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------that the Italian party system was again subject to subject again was system party Italian the that remembering without understood be cannot years and institutional political of history Italian recent presidency. Obama’s under US by the supported not was pressure This ECB. the in basis institutional an found enough, significantly that, pressure man Ger and French to strong due but ni’s government Berlusco against vote any confidence no of without occurred This Berlusconi. Silvio of power from ing 2011, of government Monti oust the marked which by the represented was loss this of pinnacle The nance dominance fiscal of weaving determined by fluctuation and a continuous inter Italian monetary matters, which have always been 2016-2017, of context specific the in seen be must years, dramatic two last the of policy economic The Slovakiabania, and Bulgaria. Al Romania, Poland, Hungary, in happening already is as deinstitutionalization, (not democratic) yarchic pol of aprocess on embark will Europe central of states the soon as beginning, the merely is BREXIT which of deinstitutionalization, European of era the into We well are world. the in Europe of decline the by created vacuum geopolitical the of out arisen has The growing deinstitutionalization Italy that afflicts powers. Turkey Sunni US, the Arab and between pact tional interna an of up drawing by the possible made been have could which Mesopotamia, of construction re upcoming the in used being from potential tion produc Italian existing still the preventing thus Libya, as well as Egypt from excluded was Italy that ensure to means to every resorted states European Both 19th the of end century. at the happened as just Africa, North from Italy at expelling aimed pressure British and French to direct thanks Egypt, and Libya in presence Italian the endangering thus , with a growing loss of sovereignty. of loss a growing , with foreign domi foreign and ------ed to the Senate, the Democratic Party was unable unable was Party Democratic the Senate, to the ed electedmembers to the House and elect members between balance avirtuous even today, to establish impossible, it makes that system electoral to an Due Italy. in happening still is and isprecarious, different very from what happened though that, however, have, asolution found tries coun two latter The Portugal. and Spain in enced experi to that similar very into acrisis Italy plunging agovernment, to organize unable was that chine ma 2013 to the aparty gave rise stead, elections 1990s. 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Monti the up setting with ahead to go adecision to take Eurocrats top ranking bled ena Napolitano Giorgio President, by Italian formed was inbility vain. Theunconstitutional role per sta European on attack pro-German this to prevent pressure US crisis. debt public adeep-seated ing government bonds on international markets, caus Italian of quantities huge dumped Bank Deutsche 2011, in began thus crisis current the The after car wash.” “operation Brazilian recent more the of version own time of the ”clean hands” campaign: Europe’s very 1990s, at the early the in place took that struction de the of wake the in disintegration increasing ------should be the government’s parliamentary mainstay mainstay parliamentary government’s the be should This Party. 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Mediterranean Yearbook 2017 178 Geographical Overview | EU’s Mediterranean Countries Panorama ity of personal affiliations that affiliations of areity continually personal in dan amultiplic with agovernment, to form order in party multi-despotic dominant the than weaker much are must surroundparties themselves that with parties when these increases The multi-despotic instability andideological policy-based parties. strongly in way as same the in parties such in gam amal along-term as act not does policy as politics because unstable, very be can parties Such parties. to multi-despotic parties mono-despotic from shift a affiliations: personal their of diversity by the but differences policy strong by their distinguished not are that factions of confederations of up made ties par and parties personal between years recent in ly Ita in place taken has that transition the of blematic em is government Renzi The secretary. national Florence Matteo Renzi, who was thus proclaimed of Mayor by won the was consultation the votes, 67.55% With assembly. the of national Party cratic Demo the of members and secretary national the to choose held were Party Democratic the of tions elec 2013, primary 8December the Sunday On influences conditioning moredepends and more on external democracy and thus parliamentary into foundations question the very of discipline: calls spirit thefactional parliamentary legitimacy and party between gap isaclear There and democratic legitimacy of the nation. sphere, thus continuallyry threatening the stability relationships spinning straight into the parliamenta power factional the waves in visceral the sending time same at the balance, institutional the all turned over and dictatorship into afactional changed this 2011. in Monti Mario with on, emerged years Five that dictatorship Roman the of face new the is This more conditioning on influences. external and more depends thus and democracy mentary parlia of foundations very the into question calls discipline:legitimacy the and party factional spirit ponent. There is a clear gap between parliamentary op determined most its to be proving is instead and ------ocratic Party and the tiny centrist and moderate moderate and centrist tiny the and Party ocratic Dem the votes of the with Mattarella of election The Union. European the of Presidency Italian the of end 2015, 14 on resigned January at the 90, nearly was pated in previous months, who the President, Italian antici widely as 2020, but, 22 April was term ond sec Napolitano’s Giorgio of expiration natural The divided deeply the Democratic Party, which was of entirely the internal on minority he didbecause not have to depend was This useful toItalia. Renzi of the moderate right-wing Forza Senate could count on the support governmentThe in the majority deep divisions between and within the parties. the within and between divisions deep to very led had but urgent considered everyone that reforms constitutional over the and law toral elec new the of profile over the President, new the over agreement to an coming of impossibility the en giv awhole, as by Parliament demand” popular “by re-elected been had Napolitano Giorgio path. tional appointment of the President followed a non-institu the formation, government of process the with As primarily in the areas of energy and transport. by removing more and more power from the regions, to fast-track aimed Renzi Matteo that centralization state’s the re- and premium majority electoral to the attributed to be role over the division amidst shape, the constitutional reforms that were taking gradually Democratic Party, which was deeply divided over the of minority internal the on entirely have to depend not did he because to Renzi useful was This game. political Italian the to affect continued thus which Italia, Forza right-wing moderate the of support the on count could Senate the in majority government The afew undersecretaries. and ministers two or by one represented were parties other the all while ministers, nine and Minister Prime the appointed ty Par Democratic the but groups Parliamentary ferent dif to eight belonged government of members The umented in his studies. doc ably so Calise Mauro as down, breaking of ger ------eign Minister of the Renzi Government. On 13 On De Government. Renzi the of Minister eign For former Gentiloni, to Paolo government a new forming of task gave the Mattarella Sergio President of various and parties parliamentary groups, Italian 2016,December after consulting with delegations 11 On down. over stepped presided he executive the and Renzi Matteo Minister Prime Referendum, 2016 the of outcome the constitutional Following with Brexit. Kingdom United the in happened to what similar very cally cleavageclass that was socially and anthropologi clear and strong avery with voted No, pensioners and earners wage low-income and poor and young the nation: the in schism social adramatic causing favour, in 40% only and votes against of 60% with government, the for catastrophic was outcome The change). vote constitutional of favour in YES the win not did he if todown step promise his on hinged cry battle referendum (Renzi’s power personal own his to reaffirm move designed a forceful in reform tional constitu on areferendum announced Renzi Matteo stepped executive over he presided Minister Matteo Renzi and the Prime constitutional Referendum, Following the outcome of the 2016 politano’s European pro-German activism. over by Na trampled been had that referee publican aRe of dignity the President Italian to the stored re power. state of This arebalancing of beginning the marked Berlusconi with broken had that groups down ------S S S L C C Bibliography yarchy. pol democratic the of authority the weakens than rather encourages that machine aparty lacks still is strongly on dependent international relations and which consolidate, can Italy as such astate that ity stabil political the rebuilding for potential the offers dency is now of a bastion and firm constitutionality Presi law, Italian the but electoral over the reached been has agreement no away because far still is ity The economic crisis continues, stabil- parliamentary against. 99 and 169 with Senate vote the favour in votes in dence aconfi won 14On government the December, “Vote wording the Now!” bearing banners waving by Government the against protested members Italy of Brothers vote the of while time at the House the left Choice Civic and Italia Forza ALA, League, Northern Movement, Star Five The 105and against. favour votes in 368 with Deputies of Chamber the vote in aconfidence won government the cember, ipset apelli apelli apelli alise alise 2016. ranea London, 2014.London, World Springer, Order, New Heiderberg, York, Company, New York, New 1997.Company, and Norton Paperback, Norton Sword, Edge , , Laterza, Bari, 2000. Bari, Laterza, personale, partito Il , M. G. , , G. , G. S M. American Exceptionalism. ADouble- Exceptionalism. American .M. , Pearson, Milan, 2008. Milan, , Pearson,

Guerini, Milan, 2012 L’inverno Milan, Guerini, Monti, di La democrazia del leader

Storia economica dell’ Italia Contempo Italia dell’ Storia economica Global Challenges and the Emerging Emerging the and Challenges Global , Laterza, Bari, Bari, , Laterza, - - - - - .

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2017 179 Geographical Overview | EU’s Mediterranean Countries Panorama