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Deleuze|Guattari, Lacan, And Many Struggles, One Fight: Deleuze|Guattari, Lacan, and the US Anti-Fracking Movement A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2019 Kai Heron School of Social Sciences Contents Maps & Figures………………………...……………………….4 Abstract……...……………………..…………………………...7 Declaration & Copyright Statement……………………..……....8 Acknowledgements………………..……………………………9 Introduction……………………………..…………………….12 We’re Talking About A (Shale) Revolution…………………………..…….....16 Deleuze|Guattari & Resistance……………...…………………………...…...20 One, Two, Many Deleuze|Guattari’s……………………………..………......35 Fieldwork: Ethics & Methods………………………………………...………45 Thesis Structure…………………………………………...………………….48 Chapter I: “Ours Is Becoming the Age of Minorities”………....51 Why Minorities?............................................................................................................56 Minorization…………………………...……………………………………..70 Extending Deleuze|Guattari’s Minorization Thesis…………………...……...81 Conclusion……………………..…………………………………………….82 Chapter II: Cramped Space in the Marcellus Shale Fields…..…90 Cramped Space………………………………………...……………………..93 Dimock, Pennsylvania: Confronting the Democratic Illusion…….……..…...104 Conclusion…………………………...……………………………………...112 2 Chapter III: One Divides into Two: The Majority as Nobody…………………………………...……………….…113 Major/Minor or Majority/Minority/Minoritarian?...............................................118 A Formalist Interpretation of the Majority……………………...…………...129 Conclusion…………………………………...……………………………...143 Chapter IV: It’s Political Philosophy…But Where’s the Politics?...............................................................................................145 Why Deleuze|Guattari’s Political Philosophy Does Not Have a Politics…....148 Two Tendencies of Minority Struggles………………………………..…….161 Conclusion …………………………………………………………..……..180 Chapter V: We Are Seneca Lake: Becoming-Minoritarian?........181 The Origins of We Are Seneca Lake………………………………...………184 The Becoming-Minority of Everybody/Everything………………………....194 Who is the “We” in We Are Seneca Lake?.............................................................215 Conclusion…………………………………………………...……………...225 Conclusion………………………………………..………….227 Citations ………………………………………………..……235 Appendix: Cited Interviews……………………………...…....262 Word Count: 87,943 3 Maps & Figures Figure One: Map of the Marcellus Shale Region…………………………………...…..5 Figure Two: Map of upstate New York and Pennsylvania…………………….…...…...5 Figure Three: Map of Pennsylvania’s unconventional oil wells as of March 2019.…..…6 Figure Four: Map of the Finger Lakes Region of New York……………………..……6 Figure Five: Deleuze|Guattari’s diagram of majorities and minorities……...……..…133 Figure Six: The places in Lacan’s four discourses…………………….……...………135 Figure Seven: The terms of Lacan’s four discourses……………………………...….135 Figure Eight: Lacan’s Discourse of the Master……………………………...……….136 4 Figure One: The Marcellus Shale Region (Source: John G. Van Hoesen, 2019) Figure Two: Thesis Fieldsite (Source: Google Maps, 2019) 5 Figure Three: A map of the 11,935 unconventional wells drilled so far in Pennsylvania as of 30 March 2019 (Source: Fractracker.org) Figure Four: The Finger Lakes Region of New York (Source: Google Maps, 2019) 6 Abstract: In an interview conducted in 1972 Deleuze describes his “Capitalism and Schizophrenia” project, written with Félix Guattari, as an effort to give psychoanalysis “some schizophrenic help.” What if it is now time to return the favour? What if it is Deleuze|Guattari who are today in need of some psychoanalytic help? This thesis develops a re-reading of Deleuze|Guattari’s figure of the minority as it appears in A Thousand Plateaus that is compatible with advances in psychoanalytic and Marxist theory and puts it to work in an analysis of the US anti-fracking movement. The thesis argues that there are in fact two theories of minorities to be found in A Thousand Plateaus. The first is anti-dialectical and vitalist, the second is dialectical and formalist. Though the vitalist account is more consistent with Deleuze|Guattari’s philosophy and its reception in political theory and resistance studies it reduces politics to a substantialized ontology of becoming and to the level of life as such. In this way it cannot think the role that a historically bounded subject plays in the construction of a politics. The second theory of minorities leans heavily on mathematical set theory and comparisons with Lacanian psychoanalysis to present a formalist and historically specific theory of post-Fordist capitalism and its attendant forms of struggle and subjectivity. Here, Deleuze|Guattari present the minority in dialectical terms as the displaced form of appearance of class struggle under post-Fordist conditions and in so doing suggest an auto-critique of their more vitalist and anti-formalist proclivities. This second account, however, remains underdeveloped and is flawed in its use of set theoretical categories. Departing from Deleuze|Guattari’s slips, mistakes, inconsistencies, and contradictions, this thesis reconstructs their second theory of minorities and gives it some psychoanalytic help. Working with, through, and alongside the US anti-fracking movement the thesis proposes that a formalist, Lacanian indebted, account of minorities is well-suited to theorizing the strengths and limitations of contemporary struggles against fracking and related infrastructure. In the process the thesis moves beyond Deleuze|Guattari to make broader contributions to political theory, political ecology, and post-colonial studies. In particular, it defends the role of universality in emancipatory struggle. 7 Declaration and Copywrite Statement No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copywrite or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trademarks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for us without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. iv. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialization of this thesis, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (see http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/DocuInfo.aspx?DocID=24420), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, the University Library’s regulations (see http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/about/regulations/) and in The University’s policy of Presentation of Theses. 8 Acknowledgements I would like to begin by thanking my advisors, Carl Death and Andreja Zevnik. When I arrived at the University of Manchester I had plans to write a theoretically informed ethnographic study of the US anti-fracking movement that would stand in a broadly Foucauldian tradition. Instead, I have written an empirically informed piece of political theory that is steeped in Deleuze|Guattari’s philosophy, Lacanian psychoanalysis, and Marxist theory and practice. It is the sign of an excellent supervisory team that Carl and Andreja gave me the space and the confidence to pursue my curiosity in this direction while keeping me on track to complete the thesis on time. I would also like to thank Manchester University’s administrative staff: Ann Cronley, Kimberley Hulme, Val Lenferna, and Anusarin Lowe for their support and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council for funding the project. This thesis would not exist without the participation and encouragement of anti-fracking organizers across the United States. My eternal gratitude to the members of We Are Seneca Lake, Lancaster Against Pipelines, and the residents of Dimock, Pennsylvania, in particular. It is rare to experience the levels kindness, friendship, and solidarity that I found waiting for me in these communities. The landscape, wildlife, and people of upstate New York and Eastern Pennsylvania have an indelible place in my heart. Thank you. In 2017 I was awarded the 2017-2018 Pre-Doctoral Fellowship at the Fisher Center for the Study of Gender and Justice at Hobart William Smith Colleges, New York. This gave me the chance to spend a year living in my PhD’s fieldsite while writing, teaching, and participating in research and discussion on the Fisher Center’s theme for the year: “The Futures of Revolution.” This was without question the
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