Play It Again, Brian. De Palma Et Les C/Douleurs Du Remake Jocelyn Dupont

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Play It Again, Brian. De Palma Et Les C/Douleurs Du Remake Jocelyn Dupont Play it again, Brian. De Palma et les c/douleurs du remake Jocelyn Dupont To cite this version: Jocelyn Dupont. Play it again, Brian. De Palma et les c/douleurs du remake. Représentations dans le monde anglophone, CEMRA, 2015. hal-02318689 HAL Id: hal-02318689 https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02318689 Submitted on 21 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Jocelyn Dupont. De Palma et les c/douleurs du remake Play it again, Brian. De Palma et les c/douleurs du remake Jocelyn Dupont, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia/ VECT-CRESEM (EA 2983) Mots-clés : Brian DePalma ; Redacted ; Casualties of War ; autoremake ; Guerre en Irak et cinéma Figure majeure du nouvel Hollywood et maverick notoire, Brian De Palma (né en 1940 dans le New Jersey) occupe un espace en perpétuelle mutation au sein de la grande famille des auteurs du cinéma américain. Son œuvre riche et bigarrée rassemble près de quarante films pour une carrière longue d’autant d’années. En son sein, les remakes occupent une place considérable, puisqu’ils la bornent (de Phantom of the Paradise en 1974 à Passion en 2013) tout autant qu’ils la font culminer au milieu des années 1980, avec Pulsions (Dressed to Kill, 1980), Scarface (1982) et Body Double (1985). L’objet de cet article est de proposer quelques éléments de réflexion sur l’auctorialité au second degré de ce réalisateur hors-norme au prisme de la « poétique technologique » de ses réécritures cinématographiques de textes filmiques antérieurs. Pour ce faire, une attention toute particulière sera portée à la matérialité des images de Brian de Palma et à leur dimension technologique. Brian De Palma compte en effet depuis toujours parmi les metteurs en scène les plus férus des évolutions technologiques du septième art et des potentialités offertes par lesdites évolutions, si bien qu’Emmanuel Burdeau est même allé jusqu’à écrire en 1998, lors de la sortie de Snake Eyes, que Brian De Palma aime tant la technologie qu’il « pense avec elle »1. Chaque remake majeur de ce cinéaste souvent qualifié de « baroque » par la critique semble avoir ancré visuellement le film dans son époque ou sa décennie (les 1 « De Palma aime la technologie, il pense avec elle, son goût pour le split-screen, dont il demeure à ce jour le meilleur utilisateur, le prouve assez bien. » (Burdeau 29) 42 Jocelyn Dupont. De Palma et les c/douleurs du remake années soixante-dix pour Phantom of the Paradise, les années quatre-vingt pour Scarface, l’entrée dans le vingt-et-unième siècle pour Redacted) et l’autonomise ainsi partiellement de son hypotexte. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous proposons de nous pencher spécifiquement sur les choix de composition iconiques et chromatiques du réalisateur et de son équipe, en plaçant au cœur de notre réflexion les choix technologiques, le rapport du cinéaste avec ses directeurs de la photographie ainsi que les nouveaux régimes d’images introduits par l’irruption du numérique et des nouveaux média, littéralement explosifs dans Redacted (2007). Ce film constitue à plusieurs égards une inflexion majeure de l’œuvre du réalisateur ; il nous semble légitime d’avancer qu’il pourrait constituer, au sein de la filmographie de l’auteur, un seul et unique exemple d’« autoremake » au sein d’un nébuleuse créative qui, depuis près d’un demi-siècle, a fait de la répétition l’un de ses enjeux les plus déterminants. Brian De Palma, le goût du remake Une bonne partie de l’œuvre de Brian De Palma, en tout état de cause la plus connue du grand public et la plus saillante, peut être décrite sans peine comme un cinéma au second degré, qui fait de l’intertextualité et du recyclage filmiques ses matrices fondamentales. Sa filmographie est ainsi jalonnée de plusieurs exemples de remakes au sens classique du terme, mais également d’autres titres qui méritent d’être vus comme des exemples de réécritures filmiques, prolongations cinématographiques de films préexistants. Dans la première catégorie, celle des remakes stricto sensu, c’est-à-dire les moins problématiques (à savoir des exemples de réécritures – transpositions ou translations – filmiques revendiquées comme telles), on peut inclure trois titres. Bien que pour des raisons d’espace, il ne soit pas possible ici de les explorer en détail, nous prendrons néanmoins le temps d’en dire quelques mots : Phantom of the Paradise (1974), reprise du Fantôme de l’opéra, ou devrait-on dire des fantômes de l’opéra, puisque trois films avaient déjà été inspirés du célèbre roman de Gaston Leroux, le premier en 1925, un film muet de Rupert Julian, le second en 1943 réalisé par Arthur Lubin et le troisième en 1962, signé Terence Fisher, dans une version produite par les studios de la Hammer alors en pleine effervescence et qui inspira sans doute certains des excès chromatiques et cinématographiques de la version de Brian de Palma une dizaine d’années plus tard, au-delà de la simple revendication de cette dernière comme un fantôme de l’opéra 43 Jocelyn Dupont. De Palma et les c/douleurs du remake seventies. Le remake de De Palma est en effet un film musical hybride, mélangeant effroi fantastique, mélodrame et glam rock hystérique. Leonardo Gandini, dans la monographie qu’il a consacrée au réalisateur en 2002, juge que : [Phantom of the Paradise] est un film baroque, riche, mais, en définitive il n’atteint pas la hauteur de ses ambitions, même si les défauts […] finissent par être occultés par un déploiement étourdissant d’effets visuels et sonores mis en œuvre par le réalisateur. (25) Tout en nous gardant de porter un jugement de valeur quant aux hauteurs souvent vertigineuses atteintes par ce film, nous nous contenterons d’observer qu’il s’agit là d’un remake explosif et jubilatoire, posant, « dès le début des années 70, à l’intérieur même de sa fiction, la question centrale du cinéma américain pour les décennies à venir : celle du recyclage » (Lagier 36). Le second remake explicite de Brian De Palma, Scarface (1983), sorti sur les écrans presque dix ans plus tard, est sans doute le film qui consacra Brian De Palma comme un réalisateur majeur d’un Nouvel Hollywood qui ne l’était alors plus tant. Le film, dont le scénario fut signé par Oliver Stone, n’est autre que le remake du plus célèbre des films de gangsters du début des années 30, réalisé par Howard Hawkes en 1932 sur un scénario signé Ben Hecht. Par un travail de transposition socio- logique et spatio-temporelle parfaitement réussi de la pègre italienne des années de la Prohibition aux narco-traficants cubains et latino-américains de l’Amérique de Ronald Reagan, un casting remarquable ainsi qu’un budget plus que conséquent pour ce réalisateur, Scarface deviendra le plus grand succès de Brian De Palma auprès du grand public ainsi que l’un des films cultes des années quatre-vingt, allant même (et c’est là tout le « culot » de ce réalisateur qu’avait déjà souligné Jean Douchet quelques années plus tôt) jusqu’à faire de l’ombre aux divers Parrain(s) de Francis Ford Coppola et aux Affranchis de Martin Scorcese dans la catégorie « poids lourds » du film de gangster d’une fin de décennie particulièrement féconde en la matière. Il est intéressant de noter que De Palma proposera, à la fin des années quatre-vingt-dix, un exemple de sequel2 à son film avec L’Impasse (Carlito’s Way) dans lequel on retrouve une interprétation remarquable de la part d’Al Pacino, un film où l’outrance des couleurs et des excès de Scarface et de son protagoniste Tony Montana ont cédé la place à une retenue et une noirceur nimbées de nostalgie. 2 Un sequel est un mode de réécriture filmique distinct du remake puisqu’il implique, entre autres enjeux, une continuité séquentielle plus qu’une répétition (Leitch 142). 44 Jocelyn Dupont. De Palma et les c/douleurs du remake Il faut enfin mentionner Passion dernier film en date du réalisateur, sorti en France sur les écrans en février 2013. Ce film est un remake de l’ultime long-métrage d’Alain Corneau, Crime d’amour, diffusé en France en 2010. Il s’agit en outre d’une commande faite à Brian De Palma après le rachat des droits du film de Corneau. Ce jeu destructeur de séduction et de manipulation entre deux femmes collègues au sein d’un environnement professionnel impitoyable a divisé la critique et les fidèles du cinéaste. Bien qu’il reprenne des éléments stylistiques et des stratégies d’écriture associées au réalisateur (à l’instar du split-screen), et qu’il ait été qualifié par Les Cahiers du Cinéma d’un « De Palma au carré », il est à croire qu’à l’image de son hypotexte, Passion ne laissera in fine que peu de traces dans la filmographie du réalisateur. La seconde catégorie de remakes au sein de l’œuvre de Brian de Palma est plus floue, plus fournie, et plus fluctuante. Elle rassemble les opus dont on peut dire qu’ils fonctionnent comme autant de commentaires ou développements à partir d’hypotextes filmiques préexistants. On pourra y inclure les films qui ont été à l’origine de l’intérêt, d’ailleurs assez tardif, que la critique française a bien voulu porter à la production de De Palma, c’est-à-dire au début des années quatre-vingt, période où l’avènement des discours postmodernes légitimaient les méta-films autant que (et peut-être même davantage) les créations dites « originales ».
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