5）5%～10% （6）>10% （7）others ( please give the percentage)

D18 on medical use （1）<1%（2）1%～3%（3）3%～5% （4）5%～10%（5）10%～30% （6）>20% （7）others ( please give the percentage)

D19 on education （1）<1%（2）1%～3%（3）3%～5% （4）5%～10%（5）10%～30% （6）>20% （7）others ( please give the percentage)

D20 Your attitude toward project construction: （1）Welcome（2）don’t care（3）object

D21 Do you think will this project will impact your living standard? （1）to improve living standard （2）no impact （3）to reduce living standard （4）others

D22 Will it have some impact on employement for local villagers? （1）to improve working opportunity （2）to improve working opportunity （3）no impact

D23 If the project has some impact on your living standand, what’s your attitude? （1）can’t bear（2）can bear （3）to reduce impact factor ASAP （4）to suggest measures

D24 After establishment of constrution, if prices concerning life quality is increased, can you accept it? （1）welcome （2）accept （3）don’t know （4）don’t accept （5）obejct

D25 If the r rate is increased, in your opinion, what is the most reasonable growing rate?

（1）around 0.05 Yuan （2）around 0.1 Yuan （3）around 0.15 Yuan （4）about 0.2 Yuan （5）around0.25 Yuan （6）around 0.3 Yuan （7）others

D26 Your suggestion and expectation for the project:

Annex 2: Questionnaire for Component 2

Social Impact Questionnaire by GEF donation ◆Chongming Sewage Collection and Treatment System of Gangyan town, Chong Ming island and rural areas in Qingpu district

1. Do you live in directly affected area? （1）yes （2）no 2. Have you ever heard that Chongming Sewage Collection and Treatment System will be built here? （1） yes （2） no 3. In the following environmental problems, what is the most serious one in your opinion? （1）air pollution （2） noise pollution （3）water environment pollution （4）solid waste pollution （5） constructions of W.C. （6）insufficient of forestation

4. How is the rank concerning water environment problem? ______

5. In your opinion, what’s the biggest problem in current water environment in Shanghai? （1）non-smooth discharging of sewage （2）insufficient water provision （3）serous pollution of rivers （4）poor-quality of drinkable water 6. Are you satisfied with existing sewage treatment condition? （1）very satisfied （2）satisfied （3）can’t say clearly （4）very unsatisfied （5）not satisfied

93 7. Do you think direct drainage of domestic sewage will affect overall environment in the village? （1）big impact （2）some impact （3）no impact （4） not clear 8.If your residence will be requisitioned to pave water-transportation piping, what’s your attitude? （1）be willing to accept （2）be unwilling to accept （3） can’t say clearly （4）object （5）object firmly 9. What’s your ideal mode of resettlement for requisition of land? （1）money compensation （2）physical compensation （3）resettlement of labor force （4）others 10. What’s your view on the requisition of land? (Multiple-choice is allowed) (1) will seriously impact residents’ daily life (2) is helpful to promote city’s modernization process (3) Advantages weigh disadvantages (4) Disadvantages weigh advantages (5) Others

11. What’s your attitude toward this program by donation from GEF? （1）Welcome （2）don’t care （3） objective 12. In your opinion, what’s the biggest problem the project will bring forth? （1） noise （2） flying dust （3）impact on traffic （4）land requisition &demolition and resettlement （5）disturbance on familiar community environment for inhabitants （6）others

13. Do you pay sewage treatment fee per month?

94 （1）Yes （2）No 14.Do you know the standard rate of sewage treatment in Shanghai? （1）have a clear idea （2）have a general idea （3）have no idea 15.Are you satisfied with present water rate and supplied water services? （1）very satisfied （2）satisfied （3） hard to say clearly（4）not satisfied （5）very unsatisfied

16.Do you think that the current water rate has imposed pressure on your life? （1）absolutely not （2） a little （3） hard to say clearly 17. If the water rate is increased after the fulfillment of the project, what’s your attitude? （1）welcome （2） accept （3）have no idea （4）not accept （5） object 18. If the water rate is increased, in your opinion, what is the most reasonable growing rate? （1）around 0.05 Yuan （2）around 0.1 Yuan （3）around 0.15 Yuan （4）about 0.2 Yuan （5）around0.25 Yuan （6）around 0.3 Yuan （7）others 19.Are you confident that the social aim of this project will be achieved? Yes, give your reasons No, give your reasons ______20. Please give your opinions, requirements and suggestions on the construction of the program:

Annex 3 Questionnaire for Component 3

Social Impact Questionnaire by GEF donation ◆Agrotechnic demonstration program of Diffused Pollution( DP) control

This program is deal with the following four aspects:

1. Promotion of commercial organic fertilizer

2. fertilizer application technology by soil measure prescription

3. Reasonable use of pesticides

4. Alarming and monitoring control of soil and pests.

Q1: If you compared the organic fertilizer (within test period)in demonstration bases with chemical fertilizer used before, which one do you think is more economical( cost advantage) and more effective?

Q2: For these two kinds of fertilizer, which do you think is more convenient to apply and easier to accept?

Q3: Compare with chemical fertilizer, do you think organic fertilizer has advantage in improving production output of agricultural crops?

96 Q5: Was pesticide (insecticide) a major means for you to improve crops production output in the past?

Q7: What the major reason for you to excessively use the pesticide? (backward machinery, improper operation, the pest and disease is even worse after pesticide is applied or other reasons)

Q8: What’s your opinion of reasonable reduction use of pesticide? If reduced, will it have impact on agricultural output? Can you accept the fact that the cost of new pesticide will increase your production cost?

Q9: What’s your opinion of future development of the program on agricultural demonstration base?

It will improve environment which will have positive impact on crops output. Why?

It will improve environment but will side impact on crops output. Why?

It will not improve environment but will have a little side impact on crops output. Why?

Annex 4: Community Participation handbook after establishment of Shanghai Wetland Demonstration for Pollution Reduction

Community Participation handbook after establishment of Shanghai Wetland Demonstration for Pollution Reduction

In order to reach the aim of sustainable and sound development of demonstrative programs of sewage treatment system in rural Shanghai donated by GEF after establishment of related programs in some villages of Qingpu and Jiading district, corresponding measures and system of management has been compiled by means of community-based development, that is, methods and principles of CBD and discussions with interest parties, to monitor and track on whole development after establishment of related programs in an all-round and effective manner to guarantee long—term, smooth and healthy development.

It aims to realize local sustainable development and strengthen the “ownership” sense of local villagers, who will be responsible for these programs and beneficiaries from these programs.

1. Basic Principles for Public Participation

A. giving full play of master-conscience of local people: Their legal right to know the truth, right to have a say, decision right and implementation right should be fully respected; the requirements from local community should be satisfied as much as possible in order to make them more actively participate in each phase, including implementation, management and supervision; democratic decision, management and supervision should be realized.

B. Participation of local villagers in operation and management of programs in project area. After establishment, under leadership and supervision of local

98 government, village committees are in charge of the operation and management of the projects and local villagers are also participants.

C. The villagers in project area should benefit from operation. Since the operation needs certain amount of human resources, corresponding employment opportunities exists. The local villagers should receive employment opportunities and related number of employment should be increased in order to increase their income level.

D. Corresponding capital should be provided in order to guarantee long-term operation after establishment. As we all know, the construction is very important and the more important point is to guarantee the long-term operation is in a sound and smooth manner, which is the final goal of project’s construction. On the basis of smooth construction and protection of ecological environment, it is expected that the project can create employment opportunities, increase local economic income and form a sustainable, healthy and smooth operational mechanism. At the same time, the local government should allocate certain amount of capital or provide budget for operational use of village committees and villagers’ team annually or in a certain period in order to ensure that the project will be in good operation in a long term.

E. Participation of disadvantaged groups should be encouraged and paid close attention to. During the participation process of project management, the local community or village committee should pay attention to different groups, especially the disadvantaged groups in local community, including poverty population, females. They should be encouraged for participation and make them get participation opportunities and resources which are qualified with their capabilities.

F. The mechanism of sustainable operation should be established. Management organization and system should be established and improved step by step in order to make the operation be kept in a systematical and sustainable manner.

2 Function of Local Institutions

After establishment, the project management team is composed of local government and corresponding departments under leadership of the People’s government at district level. The management departments at town’s level will abide by requirements from its superiors and members of local village committee is in charge of its detailed implementation work. The village committee has established management institutions to conduct daily maintenance work for artificial wetland.

Government responsibilities at district level: to formulate project’s operational policies; to strengthen supervision on its implementation; to arrange and carry out operational budget and allocate it to governmental organizations subordinate levels.

Organizational responsibilities at country/town’s level: to formulate detailed stipulations and requirements in operational maintenance and management; to set up supervision institutions; to be in charge of trouble-shooting during actual implementation.

Village committee’s responsibilities: On the premise of common participation and discussion, the operation management team should be set up in terms of the operational principles; after training, the members from this management team can be elected responsible personnel; to formulate detailed measures, and implementation scheme, such as regulations and norms to guarantee smooth operation.

100

Operational Organization Chart

People’s government at to formulate operational policies; to supervise and district level manage detailed operation ; to carry out operational expenses; to allocate capital to organizations under leadership of towns

to formulate detailed stipulations; establish Organizations of town’s supervision institutions; provide technical support and government capital during implementation

to formulate detailed stipulations; establish Villagers’ management supervision institutions; provide technical support and committee capital during implementation

Operational management to form a project management team; provide training for team elected members; formulate detailed management measures

The village committee is a fundamental organization which is in charge of daily operation and maintenance of the program and it plays an important role on public participation. Each villager should do from himself, protecting environment, and form good daily habit; all villagers should pay attention to the following issues, such as, not blocking wastes in drainage pipes, not arbitrarily throwing domestic wastes or sewage into river. It is expected to bring all local villagers in newly-built wetland of river net and artificial wetland into management system by means of self-management of villagers. All villagers were encouraged to be involved into management of project and maintenance, living in a healthy life with cleaner environment.

3. Basic Requirements of Pubic Participation for Operation and Maintenance

101 Qingpu artificial wetland system, a kind of marsh land established and supervised by manual, is composed of soil and material which is filled up with stuffs in terms of certain slope; on the surface of the material, there are some special kinds of plants; The wetland of river net is to take advantage of natural slope area of river course to grow some plants which can purify pollutes; at the same time, in the river course, some plants which are benefit for ecological purification are also grown to purify sewage, together with joint efforts of physical, chemical and biological effect.

Sewage treatment of artificial wetland is featuring high efficiency, economic saving and beatification. After establishment of artificial wetland, the project management team is in charge of the regular maintenance and management of artificial wetland. The village committee will organize villager to conduct inspection on operation and maintenance on a regular basis; once any problem occurred, it will be reported and submitted to superiors.

Since the construction for sewage treatment of artificial wetland is relatively scattering of a small scale, the key points for public participation is as follows:

1) Regular Maintenance on sewage collection tank of artificial wetland

A. Within 6 months to a year, the deposited mud should be cleaned and the mud should be re-used by means of composting piles or harmless medical processing.

B. On a regular basis, the cover should be checked whether it is covered well; whether the pool is good order; whether the outflow valve and overflow pipes are blocked; whether timely maintenance work has been done.

2) Regular maintenance on filter chamber of artificial land

The following aspects should be paid special attention for Regular

102 maintenance on filter chamber of artificial land:

1. To check water distribution system to keep all system in good operation

2. On the basis of one to two years, the filter material should be investigated; once there is blocking phenomenon, the filter material should be agitated.

4. Public Participation and Security Management

A. Safe production and fire-control should be maintained in each passage in sewage treatment stations. If there are pump stations existing, the air circulation and lighting should be kept; maintenance should be conducted when more than two people are available because once an accident happens, people can help each other.

B. Fire, explosion, asphyxia, and poisoning should be prevented; if the cover of fermentation tank which is absent of oxygen but contains firedamp, no naked light or lighting butt is allowed.

C. In order to prevent asphyxia and poisoning, when sewage collection tank needs maintenance, blast should be used first to use up firedamp and then people can come to the tank without any safety problem. The anti-poisoning mask and examination equipments should be applied and two- people is a must. People who should come to the tank should equipped with safety ropes and supervision from people on the tank; once any accident happens, people in the tank should be saved from the tank and put in the passage which has air circulation and if the case is urgent and serious, the emergency operation should be given in the hospital.

D. When the maintenance is made on checking well, air circulation should be done and once there is no danger, people is allowed into the well.

E. People and livestock are prevented from dropping into the tank and once the sewage collection tank is established, the cover should be placed

103 well, preventing passengers, children and livestock falling into the tank.

F. During patrol and maintenance period of river-net wetland, workers should be reminded to pay attention to safety issue and workers should make patrol well concerning plant growth and any change in river net; if any problem is found, workers should submit the problem to the local village committees.

5. Improvement of Water-protection Conscience

The local village should set up a fixed area for piling wastes and make it sorted in order to avoid arbitrary dumping which will cause second-time pollution. The project area can organize villagers in slack seasons to have environment-protection lectures together with different kinds of propaganda, such as posters to introduce the importance of environment protection to villagers and make them understand what they should do and what they can not do to increase their environment-protection conscience. Soap is encouraged to use more instead of washing powder in order to reduce the pollution of phosphor in water.

The conscience of public participation can be strengthened from the following three aspects:

1. To do the cleaning work well around the pump stations, including cleaning floors, clearing wild grass and litters, to keep environment clean; to pile everything in order (including firewoods, building materials and etc), to throw wastes into bin; no arbitrary drainage; to put domestic sewage into pipes; not to put closestool into river; all these behaviors aim to improve living quality.

2. The livestock breeder should provide a fixed area for raising chickens, ducks and gooses as well as epidemic prevention. Arbitrarily raising is not allowed any more; before the sewage flows to artificial wetland, racks should be dredged.

104 3. Public assets should be protected, such as pipes of artificial land, plants and facilities. Any action to damage public building, sewage pipes, plants and infrastructures is prohibited. If there is a damage occurred, it should be reported to local village committees or corresponding management institutions.

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Guid to Community Participants in the Demonstrative

Area of Wetland Demonstration for Pollution Reduction

It should be abide by one “principle”, two “should-do”, three “self-conscious”, four “frequency”, five “prevention”:

One Principle

 To insist principle of local community public participation;

Two “should-do”

 During patrol and maintenance period of river-net wetland, workers should be reminded to pay attention to safety issue and workers should make patrol well concerning plant growth and any change in river net; if any problem is found, workers should submit the problem to the local village committees.

 People should increase their environment-protection conscience. Insist throwing litter into litter bin; no arbitrary drainage is allowed; not discharge domestic sewage into pipes; not put closestool into river; all these behaviors aim to improve living quality.

Three “self-conscious”

 To do the cleaning work well around the pump stations, including cleaning floors, clearing wild grass and litters, to keep environment clean; to pile everything in order (including firewoods, building materials and etc), to throw wastes into bin;

 The livestock breeder should provide a fixed area for raising chickens, ducks and gooses as well as epidemic prevention. Arbitrarily raising is not

106 allowed any more; before the sewage flows to artificial wetland, racks should be dredged.

 Public assets should be protected, such as pipes of artificial land, plants and facilities. Any action to damage public building, sewage pipes, plants and infrastructures is prohibited. If there is damage occurred, it should be reported to local village committees or corresponding management institutions.

Four Frequency

Within 6 months to a year, the deposited mud should be cleaned and the mud should be re-used by means of composting piles or harmless medical processing.

 On a regular basis, the cover should be checked whether it is covered well; whether the pool is good order; whether the outflow valve and overflow pipes are blocked; whether timely maintenance work has been done.

 To check water distribution system to keep all system in good operation

On the basis of one to two years, the filter material should be investigated; once there is blocking phenomenon, the filter material should be agitated.

Five Prevention

 Fire, explosion, asphyxia, and poisoning should be prevented; if the cover of fermentation tank which is absent of oxygen but contains firedamp, no

naked light or lighting butt is allowed.

 To prevent asphyxia and poisoning; when sewage collection tank needs maintenance, blast should be used first to use up firedamp and then people can come to the tank with confirmation of zero safety problem. The anti-poisoning mask and examination equipments should be applied and two-people is a must.

107  To prevent human and livestocks falling into tanks; when the sewage collection tank is established, the cover should be put in the right position.

 To prevent pollution of river-network wetland; no oil tanker is allowed to enter into river-network wetland;

 To prevent man-made damage and to protect infrastructure within construction area

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