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BEBLER FILM Ok SODOBNO VOJAŠTVO IN DRUŽBA ANTON BEBLER (UR.) Ljubljana, 2005 Anton Bebler (ur.) SODOBNO VOJAŠTVO IN DRUŽBA Knjižna zbirka VARNOSTNE ŠTUDIJE Izdajatelj FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Za založbo Hermina KRAJNC Copyright © po delih in v celoti FDV 2005, Ljubljana. Fotokopiranje in razmnoževanje po delih in v celoti je prepovedano. Vse pravice pridržane. Naslovnica in Prelom: B&V Co. Tisk tiskarna MARGINALIJA Knjiga je izšla ob podpori Agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije. CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 355.02(497.4) FakSODOBNO vojaštvo in družba / Anton Bebler (ur.). - Ljubljana : Fakulteta za družbene vede, 2005. - (Knjižna zbirka Varnostne študije) ISBN 961-235-212-7 1. Bebler, Anton 222549760 VSEBINA UVOD ......................................................................................... 5 Anton Žabkar VOJAŠKA ZNANOST, OBRAMBOSLOVJE IN VARNOSTNE ŠTUDIJE ......................................................... 11 Anton Bebler O VOJAŠKOPOLITIČNIH VIDIKIH OSAMOSVOJITVE SLOVENIJE ................................................. 45 Damijan Guštin SLOVENSKA PARTIZANSKA VOJSKA MED DRUGO SVETOVNO VOJNO........................................... 59 Anton Bebler CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OF THE ARMED FORCES IN SLOVENIA ................ 87 Milovan Zorc PREDSEDNIK REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE KOT VRHOVNI POVELJNIK OBRAMBNIH SIL REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE .......... 101 Marjan Malešič, Ljubica Jelušič POPULAR PERCEPTION OF SECURITY IN SLOVENIA (SELECTED ISSUES) ................................................................ 117 Anton Žabkar IZZIVI TRETJEGA TISOČLETJA IN OBOROŽENE SILE .......... 129 Ljubica Jelušič MIROVNE OPERACIJE ORGANIZACIJE ZDRUŽENIH NARODOV......................................................... 147 Anton Grizold MEDNARODNI VARNOSTNI SISTEMI ................................... 167 Vinko Vegič VLOGA IN FUNKCIJE NATA PO KONCU HLADNE VOJNE .... 181 Iztok Prezelj MEDRESORSKO SODELOVANJE IN KOORDINIRANJE PRI KRIZNEM UPRAVLJANJU ................................................. 201 Vladimir Prebilič TEORIJA VOJAŠKE LOGISTIKE .............................................. 221 Erik Kopač TEORIJA TRGA VOJAŠKE DELOVNE SILE ............................. 235 Jelena Juvan VOJAŠKE DRUŽINE ................................................................ 253 Jerzy J. Wiatr THE POST-COMMUNIST MILITARY IN NEW DEMOCRACIES ........................................................ 269 Karl W. Haltiner & Tibor Szvircsev Tresch THE DECLINE OF CONSCRIPTION IN EUROPE..................... 285 Marjan Malešič DISCUSSION ON THE DECLINE OF CONSCRIPTION IN EUROPE ............................................ 303 Charles Moskos THE POSTMODERN MILITARY .............................................. 313 Christopher Dandeker THE MILITARY AND SOCIETY TH AFTER SEPTEMBER 11 2001 ................................................ 323 5 UVOD Knjiga pred Vami je zbornik besedil, ki so jih k tej izdaji prispevali naši in nekateri tuji obramboslovci. Člani Katedre za obramboslovje Fakultete za družbene vede smo lani sklenili na ta način obeležiti pomemben jubi- lej. Letos bo namreč preteklo trideset let od ustanovitve univerzitetnega študija obramboslovja na Slovenskem. Ta redni študij je bil tedaj kot nova smer umeščen v program Fakultete za sociologijo, politične vede in novinarstvo Univerze v Ljubljani. Imel je dolg naslov – »Študij splošne ljudske obrambe in družbene samozaščite (SLO in DS)«, kar je izhajalo iz tedanjega uradnega jugoslovanskega izrazja. Podlaga za ustanovitev štu- dijev SLO in DS je bil t. i. medrepubliški dogovor v obliki pisnega spora- zuma med Zveznim sekretariatom za ljudsko obrambo in sekretariati za izobraževanje petih tedanjih jugoslovanskih republikah. Eden od predvi- denih petih študijev naj bi bil v Sloveniji, ki jo je ob podpisu sporazuma v Beogradu zastopala tedanja republiška sekretarka E. Ulrich – Atena. Ustanovitev študijev SLO in DS je logično sledila procesu uveljavljanja nove obrambne doktrine SFRJ v letih 1968–1970. Izredno obsežen obrambni sistem, ki so ga tedaj začeli graditi, je med drugim zahteval veliko civilnih obrambnih uradnikov in učiteljev obrambne vzgoje v sred- njih šolah, upokojeni oficirji JLA pa teh potreb niso mogli pokriti ne koli- činsko in še manj kakovostno. Marsikdo med njimi ni imel ustreznih pedagoških sposobnosti in smisla za predavateljski poklic. Ko je to posta- lo jasno, je vodstvo JLA odklonilo, da bi akademije JLA prevzele skrb za šolanje civilnih obrambnih strokovnjakov. Tega se je vojaški vrh verjetno branil tako iz denarnih kakor tudi iz drugih, politično obarvanih razlo- gov. Gojence vojaških akademij je najbrž želel bolje obvarovati pred »kvarnimi« vplivi civilnega okolja (v tedanji terminologiji: pred meščan- sko miselnostjo, liberalizmom, nacionalizmom, klerikalizmom in dogma- tizmom). Ustanovitev petih študijev je imela širšo podlago v novi zvezni ustavi iz l. 1974, ki je odpravila monopol JLA na obrambnem področju in vpelja- la dvodelne oborožene sile SFRJ (JLA in Teritorialna obramba). Armadni vrh je potem, ko se je že prilagodil tem spremembam (ki pa jih ni maral), pobudo za ustanovitev študijev SLO in DS na civilnih univerzah dal sam. Vlogo pobudnika in botra te nove dejavnosti je poskušal izrabiti tudi za to, da bi vpeljal svoj, kolikor se da, neposreden nadzor nad temi študiji. Hkrati je taka umestitev terjala sorazmerno majhne odhodke iz zveznega ministrstva. 6 XSODOBNO VOJAŠTVO IN DRUŽBAX Predstavniki JLA so si med pogajanji z republikami prizadevali doseči identične programe pri vojaškostrokovnih predmetih (z aktivnimi oficirji JLA kot izvajalci), zagotoviti ideološko poenotenje izvedbe, doseči največ- jo možno usklajenost in pretežno naravoslovno-tehnično naravnanost pri nevojaških predmetih. Tako naj bi v obrambnoizobraževalni sferi že v kali zatrli meščanski liberalizem in republiški separatizem. Glavno breme novih programov po prostorski, kadrovski in gmotni plati pa so morale prevzeti republike. Namera vodstva JLA, da tesno nadzoruje us- posabljanje civilnih obramboslovcev, ne da bi sama plačala največji del stroškov, ki so pri tem nastajali, se nazadnje ni izšla. To je postalo najbolj jasno v Sloveniji ob razpadanju jugoslovanske države. Novoustanovljeni obramboslovni študiji so odsevali protislovno nara- vo sistema SLO in DS – njegovo demokratično frazeologijo in hkrati vpetost v avtoritarni enostrankarski sistem. Uvedba obramboslovnega študija tudi v slovenščini in v Sloveniji pa se je dobro ujemala z nacional- noemancipacijskimi težnjami pri nas, saj je šlo za področje, ki je bilo Slo- vencem dolgo odtujeno. Med večkrat težavnimi pogovori s predstavniki JLA (tudi z načelnikom 4. uprave JLA, tedaj generalpodpolkovnikom Veljkom Kadijevićem, kasnejšim zveznim sekretarjem za ljudsko obram- bo) smo se slovenski pogajalci v svojih stališčih opirali na konfederalne prvine v novi zvezni ustavi SFRJ. Te so bile še posebej izrazite na področ- ju šolstva. Zahvaljujoč temu in avtonomiji naše univerze, nam je uspelo izposlovati to, da je dobil slovenski študij v primerjavi s študijem obram- boslovja drugod po Jugoslaviji najzahtevnejši družboslovni program, čeprav je bil po številu študentov najmanjši. Kot najbolj civilen po duhu, najbolj mednarodno odprt in dejaven ter najmanj ideologiziran in režim- sko apologetski med petimi študiji je postal naš oddelek v nekaterih pomembnih ozirih nasprotje beograjski fakulteti za SLO in DS in »črna ovca« v očeh vojaškega vrha JLA. Svoj odnos do našega študija je tedanji zvezni obrambni minister admiral Branko Mamula nazorno izrazil tako, da je onemogočil izvedbo mednarodnega simpozija, za katerega smo predlagali, da bi se organiziral v Sloveniji, in sicer jeseni l. 1985, ob 10. obletnici obstoja obramboslovnega študija. Podpisu sporazuma je sledila odločitev republiškega sekretariata za vzgojo in izobraževanje l. 1974, da bo slovenski študij SLO in DS umeš- čen na Fakulteti za sociologijo, politične vede in novinarstvo (FSPN) v Ljubljani. Ta odločitev je jasno odsevala tedanje stanje v naši republiki. Mariborsko visokošolsko središče so imeli tedaj za kadrovsko in tudi sicer prešibko za izvršitev te zahtevne naloge. Med članicami Univerze v Ljubljani pa je za to novost pokazal zanimanje le tedanji dekan FSPN prof. dr. V. Benko. Tudi na tej fakulteti njegova stališča niso uživala splo- šne podpore v učiteljskem zboru. Prihodu obramboslovnega študija so glasno ugovarjali posamezni profesorji, med njimi tudi nekateri kasnejši dekani. Uvedba tega študija naj bi namreč, po njihovi razlagi, grozila z XUVODX 7 militarizacijo fakultete in z njenim intelektualnim razvrednotenjem. Oba strahova sta se kasneje pokazala kot neutemeljena. V tridesetih letih od ustanovitve l. 1975 je naš obramboslovni študij prehodil dolgo pot, na kateri nam pogosto ni bilo postlano z rožicami. Otvoritev študija je bila v eni izmed manjših predavalnic tedanje FSPN. Do zadnjega nismo vedeli, ali se bo kdo izmed visokih republiških urad- nikov tega dogodka sploh udeležil. S svojimi dejavnostmi smo začeli v eni sobi – v mojem kabinetu, ki je postal tudi učiteljska zbornica. Učne knjige smo imeli odložene na hodniku in pod stopnicami stare stavbe FSPN. V začetnem obdobju smo morali prebroditi podcenjevanje, odpo- re, pomanjkanje učilnic, kabinetov, denarja, ustreznih akademskih kadrov in literature ter marsikatero drugo težavo. Od tedaj je študij moč- no strokovno in pedagoško napredoval, razvil je svoje kadre, nastala je obširna strokovna literatura in s pomočjo državnih organov so bili
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