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Exploring the Spatial Patterns and Determinants of Poverty: the Case of Albay and Camarines Sur Provinces in Bicol Region, Philippines

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Exploring the Spatial Patterns and Determinants of Poverty: the Case of Albay and Camarines Sur Provinces in Bicol Region, Philippines Exploring the Spatial Patterns and Determinants of Poverty: The Case of Albay and Camarines Sur Provinces in Bicol Region, Philippines A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Tsukuba in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Doctoral Program on Geoenvironmental Science) Brandon Manalo VISTA Abstract Poverty has a spatial dimension. Geography, particularly the physical environment, plays a significant role in the poverty condition of communities and of the people living in disadvantaged regions. However, this spatial dimension of poverty has not been given much attention in many poverty studies, especially in the Philippines. In an attempt to underscore its importance, this study explores the spatial patterns and the possible underlying determinants affecting poverty condition in two adjacent provinces of Albay and Camarines Sur, located in Bicol Region, one of the poorest in the country. Agro-climatic condition which consists of slope, elevation, soil, rainfall and access to river, as well as access to road infrastructure and proximity to major markets were all derived using GIS. Together with the influence of government programs and policies i.e., fiscal decentralization and land distribution, and population growth, all of these variables were combined using multiple regression analysis to investigate their effect on poverty. Results of the study show that the spatial patterns of poverty in terms of incidence exhibit spatially heterogeneous characteristics. The spatial variation in the incidence of poverty is mainly caused by disparities on access to road infrastructure which is further exacerbated by loopholes and geographical bias in fiscal funding priorities and deficiency in agrarian reform implementation. Moreover, proximity to major cities where there is a high concentration of development and economic activities and differences in agro-climatic features, particularly, elevation, slope, and rainfall also proved to be significant determinants to poverty and suggest the presence of geographically disadvantageous areas within the study site. Thus, geography and facets of public policy have a strong impact on the condition of poverty of communities. Keywords: Geography of poverty, Spatial patterns, Poverty determinants, Poverty mapping, Poverty analysis, GIS, Bicol, Philippines i Table of Contents ABSTRACT…. .........................................................................................................................................I LIST OF FIGURES...............................................................................................................................IV LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................VI LIST OF MAPS ................................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................VIII LIST OF ACRONYMS .........................................................................................................................IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM............................................................................. 1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ................................................................................. 3 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 4 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.................................................................................................... 4 1.6 THESIS STRUCTURE................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 7 2.1 THEORIES AND DEFINITIONS OF POVERTY................................................................................. 7 2.2 SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY ........................................................................................... 9 2.3 POVERTY MAPPING APPROACHES ........................................................................................... 10 2.4 LESSONS FROM PREVIOUS COUNTRY CASE STUDIES .............................................................. 12 2.5 POVERTY STUDIES IN THE PHILIPPINES.................................................................................... 15 2.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 3: THE STUDY AREA: ALBAY AND CAMARINES SUR PROVINCES IN BICOL REGION, PHILIPPINES .............................................................................. 20 3.1 THE BICOL REGION AND ITS POVERTY SITUATION .................................................................. 20 3.2 THE CASE STUDY AREA .......................................................................................................... 21 3.3.1. Physical Condition......................................................................................................... 22 3.3.2. Socio-economic condition.............................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY FOR EXPLORING THE SPATIAL PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY ............................................................................ 27 4.1 DATA COLLECTION .................................................................................................................. 27 4.2 PRE-PROCESSING ..................................................................................................................... 29 4.3 GEOSPATIAL DATABASE BUILD-UP .......................................................................................... 29 4.4 SPATIAL ANALYSIS................................................................................................................... 30 ii 4.4.1 Zonal Analysis .................................................................................................................... 30 4.4.2 Kriging Interpolation and Zonal Analysis ......................................................................... 31 4.4.3 Density Analysis and Zonal Analysis ................................................................................. 32 4.4.4 Network Analysis................................................................................................................33 4.5 MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 35 CHAPTER 5: SPATIAL PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY ........................... 37 5.1 SPATIAL PATTERNS OF POVERTY AND RELATED CHARACTERISTICS ........................................ 37 5.2 AGRO-CLIMATIC CONDITION ................................................................................................... 51 5.2.1 Elevation............................................................................................................................. 51 5.2.2 Slope ................................................................................................................................... 51 5.2.3 Soil...................................................................................................................................... 52 5.2.4 Rainfall ............................................................................................................................... 53 5.2.5 Access to River ................................................................................................................... 54 5.3 ACCESS AND PROXIMITY......................................................................................................... 54 5.3.1 Access to Road Infrastructure ............................................................................................ 54 5.3.2 Proximity to Major Markets............................................................................................... 55 5.4 INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS AND POLICIES........................................................ 56 5.4.1 Land Distribution ...............................................................................................................56 5.4.2 Fiscal Decentralization...................................................................................................... 57 5.5 POPULATION GROWTH............................................................................................................. 58 5.6 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS OF THE MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION ANALYSIS ON THE DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY.................................................................................................. 75 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................... 93 6.1 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 93 6.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH.................................................................................
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