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The Book and Its Narratives 1 2 Örebro Studies in Literary History and Criticism 1 GREGER ANDERSSON The Book and Its Narratives: A Critical Examination of Some Synchronic Studies of the Book of Judges 3 © Greger Andersson, 2001 Titel: The Book and Its Narratives: A Critical Examination of Some Synchronic Studies of the Book of Judges Utgivare: Universitetsbiblioteket 2001 www.oru.se/ub/publikationer/index.html Skriftserieredaktör: Joanna Israelsson-Kempinska Redaktör: Heinz Merten Tryck: Parajett, Landskrona 04/2001 Tryck, omslag: Trio Tryck, Örebro 04/2001 issn 1650-5840 isbn 91-7668-276-5 4 Abstract 11 Preface 12 1. INTRODUCTION I. Introduction 13 A Search for a Meaningful and Interpretable Text 13 The Book of Judges as Literature 15 The Book and the Narratives 16 A Topic for a Literature Department 17 Method 18 Interpretation – A Difficult Concept 18 A Specific Language Game 19 Material 20 The Book of Judges and the Deuteronomistic History 21 The Book of Judges 22 Two Problems for the Common Reader and for the 24 Professional Interpreter of the Book Disposition 25 Chapters II–IV 25 Chapters V–VIII 26 II. THE STORY ABOUT EHUD – A SIMPLE NARRATIVE? II. The Story about Ehud – A Simple Narrative? 35 Some Comments on the Text 35 Chapter 3:12–17 35 Chapter 3:18–26 37 Chapter 3:27–30 39 A Simple Story 39 Fiction or History? 40 A “Narration-Narrative” 40 The Narrative and the Larger Text 42 Synchronic Scholars 43 The Narrative Displays a Theme in the Larger Text 43 The Narrative Is Transformed into an Episode 44 Within a Larger Narrative 5 Is Ehud an Antihero? 45 The Narrative Displays a Hermeneutic Discussion 46 How Should These Divergent Interpretations Be Explained? 46 The Interpretations of the Synchronists Cannot Be Synthesized 47 How Can These Interpretations Be Evaluated and Explained? 47 How Can the View That Ehud Is an Antihero Be Explained? 47 A Narrative Integrated into a Larger Text 48 III. THE BOOK OF JUDGES – TEXT AND CONTEXT III. The Book of Judges – Text and Context 57 The Book of Judges Has Been Formed in a Process 57 That Has Produced a Meaningful Text Childs, Introduction to the Old Testament As Scripture 57 Amit, The Book of Judges: The Art of Editing 58 O’Connell, The Rhetoric of the Book of Judges 60 The Book of Judges Has a Narrative Structure 61 Webb, The Book of the Judges: An Integrated Reading 61 Klein, The Triumph of Irony in the Book of Judges 62 The Work Is a Dialogical Text – Polzin, Moses and the Deuteronomist 64 Text and Interpretation 66 Historical-Critical Scholars’ Apprehension of the Text and 66 Its Interpretation A Text Must Have “Texture” to Be Authentic 67 Text and Interpretation 68 Synchronic Scholars’ Apprehension of 68 the Text and Its Interpretation A New Critical Apprehension of the Text 69 The Interpretation of a “Voice” in the Text 70 The Book of Judges – A Meaningful “Text” 70 Is It Possible to Evaluate the Different Strategies? 71 6 IV. WHY DOES JEPHTHAH SACRIFICE HIS DAUGHTER? IV. Why Does Jephthah Sacrifice His Daughter? 83 Introduction 83 The Story about Jephthah 84 Introduction, 10:6–16 84 Jephthah, 10:17–11:17 85 Negotiations with the Ammonites, 11:12–28 85 The Vow and the Sacrifice, 11:29–40 86 Jephthah and the Ephraimites, 12:1–6 88 The Conclusion, 12:7 89 A Difficult Story 89 An Episodic Narrative 89 A “Porous” Story 90 Tensions between the Micro- and Macro-Levels of the Text 92 A Strange Motif 92 Some Interpretations 93 The Synchronists and the Story About Jephthah 95 Gunn, Webb and Polzin 96 Klein 97 O’Connell 97 A Search for Coherence 98 The Story about Jephthah – A Tragedy? 100 Conclusion 101 V. ARE NARRATIVES RESISTANT TO REWORKING? V. Ar Narratives Resistant to Reworking? 113 A “Natural” Reading of Narratives 114 The Hermeneutic Circle and Perspective 115 The Parable of the Good Samaritan 116 The Interpretation of Narratives 118 A Conventional Interpretation of the Narratives in Judges 118 To Fill In Gaps in a Text 119 Is It Up to the Reader to Decide Where a Narrative Starts and Ends? 120 The Morality of the Narratives in the Book of Judges 120 Conclusion 121 7 How Should Narratives That Have Been Inserted 122 in a Larger Text Be Interpreted? Louis O. Mink 122 Conclusion 124 VI. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NARRATIVES AND THE BOOK OF JUDGES VI. The Relationship between the Narratives 131 and the Book of Judges Literary Studies and Redaction Criticism 132 Robert Alter, The Art of Biblical Narrative 132 Some Critical Reflections 133 What Is a Narrative? 134 Different Opinions about Narrativity 135 Is There a Common Denominator in Each and Every Narrative? 135 Different Kinds of Narratives 137 Three Parameters 138 The Book of Judges – A Narrative with a Plot? 140 Some Critical Reflections 140 The Place of Narratives in a Larger Text 142 Different Kinds of Narratives 142 The Book of Judges – Multiple Narrativity? 144 Are the Stories Connected via a Montage-Technique? 145 The Book of Judges – A Short Story Cycle 147 Figural and Instrumental Narrativity 149 Figural Narrativity 149 Instrumental Narrativity 150 Conclusion – The Narratives and the Larger Text 150 VII. SAMSON – HERO OR VILLAIN? VII. Samson – Hero or Villain? 161 The Story about Samson 161 Chapter 13 161 The Annunciation 161 8 Chapters 14–15 163 The Lion 165 The Wedding 165 A Vendetta 166 Chapter 16 168 Samson Visits a Prostitute in Gaza 168 Samson and Delilah 169 The Death of Samson 170 Samson – Hero or Villain? 171 Some Different Alternatives of Interpretation 172 Samson – A Failure? 172 Three Arguments of Interpretation 173 Samson – A Hero? 174 A Story about a Story 176 Different Ways of Viewing the Moral Dilemma 176 Conclusion 178 VIII. THE BOOK OF JUDGES AND POLYPHONY VIII. The Book of Judges and Polyphony 191 Introduction 191 A Polyphonic Book 192 Disposition of the Chapter 193 The Introduction to the Book of Judges 194 Webb, Amit and O’Connell 195 Some Critical Reflections 197 The Story about Deborah, Barak and Jael 198 Introduction, 4:1–5 198 Deborah and Barak, 4:6–10 198 A Delayed Exposition, 4:11–13 199 The Battle, 4:14–16 200 Sisera and Jael, 4:17–21 200 The Discovery, 4:22 201 Resolution, 4:23–24 201 9 A Contrasting or Dialogical Perspective: Klein and Polzin 201 Polzin 202 Polzin’s Analysis of the Introduction (1:1–3:6) 202 Polzin’s Analysis of the Story about Deborah 203 The Book of Judges – A Dialogic Text 204 Klein 207 Klein’s Analysis of the Introduction (1:1–3:6) 208 Conclusion 210 SUMMARY 219 BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 Index 233 10 Abstract During recent decades, there has been a trend among biblical scholars towards applying methods borrowed from literary studies to the familiar texts of the Old and New Testaments. A major reason for this reorientation is the search for a meaningful and interpretable text; hence, it can be seen as a protest against the historical-critical school and its ambition to reconstruct an authentic text by me- ans of a diachronic analysis. Synchronic scholars argue for a new understanding of the biblical text, claiming that the object of interpretation is the text in its present form, regarded as a literary production. Consequently, they can study texts that are commonly considered to be patchworks or conglomerations as meaning- ful literary works regardless of their pre-history or authorship. In this thesis I do not focus on studies that concern individual narratives or poems but on those that apply a synchronic approach to large units of texts such as books or collections of books. My example is the book of Judges, and the fundamental issue is whether the synchronists’ description of its structure and of the relationship between the individual narratives and the larger text is sustaina- ble. Through analyses of the book’s introduction and the stories about Ehud, Debo- rah, Jephthah and Samson, I argue that the scholars under consideration are often compelled to form interpretations that are in conflict with a “natural” or “intuiti- ve” reading. I hence claim that they are not reading these stories in accordance with the conventions that are generally applied to narratives. The arguments in which they refer to implicit devices, allusions and the structure of the larger text are assessed as unconvincing. I argue that that these scholars make two common theoretical mistakes. Firstly, they do not consider the specific restrictions that apply to “the literary point of view”. Secondly, they disregard the fact that narratives are autonomous and hence resistant to reworking. If several independent narratives are put together, they are not thereby transformed into a larger single narrative even though they may con- tain common patterns and motifs. Hence, the individual story represents the pri- mary level of meaning and discrete elements are understood as motifs within a literary construction. The stories of the book of Judges are therefore texts within a text. This explains why the book lacks a coherent ideology or morality. The tensions and ambiguities in the book cannot be resolved by classifying it as a literary production and studying it synchronically: on the contrary, doing this confirms and explains the difficulties in the book – that is, the inconsistent charac- ter of both the book and its narratives and the bizarre events that are recounted therein – and its polyphonic character. 11 Preface I would like to thank those who have helped me to complete this thesis – first and foremost my adviser Professor Lars-Åke Skalin.
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