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Sustainable Food Systems Through Diversification and Indigenous Vegetables an ANALYSIS of the ARUSHA AREA

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Sustainable Food Systems Through Diversification and Indigenous Vegetables an ANALYSIS of the ARUSHA AREA Making policies work SASS Sustainable food systems through diversification and indigenous vegetables AN ANALYSIS OF THE ARUSHA AREA REPORT II By Paulina Bizzotto Molina, Cecilia D’Alessandro, Koen Dekeyser and Marta Marson March 2020 SASS report II www.ecdpm.org/sass_ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ iv Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... vii 1.Introduction and objectives .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Food system transformation through diversification .................................................................. 1 1.2. Objectives and research questions ........................................................................................... 2 2.Food systems, sustainability and indigenous vegetables ............................................................................ 3 2.1. The food system approach ........................................................................................................ 3 2.2. Food systems governance ........................................................................................................ 5 2.3. Indigenous vegetables in the plot, market and on the plate ...................................................... 7 2.4. Research area description ...................................................................................................... 10 3.Mapping Arusha’s food system ................................................................................................................. 13 3.1. Drivers of the food system ....................................................................................................... 13 3.1.1.Economic drivers ............................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.2.Social and cultural drivers ............................................................................................................... 15 3.1.3.Political drivers ................................................................................................................................. 18 3.1.4.Environmental drivers ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.2. Food system activities ............................................................................................................. 23 3.2.1.Food supply system ......................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.2.Food environment ............................................................................................................................ 45 3.2.3.Food consumption: Tanzanian diets ................................................................................................ 48 3.2.4. Food and nutrition security in Arusha and indigenous vegetables benefits .................................... 49 4.Governance of Arusha’s food system: key policies and main actors ........................................................ 56 4.1. Policies and institutional frameworks, with a focus on indigenous vegetables ............................. 57 4.1.1.Nutrition: high on the political agenda but faced with implementation challenges ........................... 58 4.1.2.Agricultural policies: state-led development versus private sector investments .............................. 60 4.1.3.Climate and environmental policies: in place but not trickling down ................................................ 67 4.1.4.Food and agri-related policies in Arusha City: towards a sustainable food system in Arusha ........ 68 4.2. Mapping the main food systems actors, with a focus on indigenous vegetables .................... 69 4.2.1.Main actors in the Arusha food system: an overview ...................................................................... 70 4.2.2.Production and processing .............................................................................................................. 72 4.2.3.Distribution, trade and retail ............................................................................................................. 75 4.2.4.Consumption ................................................................................................................................... 76 4.2.5. Enabling environment ..................................................................................................................... 77 i SASS report II www.ecdpm.org/sass_ii 4.2.5.Main actors involved in the indigenous vegetables chain in Arusha ............................................... 80 4.3. Drivers and constraints of indigenous vegetables integration ................................................. 82 4.3.1.Indigenous vegetables production: weak vertical and horizontal linkages ...................................... 82 4.3.2.Indigenous vegetables distribution: informal vertical and strong horizontal linkages ...................... 91 4.3.3.Factors constraining consumption of indigenous vegetables in Arusha .......................................... 94 4.3.4.Cross-cutting governance dimensions hindering integration ........................................................... 97 4.3.5.Overview of governance challenges and conclusion ....................................................................... 98 5.Pathways for sustainability through diversification .................................................................................. 100 5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 100 5.2. Entry-points for more indigenous vegetables ........................................................................ 100 5.3. Pathway 1 – Governance: Multi-stakeholder platform for stronger chain governance .......... 102 5.4. Pathway 2 – Production: Informed choice through extension support .................................. 104 5.5. Pathway 3 – Distribution: Improved food safety along the chain ........................................... 106 5.6. Pathway 4 – Consumption: Information campaign for greater food knowledge .................... 107 5.7. Pathways’ overview ................................................................................................................... 109 6.Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 111 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 113 List of Boxes Box 1: Sustainable Agrifood Systems Strategies (SASS) .............................................................................. ix Box 2: Trade-offs and synergies in food systems .......................................................................................... 7 Box 3: Defining indigenous vegetables ........................................................................................................ 10 Box 4: Agro-pastoralists have different food systems .................................................................................. 29 Box 5: Benefits of Conservation Agriculture ................................................................................................. 33 Box 6: Experimental research on health benefits of indigenous vegetables ................................................ 56 Box 7: Participatory Guarantee Systems ..................................................................................................... 90 Box 8: Lack of processing stifles producers, traders, and consumers ......................................................... 94 List of Figures Figure 1: Connecting food system activities to drivers and outcomes ........................................................... 5 Figure 2: Sustainability’s dimensions showing the trade-offs of food, centred on indigenous vegetables ..... 9 Figure 3: Location of the research area, Arusha, Tanzania ......................................................................... 11 Figure 4: Research locations by discipline, Arusha, Tanzania ..................................................................... 12 Figure 5: Tanzania’s seasonal calendar ....................................................................................................... 25 Figure 6: Main crops produced in Tanzania in 2017 (tonnes) ...................................................................... 27 Figure 7: Main crops produced in Arusha in 2016-2017 (tonnes) ................................................................ 29 Figure 8: Margins of farmers, wholesalers, and retailers for indigenous vegetables ................................... 42 Figure 9: Arusha’s central market, women’s section .................................................................................... 47 ii SASS report II www.ecdpm.org/sass_ii Figure 10: Comparing Tanzania’s food insecurity
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