CED: An Overview of the Law

Sports

Notes for V.1-7: Professional Sports

V.1: Ownership, Financing and Management of Teams

FN1. 820099 Inc. v. Harold E. Ballard Ltd. (1991), 1991 CarswellOnt 142 (Ont. Gen. Div.); affirmed (1991), 1991 CarswellOnt 141 (Ont. Div. Ct.); Ballard Estate v. Ballard Estate (1991), 1991 CarswellOnt 533 (Ont. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (1991), 137 N.R. 385 (note) (S.C.C.); Ontario (Attorney General) v. Ballard Estate (1994), 1994 CarswellOnt 669 (Ont. Gen. Div. [Commercial List]); Tedesco, Offside: The Battle for Control of Maple Leaf Gardens (1996); Barnes, The Law of Hockey (2010), pp. 280-289 (generally on the ownership of teams); see also Hockey Club v. Arena Gardens of Toronto Ltd. (1926), 1926 CarswellOnt 60 (Ontario P.C.) (early case on transfer of team contracts).

FN2. Primex Investments Ltd. v. Northwest Sports Enterprises Ltd. (1995), 1995 CarswellBC 958 (B.C. S.C. [In Chambers]); reversed (1996), 1996 CarswellBC 2505 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (1997), 215 N.R. 399 (note) (S.C.C.) (ownership of and Grizzlies; alleged taking of corporate opportunity); Blue Line Hockey Acquisition Co. v. Orca Bay Hockey Ltd. Partnership (2008), 2008 CarswellBC 36 (B.C. S.C.); affirmed (2009), 2009 CarswellBC 177 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2009), 2009 CarswellBC 1861 (S.C.C.) (no partnership, joint venture or fiduciary duties).

FN3. National Capital Region, Ottawa Rough Riders Professional Football Club Ltd., Re (1995), 1995 CarswellOnt 56 (Ont. Bktcy.) (court approval of sale); Hussey Seating Co. (Canada) Ltd. v. Ottawa (City) (1997), 1997 CarswellOnt 1128 (Ont. Gen. Div.); additional reasons at (1997), 1997 CarswellOnt 1513 (Ont. Gen. Div.); affirmed (1998), 1998 CarswellOnt 4449 (Ont. C.A.) (contractor not paid for improvements to stadium owned by city); see also Skydome Corp., Re (1998), 1998 CarswellOnt 5914 (Ont. Gen. Div. [Commercial List]); Ottawa Senators Hockey Club Corp., Re (2005), 2005 CarswellOnt 8 (Ont. C.A.) (Crown priorities).

FN4. Guelph Centre Partners Inc. v. Guelph Storm Ltd. (2005), 2005 CarswellOnt 467 (Ont. S.C.J.); additional reasons at (2005), 2005 CarswellOnt 466 (Ont. S.C.J.); affirmed (2005), 2005 CarswellOnt 7260 (Ont. C.A.) (order to produce due diligence materials prior to purchase at agreed price).

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN5. Oland Breweries Ltd. v. Trade Centre Ltd. (1984), 1984 CarswellNS 119 (N.S. T.D.) (renewal of contract relating to signs in arena); Gameday Publication(s) Ltd. v. Keystone Agricultural & Recreational Centre Inc. (1999), 1999 CarswellMan 69 (Man. C.A.) (arena owner granted injunction to prevent distribution of rival magazine); Magellan Entertainment Group (Ontario) Inc. v. Global Media Corp. (1999), 1999 CarswellOnt 2727 (Ont. S.C.J.) (race promoter unsuccessful in recovering additional funds from advertisers and sponsors; promoter in breach of contract as to location of signage); Ritchie v. Edmonton Eskimo Football Club (2002), 2002 CarswellAlta 1591 (Alta. Q.B.) (catering contract); Ice Gardens at York University Inc. v. Parmalat Dairy & Bakery Inc. (2004), 2004 CarswellOnt 1010 (Ont. S.C.J.) (arena's entitlement to payment under naming rights sponsorship contract); Barber v. Vrozos (2010), 2010 CarswellOnt 6414 (Ont. C.A.); additional reasons at (2010), 2010 CarswellOnt 7724 (Ont. C.A.) (merchandising rights; contract to supply water to concert); Cie du centre de divertissement du Forum/Forum Entertainment Center Co. c. Société du groupe d'embouteillage Pepsi (Canada)/Pepsi Bottling Group (Canada) Co. (2010), 2010 CarswellQue 9679 (Que. C.A.) (payments under sponsorship contract; class of tenants at centre); Canadian Soccer Assn. v. Hyundai Auto Canada Corp. (2011), 2011 CarswellOnt 897 (Ont. S.C.J.); affirmed (2011), 2011 CarswellOnt 12269 (Ont. C.A.) (breach of sponsorship contract); Labatt Brewing Co. v. NHL Enterprises Canada L.P. (2011), 2011 CarswellOnt 4289 (Ont. S.C.J. [Commercial List]); reversed (2011), 2011 CarswellOnt 6140 (Ont. C.A.) (renewal of sponsorship rights).

FN6. Basa Systems Group Inc. v. Lukowich (2002), 2002 CarswellAlta 298 (Alta. Master) (summary judgment in favour of purchaser of franchise in planned curling league; purchaser dealing with individuals rather than company); see also Trade Marks and Industrial Designs.

FN7. Toronto Blue Jays Baseball Club v. Ontario (Minister of Finance) (2005), 2005 CarswellOnt 504 (Ont. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2005), 2005 CarswellOnt 4534 (S.C.C.) (team denied relief under provincial Employer Health Tax Act and required to pay health tax on full amount of players' remuneration, including salaries paid for away games); Stapley v. R. (2006), 2006 CarswellNat 1409 (F.C.A.) (50 per cent deduction for entertainment expenses); Friends of Lansdowne Inc. v. Ottawa (City) (2011), 2011 CarswellOnt 7795 (Ont. S.C.J.) (no illegality or bad faith in city's project to redevelop park, stadium and arena); Silver, Thin Ice: Money, Politics and the Demise of an NHL Franchise (1996); Barnes, Sports and the Law in Canada, 3rd ed. (1996), pp. 107-128 (sports business); Barnes, The Law of Hockey (2010), pp. 297-304; Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage, Sub-Committee on the Study of Sport in Canada, Sport in Canada: Everybody's Business (House of Commons Canada, November 1998) (proposed "Sport Pact" consisting of tax credits to assist Canadian professional teams); Whitson, Harvey and Lavoie, The Mills Report, the Manley Subsidy Proposals, and the Business of Major-League

CED: An Overview of the Law

Sport (2000), 43 Canadian Public Administration 127; Cheffins, Sports Teams and the Stock Market: A Winning Match? (1998), 32 U.B.C.L. Rev. 270; Brean and Forgione, Missing the Net: The Law and Economics of Alberta's NHL Players Tax (2003), 41 Alta. L.Rev. 425 (subsidy of NHL teams under Alberta Personal Income Tax Amendment Act, 2002); Lavitt, The Alberta NHL Player Tax: The Jock Tax Comes to Alberta — or Does It? (2004), 52 Can. Tax J. 514; Pogroszewski, Is Canada Overstepping its Borders? The Alberta Province Tax Specifically Targets Professional Hockey Players in Order to help Finance its professional Franchises (2004), 14 Marquette Sports L. Rev. 509.

FN8. Gilbert v. Toronto (Metropolitan) (1985), 1985 CarswellOnt 672 (Ont. Div. Ct.) (grants for domed stadium); Victoria Sports/Entertainment Associates v. Toronto Dominion Bank (2006), 2006 CarswellBC 2395 (B.C. S.C.) (loans for construction of facility were conditional on guarantees by the province or similar security); Dolan v. Moose Jaw (City) (2008), 2008 CarswellSask 874 (Sask. C.A.) (no obligation to hold further referendum following increase in costs of project; residents may apply to quash resolution by city council); see also Ottawa- Carleton (Regional Municipality) Official Plan Amendment 8, Re (1991), 26 O.M.B.R. 132 (O.M.B.) (development of "Palladium").

FN9. Edmonton Northlands v. Edmonton Oilers Hockey Corp. (1993), 1993 CarswellAlta 224 (Alta. Q.B.); affirmed (1994), 1994 CarswellAlta 45 (Alta. C.A.) (dispute over arena lease and possible relocation of team); Ottawa Rough Riders Inc. v. Ottawa (City) (1995), 1995 CarswellOnt 1329 (Ont. Gen. Div.).

V.2: Sports Broadcasting

FN1. Canadian Admiral Corp. v. Rediffusion Inc. (1954), 1954 CarswellNat 5 (Can. Ex. Ct.); FWS Joint Sports Claimants v. Canada (Copyright Board) (1991), 1991 CarswellNat 157 (Fed. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (1992), 1992 CarswellNat 1624 (S.C.C.) (copyright royalties); Canadian Cable Television Assn. - Assoc. canadienne de télévision par câble v. American College Sports Collective of Canada Inc. (1991), 1991 CarswellNat 360 (Fed. C.A.) (copyright royalties); Titan Sports Inc. v. Mansion House (Toronto) Ltd. (1989), 1989 CarswellNat 551 (Fed. T.D.) (order against taverns descrambling broadcasts of wrestling promotion); NFL Enterprises L.P. v. 1019491 Ontario Ltd. (1998), 1998 CarswellNat 1438 (Fed. C.A.) (injunction against three taverns showing broadcasts); Interbox Promotion Corp. c. 9012-4314 Québec Inc. (2003), 2003 CarswellNat 3347 (F.C.) (producer of boxing match awarded damages against licensed establishments); Setana Sport Ltd. v. 2049630 Ontario Inc. (2007), 2007 CarswellNat 2882 (F.C.) (evidence as to copyright defective; injunction refused); Blais, The Protection of Exclusive

CED: An Overview of the Law

Television Rights to Sporting Events Held in Public Venues: An Overview of the Law in Australia and Canada (1992), 18 Melb. U.L. Rev. 503; see also Copyright.

FN2. Jets Hockey Ventures v. Molson Breweries of Canada Ltd. (1989), 1989 CarswellMan 312 (Man. Q.B.); varied (1990), 1990 CarswellMan 409 (Man. C.A.) (team's blackout rights retained when broadcasting rights sold); Setanta Sports NA Ltd. v. Score Television Network Ltd. (2009), 2009 CarswellOnt 4584 (Ont. S.C.J.) (injunction to prevent termination of rights).

FN3. v. Pepsi-Cola Canada Ltd. (1992), 1992 CarswellBC 215 (B.C. S.C.); affirmed (1995), 1995 CarswellBC 14 (B.C. C.A.) (spoof advertisement; unsuccessful allegation of ambush marketing and infringement of property rights); Coca-Cola Ltd. v. Sports Network (1992), 1992 CarswellOnt 753 (Ont. Gen. Div.) (dispute over network's failure to renew advertising contract).

V.3: The Competition Act

FN1. Competition Act [title re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 19], R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34, s. 48; Yashin v. National Hockey League (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 3278 (Ont. S.C.J.) (Competition Act, s. 4(1), not allowing use of s. 48 to set aside collective agreement; s. 4(1)(a) excluding from application of Act "combinations or activities of workmen or employees for their own reasonable protection as such workmen or employees"); Barnes, The Law of Hockey (2010), pp. 320-332; see also Barnes, Sports and the Law in Canada, 3rd ed. (1996), pp. 129-136; Ross, The NHL Labour Dispute and the Common Law, the Competition Act, and Public Policy (2004), 37 U.B.C.L. Rev. 343; see also Trade and Commerce and Foreign Investment in Canada.

FN2. Competition Act [title re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 19], R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34, s. 6(1).

FN3. Competition Act [title re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 19], R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34, s. 6(2).

FN4. Competition Act [title re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 19], R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34, ss. 45 [rep. & sub. 2009, c. 2, s. 410], 48(3); Oz Merchandising Inc. v. Canadian Professional Soccer League Inc. (2006), 2006 CarswellOnt 4362 (Ont. Master); affirmed (2007), 2007 CarswellOnt 4991 (Ont. Div. Ct.) (revocation of franchise; amendment of pleadings); see also Ziegler v. Canada (Director of Investigation & Research) (1983), 1983 CarswellNat 13 (Fed. T.D.); affirmed (1983), 1983 CarswellNat 827 (Fed. C.A.) (National Hockey League disallowing transfer of franchise; investigation under s. 33 of Combines Investigation Act); Ziegler v. Canada (Director

CED: An Overview of the Law

of Investigation & Research, Combines Investigation Branch) (1983), 1983 CarswellNat 51 (Fed. T.D.); affirmed (1983), 1983 CarswellNat 473 (Fed. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (1984), 1984 CarswellNat 1019 (S.C.C.) (unsuccessful constitutional challenge to examination powers of Director of Investigation and Research); Canada (Director of Investigation & Research) v. Canada (Restrictive Trade Practices Commission) (1985), 1985 CarswellNat 90 (Fed. C.A.) (league ordered to produce financial statements).

FN5. Competition Act [title re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 19], R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34, s. 79 [en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 45; am. 1990, c. 37, s. 31; 1999, c. 2, s. 37(z); 2002, c. 16, s. 11.4; 2009, c. 2, s. 428]; see also Competition Act [title re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 19], R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34, ss. 48 (distinguishes "franchises in the league" from "competitors"), 90.1 [en. 2009, c. 2, s. 429] (Competition Tribunal may make orders regarding agreements between "competitors" that substantially lessen market competition).

FN6. Competition Bureau Canada, Competition Bureau Concludes Examination into National Hockey League Franchise Ownership Transfer and Relocation Policies (Technical Backgrounder, March 31, 2008).

FN7. Competition Act [title re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 19], R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34, s. 48(1)(a).

FN8. Competition Act [title re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 19], R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34, s. 48(1)(a).

FN9. Competition Act [title re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 19], R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34, s. 48(1)(b); Goulet c. National Hockey League (1980), [1980] R.P. 122 (no discrimination and no breach of Act).

FN10. Shapiro, The Professional Athlete: Liberty or Peonage (1975), 11 Alberta L. Rev. 212; Jones and Davis, Not Even Semitough: Professional Sport and Canadian Antitrust (1978), 23 The Antitrust Bull. 713.

FN11. Competition Act [title re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 19], R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34, s. 48(2)(a).

FN12. Competition Act [title re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 19], R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34, s. 48(2)(b); see also Greenlaw v. Ontario Major Hockey League (1984), 1984 CarswellOnt 1264 (Ont. H.C.) (injunction to prevent draft selection refused).

FN13. Competition Act [title re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.), s. 19], R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34.

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN14. Willey v. McLaughlin (1976), 1976 CarswellBC 397 (B.C. S.C.) (injunction to restore membership in Canadian Professional Golfers' Association); Sheddon v. Ontario Major Junior Hockey League (1978), 1978 CarswellOnt 726 (Ont. H.C.) (injunction allowing transfers between teams); Goulet c. National Hockey League (1980), [1980] R.P. 122 (expansion draft); Reed v. Ottawa Football Club (1988), 1988 CarswellAlta 187 (Alta. Q.B.) (injunction to prevent enforcement of league bylaw banning player); Yashin v. National Hockey League (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 3278 (Ont. S.C.J.) (player required to serve final year of his contract; Competition Act not applying to collective agreement; no evidence of breach of s. 48).

V.4: Labour Relations and Players' Associations

FN1. Reed v. Ottawa Football Club (1988), 1988 CarswellAlta 187 (Alta. Q.B.); Yashin v. National Hockey League (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 3278 (Ont. S.C.J.).

FN2. Handman, The Juridical Status of an Individual Work Contract in relation to a Collective Agreement and Recourse of an Employee (1979), 39 R. du B. 995; see also Barnes, Sports and the Law in Canada, 3rd ed. (1996), pp. 152-218; Barnes, The Law of Hockey (2010), pp. 356-366, 379-417; Ross, The NHL Labour Dispute and the Common Law, the Competition Act, and Public Policy (2004), 37 U.B.C.L.Rev. 343.

FN3. Labour Relations Act, 1995, S.O. 1995, c. 1, Sched. A; Yashin v. National Hockey League (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 3278 (Ont. S.C.J.) (player lacking standing to bring application for judicial review of arbitrator's decision; application must be brought by players' association); Riendeau v. National Hockey League Players' Assn. (December 10, 2001), 2354-00-U (Ont. L.R.B.) (player was employed in ; Ontario Labour Relations Board did not have jurisdiction); Warren v. National Hockey League (2010), [2010] O.L.R.B. No. 3939 (Ont. L.R.B.) (board's jurisdiction not challenged; former referee claimed that he was terminated because of activity on behalf of officials' union); Warren v. Ontario (Labour Relations Board) (2011), 2011 CarswellOnt 10140 (Ont. Div. Ct.) (application for judicial review; affidavit struck out).

FN4. Assn. of Major League Umpires v. American League & National League of Professional Baseball Clubs (1995), 1995 CarswellOnt 1524 (Ont. L.R.B.) (lockout of umpires; use of replacement officials); National Basketball Referees Assn. v. National Basketball Assn. (1995), 1995 CarswellOnt 1620 (Ont. L.R.B.).

FN5. Orca Bay Hockey Ltd. Partnership v. British Columbia Chapter of the National Hockey League Players' Assn. (May 6, 2005), Doc. B127/2005 (B.C. L.R.B.) (application for certification

CED: An Overview of the Law

as bargaining agent; application for adjournment denied); Orca Bay Hockey Ltd. Partnership v. British Columbia Chapter of the National Hockey League Players' Assn. (2007), 2007 CarswellBC 3314 (B.C. L.R.B.) (reconsideration; Vancouver Canucks players not an appropriate bargaining unit; league-wide bargaining was appropriate structure); Lippner, Replacement Players for the Toronto Blue Jays?: Striking the Appropriate Balance Between Replacement Worker Law in Ontario, Canada and the United States (1995), 18 Fordham Int. L.J. 2026.

FN6. Bathgate v. National Hockey League Pension Society (1992), 1992 CarswellOnt 960 (Ont. Gen. Div.); additional reasons at (1992), 98 D.L.R. (4th) 326 at 411 (Ont. Gen. Div.); affirmed (1994), 1994 CarswellOnt 643 (Ont. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (1994), 4 C.C.P.B. 272 (note) (S.C.C.); see also Bathgate v. National Hockey League Pension Society (1995), 1995 CarswellOnt 1272 (Ont. Gen. Div.) (rate of interest); Nanne v. R. (1999), 1999 CarswellNat 2630 (T.C.C. [General Procedure]) (taxation of pension surplus payments where players played for American teams); Healy v. Gregory (2009), 2009 CarswellOnt 3523 (Ont. S.C.J.) (calculation of death benefits).

FN7. Gillis v. Eagleson (1995), 1995 CarswellOnt 147 (Ont. Gen. Div.) (stay of civil action pending other proceedings); Eagleson, Re (1998), 1998 CanLII 1382 (L.S.U.C. Discipline Committee) (lawyer disbarred following convictions on three counts of fraud in relation to benefits obtained from sale of rink-board advertising); Boisseau, Global Resolution: The International Plea Bargain That Put Away Alan Eagleson (May 1998), 22(5) Canadian Lawyer 24; see also Conway, Game Misconduct; Alan Eagleson and the Corruption of Hockey (1995, 1997).

V.5.(a): Service Contract–General

FN1. Vancouver Hockey Club Ltd. v. 8 Hockey Ventures Inc. (1987), 1987 CarswellBC 321 (B.C. S.C.) (coach's contract; review of league's decision to suspend coach and fine team; team having contracted for future services of coach while he was employed by rival team); Vancouver Hockey Club Ltd. v. National Hockey League (1987), 1987 CarswellBC 285 (B.C. S.C.) (discovery of coach's contract); Neilson v. Vancouver Hockey Club Ltd. (1988), 1988 CarswellBC 143 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (1988), 92 N.R. 240 (note) (S.C.C.) (team terminated "guaranteed" contract of coach; loss reduced by earnings from other teams); Murray v. Jets Hockey Ventures (1996), 1996 CarswellMan 248 (Man. Q.B.); Lysko v. Braley (2006), 2006 CarswellOnt 1758 (Ont. C.A.) (appeal of decision on motion to strike statement of claim in action by former commissioner of CFL); Barnes, Sports and the Law in Canada, 3rd ed. (1996),

CED: An Overview of the Law

pp. 129-138, 219-238; Barnes, The Law of Hockey (2010), pp. 418-431; Kyer, A Case Study in Party Stipulation of Remedy: The N.H.L. Standard Player's Contract (1981), 30 U.T. Faculty L.R. 1; Weiler, Legal Analysis of the NHL Player's Contract (1992), 3 Marq. Sports L.J. 59; King (ed.), Entertainment Law in Canada, §8 (Toronto: Butterworths, 2000); see also Potechin v. Yashin (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 1612 (Ont. S.C.J.) (player not interfering with season ticket holder's contract with club by holding out for renegotiation of service contract).

FN2. Football Co. v. Dublinski (1957), 1957 CarswellOnt 99 (Ont. C.A.); see also Contracts.

FN3. Krutov v. Vancouver Hockey Club Ltd. (November 22, 1991), Doc. Vancouver C916447 (B.C. S.C.) (salary claim under unregistered "no cut, no trade, no minor league" contract); Belanger v. Pittsburgh Penguins Inc. (1998), 1998 CarswellOnt 394 (Ont. Gen. Div.) (claim for negligence and breach of duty not arising out of contract); Yashin v. National Hockey League (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 3278 (Ont. S.C.J.) (player unsuccessful in application for judicial review of arbitrator's decision); Lysko v. Maxbeau Co. (2010), 2010 CarswellOnt 8925 (Ont. Master) (security for costs in actions by former commissioner of CFL); see also National Ballet of Canada v. Glasco (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 1102 (Ont. Div. Ct.) (court refusing to stay arbitrator's interlocutory award ordering National Ballet to assign roles to dancer); National Ballet of Canada v. Glasco (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 1974 (Ont. S.C.J.) (arbitrator following proper procedures, and able to award reinstatement).

FN4. Pinder v. Vancouver Hockey Club Ltd. (1972), 1972 CarswellBC 338 (B.C. S.C.); Sheehy v. Edmonton World Hockey Enterprises Ltd. (1979), 1979 CarswellAlta 435 (Alta. Q.B.).

FN5. Gabriel v. Hamilton Tiger-Cat Football Club Ltd. (1975), 1975 CarswellOnt 334 (Ont. H.C.).

FN6. Dewalt v. B.C. Lions Football Club (1988), 1988 CarswellBC 1510 (B.C. S.C.); affirmed (1988), 1988 CarswellBC 1445 (B.C. C.A.) (reduction of salary was fundamental breach; player entitled to declaration of termination); Khabibulin v. R. (1999), 1999 CarswellNat 2012 (T.C.C. [General Procedure]) (payments constituting regular salary, not signing bonus).

FN7. Hawes v. Sherwood-Parkdale Metro Junior Hockey Club Inc. (1991), 1991 CarswellPEI 123 (P.E.I. C.A.) (junior hockey player claiming balance of salary after release by team; action dismissed; contract ambiguous); Krutov v. Vancouver Hockey Club Ltd. (November 22, 1991), Doc. Vancouver C916447 (B.C. S.C.); Di Ruocco c. Assoc. de hockey mineur Les Étoiles de l'Est inc. (2007), 2007 CarswellQue 5132 (C.Q.); see also National Ballet of Canada v. Glasco (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 1102 (Ont. Div. Ct.); National Ballet of Canada v. Glasco (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 1974 (Ont. S.C.J.) (reinstatement of ballet dancer).

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN8. Sheehy v. Edmonton World Hockey Enterprises Ltd. (1979), 1979 CarswellAlta 435 (Alta. Q.B.) (assignment of contract creating contract with new team containing all original terms).

FN9. Detroit Football Co. v. Dublinski (1957), 1957 CarswellOnt 99 (Ont. C.A.) (option effectively exercised to renew contract; player liable to pay damages for breach).

FN10. Detroit Football Co. v. Dublinski (1955), 1955 CarswellOnt 310 (Ont. H.C.); Yashin v. National Hockey League (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 3278 (Ont. S.C.J.) (arbitrator's interpretation of free agency rights not imposing perpetual limitation in restraint of trade); see also Detroit Football Co. v. Dublinski (1957), 1957 CarswellOnt 99 (Ont. C.A.); Nagle v. Feilden (1966), [1966] 2 Q.B. 633 (Eng. C.A.) (denial of trainers' licences to women); Greig v. Insole (1978), [1978] 1 W.L.R. 302 (Eng. Ch. Div.) (player ban); Figure Skating Coaches of Canada v. Canadian Figure Skating Assn. (1983), 1983 CarswellOnt 1417 (Ont. Master) (compulsory membership in association); Greenlaw v. Ontario Major Hockey League (1984), 1984 CarswellOnt 1264 (Ont. H.C.) (draft); Johnson v. Athletics Canada (1997), 1997 CarswellOnt 3340 (Ont. Gen. Div.); affirmed (1998), 1998 CarswellOnt 3603 (Ont. C.A.) (suspension for doping infraction); Sopinka, Extra-Contractual Aspects of Canadian Professional Football (1958), 16 U.T. Faculty L.R. 38 (restrictive player contracts and league regulations); Trebilcock, The Common Law of Restraint of Trade: A Legal and Economic Analysis (1986), pp. 206-229; see also Contracts (restraint of trade).

FN11. Toronto Marlboro Major Junior "A" Hockey Club v. Tonelli (1977), 1977 CarswellOnt 57 (Ont. H.C.); affirmed (1979), 1979 CarswellOnt 1429 (Ont. C.A.); Kitchener Dutchmen Inc. v. Russian Federation (1998), 1998 CarswellOnt 1052 (Ont. Gen. Div.) (injunction to prevent enforcement of foreign junior contracts); see also Toronto Marlboro Major Junior "A" Hockey Club v. Tonelli (1975), 1975 CarswellOnt 935 (Ont. H.C.) (interlocutory injunction to enforce infant's contract denied); Regina Pats Hockey Club v. Wilson (1974), 1974 CarswellSask 151 (Sask. Q.B.) (claim by vendor of junior team against purchaser for draft payments).

FN12. Barton v. Toronto Argonaut Football Club Ltd. (1978), 1978 CarswellOnt 767 (Ont. H.C.); affirmed (1979), 1979 CarswellOnt 1567 (Ont. C.A.); affirmed (1982), 1982 CarswellOnt 123 (S.C.C.); see also Neilson v. Vancouver Hockey Club Ltd. (1988), 1988 CarswellBC 143 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (1988), 92 N.R. 240 (note) (S.C.C.).

FN13. Reeves v. Huffman (1951), 1951 CarswellMan 24 (Man. K.B.); Philadelphia Eagles Inc. v. Armstrong (1951), 1951 CarswellMan 43 (Man. K.B.).

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN14. Detroit Football Co. v. Dublinski (1955), 1955 CarswellOnt 310 (Ont. H.C.); McCutcheon, Negative Enforcement of Employment Contracts in the Sports Industries (1997), 17 Legal Studies 65.

FN15. Detroit Football Co. v. Dublinski (1957), 1957 CarswellOnt 99 (Ont. C.A.) (American and Canadian football leagues held to operate in different markets).

FN16. Kapp v. British Columbia Lions Football Club (1967), 1967 CarswellBC 90 (B.C. S.C.); Yashin v. National Hockey League (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 3278 (Ont. S.C.J.) (no compulsion involved where player required to serve final year of contract to achieve free agent status).

FN17. Detroit Football Co. v. Dublinski (1957), 1957 CarswellOnt 99 (Ont. C.A.).

V.5.(b): Service Contract– Contract Negotiation and Duties of Agents

FN1. Brisebois, L'univers de la relation contractuelle entre un athlète professionnel et son agent: une analyse du droit québécois (1999), 33 R.J.T. 589; Mason and Slack, Evaluating Monitoring Mechanisms as a Solution to Opportunism by Professional Hockey Agents (2001), 15 J. of Sport Management 107; Barnes, "Canada" in Siekman, Parrish, Martins and Soek (eds.), Players' Agents Worldwide: Legal Aspects (2007), pp. 147-175; Barnes, The Law of Hockey (2010), pp. 432-451; see also Bure v. R. (1999), 1999 CarswellNat 2258 (T.C.C. [General Procedure]) (player liable to tax on agent's fee that team paying to player's agent); Potechin v. Yashin (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 1612 (Ont. S.C.J.) (player not interfering with season ticket holder's contract with club by holding out for renegotiation of service contract).

FN2. Nedomansky v. Eagleson (September 17, 1984) (Ont. H.C.) (agent not liable for failing to finalize "guaranteed contract").

FN3. Gillis v. Eagleson (1996), 1996 CarswellOnt 4525 (Ont. Gen. Div.) (lawyer required to repay fee charged for recovering disability insurance payment; punitive damages); Gillis v. Eagleson (1997), 1997 CarswellOnt 1986 (Ont. Gen. Div.) (award of solicitor-client costs).

FN4. Newport Sports Management Inc. v. Reichel (2000), 2000 CarswellOnt 129 (Ont. S.C.J.) (agency contract having terminated; original agent not entitled to fee where player using different agent to secure new contract); Sports Corp. v. Svoboda (2004), 2004 CarswellAlta 823 (Alta. Q.B.) (alleged inducing breach of player representation contracts; service ex juris).

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN5. Evans v. Sports Corp. (2011), 2011 CarswellAlta 569 (Alta. Q.B.); additional reasons at (2011), 2011 CarswellAlta 1318 (Alta. Q.B.); additional reasons at (2011), 2011 CarswellAlta 1773 (Alta. Q.B.).

V.6: Promotion and Protection of Personality

FN1. Racine v. C.J.R.C. Radio capitale Ltée (1977), 1977 CarswellOnt 640 (Ont. Co. Ct.) (wrongful dismissal of retired player from broadcasting position); Cranston v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp. (1994), 1994 CarswellOnt 966 (Ont. Gen. Div.).

FN2. Athans v. Canadian Adventure Camps Ltd. (1977), 1977 CarswellOnt 453 (Ont. H.C.) (wrongful use of photograph of water-skier in advertisement); Heath v. Weist-Barron School of T.V. Ltd. (1981), 1981 CarswellOnt 582 (Ont. H.C.) (use of photograph of child actor); Salé v. Barr (2003), 32 C.P.C. (5th) 259 (Alta. Q.B.) (use of photographs of professional figure skaters; appropriation of personality and passing off; injunction to prevent distribution); Gibson, A Comment on Athans v. Canadian Adventure Camps Ltd. (1978), 4 C.C.L.T. 37; see also Privacy Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 373; Privacy Act, R.S.M. 1987, c. P125, C.C.S.M., c. P125; Privacy Act, R.S.S. 1978, c. P-24; Aubry c. Éditions Vice Versa Inc. (1998), 1998 CarswellQue 4806 (S.C.C.) (publication of photograph taken without consent constituting fault); Vaver, What's Mine Is Not Yours: Commercial Appropriation of Personality under the Privacy Acts of British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan (1981), 15 U. Brit. Col. L. Rev. 241.

FN3. Krouse v. Chrysler Canada Ltd. (1973), 1973 CarswellOnt 884 (Ont. C.A.); Joseph v. Daniels (1986), 1986 CarswellBC 172 (B.C. S.C.) (bodybuilder not recognizable from torso photograph); Beaulieu-Marquis c. Journal de Québec (2002), 2002 CarswellQue 1798 (Que. C.A.) (newspaper report of video of team initiation; no breach of junior player's privacy); see also Gould Estate v. Stoddart Publishing Co. (1996), 1996 CarswellOnt 3537 (Ont. Gen. Div.); affirmed (1998), 1998 CarswellOnt 1901 (Ont. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (1999), 1999 CarswellOnt 5722 (S.C.C.).

FN4. Horton v. Tim Donut Ltd. (1997), 1997 CarswellOnt 521 (Ont. Gen. Div.); affirmed (1997), 1997 CarswellOnt 3230 (Ont. C.A.).

V.7: Ownership of Trophies

FN1. Burt v. O'Neill (April 13, 2005), Doc. 05-CV-287601PD (Ont. S.C.J.) (notice of application); see also §10 (sport and charity).

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN2. Gilbert, Does the belong to the NHL or the Canadian people? Lawyers Weekly, May 27, 2005; Payne, Correspondence: Opinion regarding Stanley Cup (2005), 24 Estates, Trusts & Pensions J. 181; de Beer, The Stanley Cup Case Study: Changes in the Practice and Pedagogy of Property Law in Rochette (ed.), Canadian Legal Education Annual Review (2008), p. 61; Barnes, The Law of Hockey (2010), pp. 1-15.

FN3. Hockey buffs win faceoff with NHL over Stanley Cup, , Toronto, February 7, 2006.