NOTES ON O F THE

THE GERMAN

IN' THE WAR

Translated at the Arm War Colle e from a y g ,

French official doc ument ofA il 1 9 1 pr , 7

WASHINGTON GOV ERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1 9 I D E PARTME NT

D O M E N T N o 638 CU .

Qfiiceof The Adjutant General WAR DE P T E T AR M N , AS HI N GTON ul 28 1 91 7 W , J y , .

The following Notes on the German Army i n the War are pub li h i n shed for t e nformati on of all concer ed . BY ORDE R O F TH E S E CR E TA RY on WAR

A . . G . O ) SKE R H BLI SS TA . ,

' ctin ie o ta A g Ch f fS fi . OFFI CIAL H . C P . MC AIN , Th Ad tan a e ju t Gener l .

3 7 7 7 7 4

CONTE NTS .

Cha pter .

I . The German Army before mobiliz ation I I . A i z The German rmy dur ng mobi li ati on '

A . R esources ”

B The arm mob i li z . y ed I I I . The German Army i n the field A i . L r n i i a ge u i ts created . The r compos t on B d of is . C i . Mo ification ex ting units reat on of uni ts i er of spec alists . Employment of new or more p fec ted ri i n mate al the infantry , artillery , and pioneers R z I V . A s . . . C rms of the ervice ecruiting Mobili ation adres .

HAPTE R I C .

H Y B FO OB Z T E GERMAN ARM E RE M ILI ATION .

The Army consisted of 1 guard corps ; 21 army corps numbered 1 21 S h e Wii rtt m from to (Twelfth and Nineteenth axons , T irte nth e F 3 i A 25 bergers , ourteenth Badens) ; Bavar an rmy corps; total , r army co ps . All r i i i army co ps compr sed , as a rule , two d vis ons and the follow i ng troop s not contai ned i n divisi ons : One or more foot arti llery regi ments (of two battali ons) ; one or more four-c ompany pioneer battali ons ; one trai n section ; (later) a battalion of light i nfantry i and a detachment of mach ne guns . A di vi si on compri sed generally two brigades of i nfantry (each wi th two regi ments of three battalions) ; one brigade of artil lery (two i e i si x reg ments , of two battalions , of thre batter es , of guns) ; one t i brigade of cavalry ( wo reg ments) .

I N FAN TR Y . It comprised i e i i . s 3 a F rst Two hundr d and seventeen reg ment of batt l ons , con i t 1 1 i 5 i i s s ing of reg ments of the guard ( reg ments grenad ers , 5 regi 1 i s 1 8 2 ments foot guards , and reg ment of fu iliers) ; regiments , num 1 to 1 82 24 B i i s 1 to 23 bered from ; avar an reg ment , numbered from ,

and a Lieb regiment .

S . 4 i econd Eighteen battalions of chasseurs , of compan es, plus a company of machi n e guns and a cyclist company; (1 4 b attalions r 1 1 4 2 2 i numbered f om to ; battalions of guards, Bavarian battal ons) . i d C i u i Th r . ompanies of mach ne g ns (one to a reg ment or b attalion

of chasseurs) . hi Fourth . Eleven detachments of mac ne guns (for cavalry di

vi sions) .

S - Fifth . ixteen fortress machine gun detachments .

V CA ALRY .

i 1 1 0 i o It compr sed regiments , divided nt i First . Fourteen reg ments of heavy cavalry : One of guard corps ; 9 of cuirassiers (from 1 to 8 p lus 1 regiment of the guard) ; 2 of 2 heavy Saxon cavalry ; of heavy Bavarian cavalry . a r e. N O TH 1 TES ON E GERMAN ARMY . l f

Second . Twe ts of line cavalry (Uhlans) : Three of 1 1 6 1 to 3 S 1 7 1 8 2 the guard ( to Prussian ( axon (Nos . , , ii rtt m r e o 1 2 B e b e r N s . 9 1 W g ( and and avarian (Nos . and hi S of : - T rd . eventy regiments light cavalry Twenty eight regi ments ofdragoons ; 21 regiments of hussars ; 1 3 regimentsofmounted ofB chasseurs ; 8 regiments avarian light horse . There existed only of one division of cavalry in p eace times , that the guard .

A R TI LL E R Y .

: r 1 4 First . Field artillery One hundred regiments (guard f om to ; ' 1 4 B 1 1 r line from to 8 ; avarian , from to egiment of instruction ,

u rb at J te og . : - fi ve - i n S econd . Foot artillery Twenty two battalion regiments , hr B i ua one cluding t ee avarian reg ments , one of the g rd , and instruo u r o tion regiment at J te b g . IONE ER P S .

- fi ve 35 i . Th rty battalions , with searchlight detachments

r R P S LIN E o COMMUNICATION T O O .

a s — P u one R ai lro der . Three regiments and a battalion of r ssians ; Bavarian battalion ; three B erlin -Jii terb og companies for railroad

operation . h r — B 45 T le a e s . e gr p Ten battalions , including two avarian ( com

ani es 1 6 ss . p , including wirele ) —Si x 1 7 one Aeronauts . battalions ( companies) ; mixed battalion B of aeronauts and automobilists , avarian . m bi i s — n 4 m 1 B c Auto o l ts r One battalio ( co panies) ; avarian ompany .

r — l 1 B 1 4 Avi ato 3 . Five batta ions , including avarian ( companies) .

TH E TRAIN .

-fi v - u z Twenty e four sq adron sections (doubled at mobili ation) . HAPTE R I C I .

TH E E R AT B Z T G MAN ARMY MO ILI A ION . — A RE O R E B TH E M OB I IZ E M . . S U C S . L D AR Y

S W R i . A . ecru ting resources ( ee the pamphlet hat we should ”

w A 22 . 7 kno of the German rmy , d edition , pp i z : o i n B . The army mob li ed It c mprised at the beginn g

25 i z . First . The corps of peace times , mobil ed i n S econd . Reserve corps (less number than the active corps about i h i . Thi rd . Some landwe r un ts (mixed br gades and divisions) S i Fourth . ome format ons of landsturm (battalions and groups) of an uncertain number of battalions . i 1 1 n C n i . Fifth . avalry div si o s ( d vi si o s)

OM O ITI O N O F T H E OB I IZ E RM CORP S H E RTE R A N D C P S M L D A Y , ADQ UA S STA FF .

n — v S r n . e . I fant y . Two di isio s ( e below ) — Arti llery One battalion of heavy arti llery (4 batteries of 4 heavy

- wi z 1 5 i . ho t ers of cm . ) and light ammun tion column - i i i 1 i nee s . s P o r One company of p oneer , w th br dge equipment ; ’ telegraphens sec tion of the army corps ; 1 telephoni st detachment ; 1 wireless detachment (2 stations) ; 1 detachment of field signalers ; 1 detachment of aeronauts (with gas column) ; columns of ammu ni ti on (4 i nfantry and 8 artillery) ; 1 ammuni tion col umn of 8 cais sons for heavy howitze rs ; trains ; 1 field bakery and bridge equip ment of army corps ; 6 provi sions Columns ; 7 supply columns ; 1 2

field hospitals ; 2 remount depots of 1 00 horses each .

OM O ITIO N O F TH E IN NTR IV I ION C P S FA Y D S .

i of 2 i 3 1 Two nfantry brigades reg ments of battalions , with com 7 1 o c n . pany of ma hine guns ( guns , including spare e) lr — D i r of 2 Cava . 3 y ivis onal squad ons variable number ( , , or ll r - 2 i of E Arti e y One brigade of reg ments field artillery . ach 3 of regiment comprised 2 battalions of batteries 6 guns . In one of 51 04 °— 1 7 —2 9 1 0 N O S TH E G N TE ON ERMA ARMY .

these divisions a battalion was armed with centimeter howitz ers ; 2 7 . total , guns

i neers — A s i u P o . telephoni t detachment , a searchl ght section , fo r

u of u light ammunition col mns artillery , amb lances .

OM O ITIO N OF T H E E E V E M O C P S R S R AR Y C RPS .

A of s the bout the same as that the active corp , except artillery . The reserve division comprised originally only one artillery regi ment (of 2 battalions of 3 batteries of6 guns) and did not usually have

z hi - 7 7 - ns i s 7 2 field howit ers ; total , t rty six caliber gu , n tead of the i A l i f i . o in the active d v sion ctua ly the reg ment artillery has , as a 9 2 or 3 i z rule , batteries , including light how t ers . There even ex i sts with the Twelfth (Saxon) and Fourteenth (Wurttemberg- Baden) C R one of i orps of eserves , brigade field artillery to a div sion . Landu* ehr —L a z . andwehr brig des were generally organi ed as mixed

of 2 of 1 2 brigades , regiments infantry , or batteries of artillery , a of u of . sq adron cavalry , and a company pioneers Several mixed a di L brig d es have been grouped two together into visions of andwehr , n i r 2 3 wi th o e or two reg ments of a tillery (of battalions of batteries) . The brigades bore the number of that brigade of the corps which had the lowest number . At the beginni ng of 1 91 6 there were 1 corps and 21 di visions of 25 L . andwehr . In October , about divisions L andstu m — one r . The unit was the battalion ( or more battalions u in a Landwehr district) . In certain places there were gro ps of L s s battalions of andsturm . There have al o been formed squadron

L of . and batteries of andsturm , as well as battalions laborers CHAPTE R I I I .

TH E G Y I N TH E F D ERMAN ARM IEL .

A A E NIT EATE TH EIR OM O ITIO N —B M O I I ATIO G . . . L R U S CR D , C P S D F C N

O E XI TING NIT . EATION O NIT O E I I T E M F S U S CR F U S F SP C AL S S . PLOYM EN T O F N E W OR M O RE PE RFE CTE D MATE RIALS I N T H E IONE E IN NT A N D ARTI E R P RS , FA RY , LL Y .

Crea ed uni s thei r c m si ion — I n t t , o p o t the beginning of the cam ai n p g , after rapidly crushing the enemy by numbers , Germany i z s w shed to utili e her enormou resources of men . To that end she i i i z i formed , in add tion to the army mob l ed the first days , the d fferent r i i fo mations ndicated below in chronolog cal order . fi E rsa z rma i ons i A — rst . t fo t (s nce ugust , These formations , i n be u foreseen peace time , were to used , as a r le , only as garrisons

for frontier posts . — 4 Reserve c a S . 1 1 . 9 . . Second om eries of October , Nos XXII XX - S D i i i R V . to II and ixth iv s on of Bavar an eserve Marine Corps . — hi . eserve s r 1 91 s R c 5 N o . T rd orp Series of Janua y , , XXVIII to Di R i XLI and Eighth vision of Bavarian eserve . Th s creation was C A 1 91 the last of the real reations of the German rmy in 5 . The new i i un ts formed later are merely selections from already existing un ts . These are The ve di visi ns seri es 50 1 91 — 0 ur . 5 . 5 Fo th fi o of (from March , Nos , D 52 54 56 58 v . , , , ) plus the Tenth Bavarian i ision The 1 di visi ns the series 1 00 U Fifth . 2 o of (from March . neven r 1 01 1 23 numbers f om to , inclusive) plus the Eleventh Bavarian D A n D i e ivision . ( One hu dred and eighth ivis on was creat d later . )

The bri ades numbe ed 1 8 3 1 85 1 8 7 1 92 and the Twen Sixth . g r , , , , ty

- t B ava ian e iments — r h and Twen h R . 1 91 5 fou t ty fif r g From May , . (These brigades were transformed into divisions in

ALPINE C O RPS

The numbered e imen s 1 0 —U Seventh . r g t (series and sually

ni z L . 1 91 5 grouped in large u ts of Ersat and andsturm From June , . The di visi ns 201 20 205 i Eighth . o to 4, (later) and Twelfth Bavar an

of m of Divi si on . Formed in the interior Ger any from resources the f i o 1 91 5 . 1 95 1 97 1 depots toward the middle The divis ons , , 99, 1 1 1 2 N O S TH E G N TE ON ERMA ARMY .

200 206 227 r D i , and to , as well as the Fou teenth Bavarian ivis on , and S D later the ixteenth Bavarian ivision , were formed at the front i by select ons from existing units . L andwehr D ivisi ns i . of 500 N nth o , formed by regiments the series . A The 1 8 di visi ns the se i es — 2 . . 31 o f Tenth o of r , half composed the of 1 8 98 242 one- one- u class ; , fourth composed of selections , fo rth of

convalescent wounded . B The 1 0 di visi ns o seri es 25 1 m . o f , co prising , no doubt , the same ff elements , but in di erent proportions .

OM O ITION O F ‘ N E W RE TE NIT C P S LY C A D U S .

rsa z rma i ns — z i First . E t fo t o The word Ersat mplies sometimes a C u ui . o class of newly s mmoned recr ts (see hap I) , s metimes battalions I V M b C . see . o in depot ( Inf , hap ) , and sometimes mobile formations i coming from these depots . It is w th these last that we are con

are cerned here . They - f d B . W o E a z batta li On bri a es . A . rs t g ( E ith the best material f B . o E . the depots a B . was formed for every brigade infantry ,

because there were two companies in each regimental depot . Each

z B . B . E . . bore the number of its mobili ed brigade In the army ’ u u r one E B . s corps these B . . have s ally b een g ouped in brigade , b earing the number of the brigade o f the army corps which has the

lowest number . s ve e iments — I n E rsa tz ba ta li ns o the a ctive e e . B . t o f or r r r g the depots

of certain infantry regiments (active or reserve) , where the recruit

ing resources permitted , entire battalions were picked out and sent r , o i to the front , either to form fourth battalions as an ndependent f z o . unit , or to enter into the composition Ersat regiments of e A B C . It was with the elements the categori s and , above , z that the Ersatz regiments and Ersat reserve regiments were formed . of They usually bore the name their commander , and sometimes n z the number of the brigade or division which orga i ed them. L L L w D E z , ( . rsat reserve units andwehr and andsturm and ehr

z of L o f B . , B . E . , Ersat battalions andwehr reserve regiments of Ersatz and Landwehr) , have the same method formation as cate

r es A B C . g o i , , and e or ese ve - B and La e E satz uni s acti v , , E . rg r t ( r r ) rigades divisions z arm y corps . These were created by the joining of Ersat regi of f ments to whom E rsatz units di ferent branches were assigned , i E z formed on the same lines as the infantry un ts . ( rsat companies u E z of z u of ofmachine g ns , rsat companies cyclists , Ersat sq adrons

E z m of . cavalry , rsat co panies pioneers ) TH N 1 3 N OTE S ON E GERMA ARMY .

Some divisions have a regiment of artillery (2 battalions of 5 bat 4 i u teri es of guns) . Others have two reg ments , formed by niting

z mobile E rsat groups . i ent the e i es 00 — S ee u R e m s s 8 . F . g of r ( further creations from J ne , below . ) s e -I n R ese ve c o C . Second . r orp (Oct ber seri s and Marine orps) October Germany put in the field six reserve army corps and one Bavarian di vision (S ixth Bavarian Reserve D ivision) and the Marine

Corps . Corps n umbered from XXII to XXVII are formed with infantry regim ents of the series 200 (201 to 248 ) and of chasseur battalions S R (numbered from 1 5 to 26 of the reserves) . The ixth eserve Bava D v i 1 6 1 7 20 21 rian i ision comprises the reg ments , , , of reserve

These corps are formed by volunteers , men from depots , remains f ta Landwehri ens o . cer in regiments , and , finally , by l — t va r A o . Ca y . bout a squadron a division

—' n a n r ' E 8 i a I f t y . ach corps had regiments of nfantry and 2 battal E i 3 ions of reserve chasseurs . ach reg ment had battalions and 1 platoon of mac hine guns (instead of 1 company i n the active regi r me its) . i ller — ac l 3 Art y . Each division tua ly has a regiment of battalions of 3 4 i s 36 i i batteries of guns , that to say , guns per div s on . Usually 1 t is i z of the three ba talions armed w th howit ers .

i ller -W H ea v A t . R y r y hen they were created , each eserve Corps w as i 1 2 e g ven or heavy batteri s , bearing the number of the corps . has to This allowance been raised a battalion , and in some cases , m i even to an entire regi ent of heavy art llery . P i nee s — A wi o r company per division , th bridge equipment . The Marine Corp s had as a nucleus the 3 infantry battalions of a c i n m rines of pea e t mes , transformed little by little into regime ts . L 5 of n a fl ater regiments rifle mari es were t ken from the eet . The C L r orps has been given andweh cavalry and artillery .

R eserve C s the seri es Janua and the E i hth B avari n Third orp of of ry , g a — Reserve D i visi on I n January Germany made a new effort and put into line 4 new reserve corps and a Bavari an reserve divis i on (the E V . XLI ighth) These corps , numbered from XXX III to , com oi 249 272 prise the regiments the series to . o 1 91 4 These regiments are largely comp sed of men of the class of , u E z v t of slightly wounded ret rned to the front , and of rsat reser is s . E B R D E The ighth avarian eserve ivision comprises the ighteenth, N -s - R R e i ineteenth , Twenty econd , and Twenty third eserve g ments . 4 N O S TH E G 1 TE ON ERMAN ARMY .

i These reserve army corps have been formed of only six reg ments ,

instead of the usual eight . The regiments have the same composition as those of the October series (they have one complete machine -g un company to a regi

ment) . — Arti llery The artillery of these reserve corp s comprises 2 regi s to i of2 3 of4 A ment a d vision , each battalions of batteries guns . u of certain n mber these batteries were , at the beginning , armed

l - - un of 8 wi th the o d fashioned 9 cm . g . One the battalions of the

z reserve corps is usually armed wi th 1 05 howi t ers . Therefore there

z are to a di vision 48 guns and howit ers . — H eavy arti llery A battalion of3 or 4 batteries of 4 guns of reserve u f a o . foo t rtillery , bearing the same n mber as that the reserve corps r 1 of In addition , each army corps comp ised battalion pioneers , f 2 2 o 3 companies , sanitation companies , reserve cyclist companies , 2 1 n 2 train detachments , divisional bridge equipments , telepho ist

1 . detachment , searchlight detachment i vi si ns the seri es 50 and the Ten h B avarian D v F . D i i si n ourth o of , t o — of 50 52 54 (creation March , These divisions , numbered , , , 58 D i 56 , , and the Tenth Bavarian ivision , are , properly sp eak ng ,

reconstructed divi sions . They were formed by the German staff at u a moment when reserve gro ps were desired . They were formed or by selecting units from active reserve corps (original formations) , and comprised only three regi ments of infantry and one cyclist f company b earing the number o the division . Their artillery (regiments of the series 1 00 ) was made up of elements 2 f2 taken from existing units . It includes regiments o battalions of 4 u 4 i s 4 8 . a 3 batteries of guns , or g ns One of the battalions gener lly z armed with 1 05 howit ers . ll — 4 i s 4 a ti er . H eavy r y One battalion of batter e of guns , bearing the r - number of the division , formed by selections f om already existing

uni ts . — m am es P i oneers Two co p . — r As . Caval y a rule , two squadrons D i visi ns the seri es 1 00 and the E leventh Bavarian F . ifth o of , M — i u 1 01 D i visi on ( arch , These div sions are n mbered from u u to 1 23 (even n mbers do not exist , except the One h ndred and

D i . 1 3 eighth iv sion , which was created later) There are , then , hi of divisions of t s series . The mode formation was the same as

that of the divi sions of series 50 . i i s i s For the i nfantry , the composit on the same as for the div ions 50 of series . H G N 1 5 N OTE S ON T E ERMA ARMY .

— to w . F i eld arti llery . The artillery at first appeared b e eaker i e i 7 8 Certain d visions had only one r g ment of artillery of or bat

' f 2 32 u s 4 i o 8 to . teri e of guns , mak ng a total from g ns Now they

a 9 36 . h ve at least batteries , or guns The One hundred and

- twenty thi rd Division (Saxon) has two regiments of field artillery . r — 0 1 i lle L i 5 i . e . H eav a . y rt y ike the d vision of series , , battalion ri 4 s of 4 batte es of gun . s — P ioneer One company . r des the se ies 1 1 1 7 a 1 92 — i i a d . S t . B 8 8 8 5 8 n ix h g of r , , , The creat on s u of large unit having exha sted the supply of cadres , the Germans tried at one time to use thei r la te surplus i n men to swell the effec i v S t es of existing units . ome regiments had their companies 00 2 4 3 . 1 3 brought up to men Others had , , , or even supplementary i u i s s . companie The Germans then grouped these ncreased n t , and i 0 i i 1 83 1 9 . from th s groupment came the reg ments of the ser es to , etc

- -fi fth B r i and the Twenty fourth and Twenty ava ian , completed w th i the aid of i ndividual selections from ex sting corps . These regi e 3 i ments were later group d in brigades of regiments , to wh ch were 1 i t 1 given some artillery ( battal on) and la er pioneers ( company) . Fin 1 91 6 ally , in , divisions were made from them by greatly aug me i n i i 9 i n nt g their art llery , giv ng them a regiment of batteries ( the 1 85th 1 92d D i d 2 case of the and ivis ons) , or even a briga e of regi he l 83d 1 8 7 th D ments (in the case of t and ivision) . The Alpine ’ i ts t Corps owes existence to I aly s entering the war , and was organ iz od wi th a certain num ber of chasseur battalions and the Bavarian L eib Regiment . a d ands urm uni s E sa tz n L 1 91 5 . S h . G ou s event r p of r t t , from June , These units embrace : 1 is i E L L z . ( ) Ex t ng rsat units (active , reserve , andsturm , andwehr) These uni ts have been grouped into regiments bearing numbers 32 401 41 6 442 to 47 from 9 up . (The numbers from to and from 7 are not part of thi s series . ) (2) Exi sting Landsturm units grouped into regiments bearing sometimes the number of active regiments belongin g to that region 1 09 1 1 5 of the army corps where they were formed (series , , and and sometimes th number of the army corps which produced them

(1 to followed by thei r own numbers . The Landsturm battalions are numbered accordi ng to a series i n i 1 u i which , each army corps , begins w th and n tes the Ersatz

l L g batta i ons of the andsturm . The hi hest number i ndicates the i ni L s a m mum number of and turm b ttalions of the army corps . 1 6 N O S TH TE ON E GERMAN ARMY .

As on m f a rule , the men wear their collars the nu ber o the army i n R or a corps oman figures , followed by the battalion ( b ttery) num ber in Arabic figures .

D i visi ns the e s 1 o he . s i e 20 t 205 t Twelf h B avari an Eighth o of r , t D i vi si n di visi ns o the seri es 1 95 1 97 200 206 to 227 and the o , o f , , — F ourteenth and S ixteenth B avari an D i visions The first series em braces divi sions formed in the interior of Germany by the help of

of : selections from depots . They are made up the following I n an r — 3 3 1 f t y One brigade of regiments of battalions , plus com i pany of mach ne guns . The brigades have been n umbered nor B D mally by doubling , except the Twelfth avarian ivision , the three regiments of which constitute a brigade which has taken a n um ber

following active Bavarian brigades .

r er — P i ll . 1 9 A t y robably regiment of batteries . The second series embraces the divisions formed at the front by of of i a the aid selections parts (reg ments , usually , and batt lions of : chasseurs) of existing units . Composition

I n an — ri 3 of 3 a s 1 f try One b gade of regiments b ttalion , plus com

pany of machi ne guns . A i ll — or rt ery One regiment of 8 9 batteries . D i vi si ons o L andwehr 1 9 — E Ninth . f (series and ach formed by

L 300 wo s i of . of he reg ments andwehr , series T the e divisions , t N e on ineteenth and Twentieth , were identifi d the western front 1 di 1 7 1 9 6 . on October , These visions seem to have been created 1 s 1 9 6 . i in September , The regiment which enter into their compos t L tion were formed at the front , largely selected elemen s from and u i n h sturm battalions , s pply services, and also from depots t e i N D s of S nterior . The ineteenth ivision consi ts largely axon ele

as ments . These divisions may be classed in the same category 201 204 the divisions to . D i vi si ons O the se ies be i nni n 28 1 and the se i es be i nni n Tenth . f r g g r g g 5 1 2 .

m 1 —T n P i s 231 f 1 A S e ies 23 . c s i S . r fro rus ian div ions ( axon 1 Wurtemb ergan and 1 Bavarian i ri 442 447 These divisions include the reg ments of the se es to , hi i hi - fi rst i - n l ri R and the T rt eth , T rty , and Th rty seco Bava an egi 50 of 1 91 8 25 ments , composed per cent recruits , per cent of selec 25 of n tions from the front, and per cent convalesce t wounded . Composi ti on of a di vision — ' I n antr z i of 3 o of 4 ni f y Three reg ments battali ns compa es , plus 1 of i mi r rin h company mach ne guns, for ng a b igade bea g t e same

number as the di vision .

8 TH 1 N OTES ON E GERMAN ARMY .

been formed at the same time . Finally a certain number of these 6 9 platoons were grouped in companies of from to guns , and every regiment of infantry has actually a uniform complement of 3 com 24 u . S ani s hi . e . p e of mac ne g ns (i , about guns) ome have even 4

companies . We note in passing the use of detachments offortress machi ne guns

z on the front , and the utili ation of machine guns captured from the “ We u of Maschi nen w h a enemy . also note the appearance of nits ge e r ” r hu z en ru of G or 9 S cha fs t t p p guns , which are selected companies of hi n s mac ne gu s , created according to the ame idea as the selected “ ” or r infantry troops , stoss sturmtrupp (platoon , company , o “ ” hi n n r U of Lei chtmasc e eweh . battalion) . nits g The platoon of light machine guns (leichter Maschinengewehr- Trupp) comprises 3

groups of 8 guns each . The light machine gun is of the Bergmann f 1 91 5 S o . i system , model , manufactured at pandau Th s gun , hi 25 w ch weighs pounds , was originally intended for aviation , but u i u was fo nd to be techn cally impracticable , owing to its irreg larity f f u ur . o o f nction d ing flight The cooling the gun is done by air , but

f 250 300 u of F r it is not ef ective after or ro nds continued fire . o n u this reason the guns have bee gro ped in threes , firing alternately 0 of a series of 3 cartridges , and giving the impression fire executed un by a single machine gun . This g in reality is only a simple automatic rifle . of 1 91 6 At the end October , , even larger formations appeared , and u 3 S . S . . the M . G . abteil ngen comprised companies These abtei

lungen seem to be divisional units .

C ea i n Musketon B atta li ns Mehrladerzi el ernrohr ewehr C . r t o of o ( f g ) a t ma t c ri e — A and i nfantry machi ne guns ( u o i fl s) . s the fighting value of their soldiers decreased , the Germans tried to increase the power fir and precision of their e . They therefore created the Musk eton

3 of i so . battalions , wh ch have far been identified Each battalion , of 3 to - 4 i of originally companies , possesses day compan es from 0 30 1 50 to 1 7 men each , supplied with automatic rifles to a company , or 1 20 to a battalion . To increase the effectiveness of the fi re of small infantry units a “ ” of i M ehrlador certain number good shots in each unit rece ved a , a ri fle wi th a magazine of large capacity (25 cartridges) which fits B ut u nder the arm . this arrangement seems to be disappearing . “ i It wi ll be replaced by automatic rifles , or Infantry Masch nen ” on of B n G ewehr , either the model the ergma n light machine gun , of 32 or on or on the model the small barrel cartridges gun , the E “ M adsen model . ach company will have an Infantry M . G . 1 9 ' N OTES ON TH E GERMAN ARMY .

s Fi i n S charfschutzez of 6 . Trupp 3 (and later ) gun nally , certa will receive rifl es wi th telescopic sights (z ielfernrohr) for precise fire . “ D Use s eci al ecti les S i tzlceru eschoss and s eci a l devi ces . of p proj p g p , — ranatenwer er si nalwer er Li ht Mi nenwer e see i neers . G f , g f , g f r ( P o ) The “ ” bullet S being incapable ofperforating the French parapet shi eld i t and reachi ng the man behind , the Germans have for some time “ ” eschloss i been using bullet K (Keru g ) , a projectile sim lar to the ordinary bullet but i nclosing an elongated core of steel . F mati n su lemen ar c cli st c m ani es of E . or o of pp t y y o p , and later i in cycli st batta lions and brigades , to ncrease manoeuver g possibilities n and the mobility of a large number of small u i ts . The only cyclist units exi sti ng at mobi lization were the cyclist companies ofChasseurs S i z battalions . i nce then a cyclist company has been organ ed for most of the newly formed divi si ons (some of the active and reserve divisions also have one) . a e 200 i ni i Of the (approxim t ly) ex sting compa es , a certa n number n d i have been grouped i battalions . Five battalions have been i ent fi d of 4 - e , companies each , plus a machine gun company formed by selecti ng from compani es of battali ons of chasseurs or cyclist com 1 1 9 5 . 2 pa ni es ofthe new divi si ons of One cyclist brigade (No . ) has n z r . been o ga i ed , formed by the three first battalions

F F rmati on s ecia li zed com ani es i n i n ant e i ments — . o of p p f ry r g The number of exi sting pioneer uni ts have proved i nsufficient for the

needs of the present war . Infantry uni ts therefore have had to l i lis i n i i i ca l upon spec a ts the r ranks , and prov de themselves w th n i the mecha isms and parts of mach nes they lacked . Thus a great number of regi ments actually have a company of regimental pioneers ni z ti of m or mi ners , orga ed by selec on specialists fro the other units m A of the corps , and often co manded by an officer of pioneers . mong i i B er k om a ni e the names g ven to these un ts are noted g p g (miners) , “ ” “ S cha uzk om a ni e Bau p g , and und Beten Kompagnie , though the latter may also be applied to specialist companies of the Ar er n s s mi u g battalion which are discussed below . Unarmed ba tali ons Landstu m A mi erun n . a d A bei e G t of r , r g r t r — battali ns and ba ta li ons i s ne s war and ci vi l i s ne s At o , t of p r o r of p r o r l z i s r mobi i ation there was formed , from the un n t ucted men of the L r una med s L andstu m , r battalion of andsturm . s ri fi r i These battalion comp sed , st , fort fication battali ons (Armi e n A ru g) ; second , battalions of laborers ( rbeiter) . i ni The armament battalions , restricted in number at the beg n ng , i d . i were ntende for work on fortifications They were recru ted , i ni i z i z i from the beg n ng of mob li at on , in the ones of the fort fications , H 20 N OTE S ON T E GERMAN ARMY.

w i of . and comprised men all ages Their ork , wh ch was of short i ai duration , being finished , these men were aga n av lable and shared f the lot o their class . B one of i ut as the war became rapidly pos tion , the field armies of needed large numbers of fortification battali ons . The number

i . these , therefore , has been steadily ncreased i s i The ex sting battalions have ent back , l ttle by little , all men of i i of capable combatant serv ce , and all men called at the t me

z i o t com mobili at n , whose age at that time exempted hem from f h f n . o o bata t servi ce The replacing t ese men , and the formation i out s new battalions has been accomplished by call ng , first , the mo t of i L rm mediocre men the un nstructed andstu ; second , the work

men battalions . k ns ni z The wor men battalio , orga ed from the i nferior men of the L i w the uninstructed andsturm then ava lable , were charged ith execution ofheavy work i n the z one offortified regions and behi nd As of u i field armies . a result the n merous nroads made upon them i i by the combatant serv ces and fortification battal ons , the workmen

battalions have disappeared , little by little , and have been replaced

by prisoners of war and civil prisoners . There now remain only a s w few purely German workmen uni ts . The e latter are charged ith of i ni on of the execution spec al tech cal work , principally the lines

communication . The actual stat us ofthese Landsturm battalions seems to be — Forti cati on ba a li ons 1 90 First . fi tt There are about fortification b of 60 on attalions which are the eastern front . Each battalion 4 or 5 of 200 comprises about companies , about men each . The distribution of fortification battalions on the different fronts seems to have been made wi th the i dea of having one battalion to a divi i n z of o t sion sector . But the ones operations this prop r ion has s z been increa ed by shifting them from quiet ones , and even by one of o erati ons to moving them from theater p another . Thus , Verdun drew a certain number of battalions used until then on the

eastern front . 3 W kmen ba a li ns — S econd . or tt o The workmen battalions have

1 00 c om almost entirely disappeared . There seems to exist only ani es of S trasenb au p , charged with the construction roads ( Kom a ni e i wi i p g ) , and a few battal ons charged th special techn cal work (Facharb eiter) The de ts unarmed Landstu m — p o of r . There has been formed in each region a d ep ot ofvariable siz e to supply the fortification battalions i i n i and the few German workmen battalions st ll ex stence . These depots draw their resources from the waste of the depots of other N O S TH E G N TE ON ERMA ARMY. 21

i formations , and , perhaps , will nclude shortly elements from that contingent whi ch wi ll be called out by the law on national auxiliary sem ce B atta l ns war ris ne s and C v l s ne s io of p o r i i p ri o r .

is ne -o -war batta li ons — m I . Pr o r f There are known to be ore than

° i o of F i i 1 50 battalions of pr s ners war . rom nformat on gathered on i l of i —oi -W ar these format ons , a batta ion pr soners comprises men , guarded by a cornpany of Landsturm taken from armed Landsturm i battal ons . The prisoner-oi -war battali ons are used for the same work as the i i o z fi re workmen battalions and r ght up nt the one of . This is established from numerous statements of escaped pri soners and different documents — B atta li ns ci vi l ri s ne s R ai of II . o of p o r ecently a cert n number ' i o Zi w l battalions of civ l pris ners ( arbeiter) have been found . The i s 3 1 i highest known number . So far no informat on on the organi a z ati on of these b ttalions has been procured . Some documents indicate the use of these uni ts up to and including the immediate z one of the front . H Use do s — I n z . of g a great number of organi ations dogs are trained for two purposes As s First . Meldehund (dog to carry di patches from one post to another ; for example , from the first line to the post of the battalion 46 has D . S d . commander) . etachment No been remarke econd . As postenhund (guard dogs placed by a sentinel to warn of approach of enemy) . to The sanitary service also uses dogs find wounded . to s i In the same way in order a sure lia son by every possible means , fi l - z e d pig eon detachments have been organi ed in the army corps . D ivisions in the first line are provi ded with 3 or 4 posts of 4 carrier

W 25 30 or pigeons each , hose cotes are usually or kilometers

- miles) in the rear . Sometimes carrier pigeon posts have been installed in the first line trenches .

ARTI E R LL Y .

b a ba - A R educti n the num e uns er . T . o of r of g to tt y he field artillery of the new formations , having been formed principally by selection , of i the number of guns ex sting batteries has been reduced, and the n field batteries have only four guns i stead of six . B M di ca i n i n the number ba eries and i nc ease i n the number . o fi t o of tt r — of light howitzer (1 05 mi llimeters) i n the di visi on After the reduction of the number of guns the active army corps had only 48 guns to a l 4 divi sion (2 regiments of 2 batta ions of 3 batteries of guns) . 22 N O H E G N TE S ON T ERMA ARMY.

All the other di visions which had at first a smaller number of 48 di See I . C . V guns have been tending toward guns to a vision ( hap , A But of rtillery . ) now, as a result the selections made to equip the artillery of the new divisions and the reduction of the divisional i of nfantry to three regiments , the average complement artillery in di one os all the visions seems to be regiment of three battalions . P si bl of mi hi y , if the productive ability Germany per ts , t s comple ment will later be increased . 1 of 7 7 of use The artillery caliber having proved little in the field , the Germans have increased the output of their excellent light howi tz er (1 05 At the begi nni ng of the war only one of the 2 2 i 2 battalions , an army corps ( brigades of reg ments of battalions

1 05 z — of 3 batteries) was armed with the howit er . To day every a 7 7 division , no m tter how many batteries it may have, has usually

1 05 . t three batteries In a more general way, i may be stated that on the whole the proportion of light howitzers is one - fourth and p ossibly even one - thi rd of the artillery complement of three v s battalions to a di i ion . — I nc ease heav a i ller i i s of 0 . r of y rt y The in t al as ignment one battali on of heavy artillery to an army corps (4 batteries of4 guns of

z i heavy 1 5 cm . howit ers) has been found insuffic ent in the course of of the war . In the first months the war it was increased by the f f o o 9 . additi on of a variable number batteries cm (old) , then by the as signment of heavy army artillery (battalions of mortars com

1 - s oi u 2 . or r prising two batterie fo r cm mortars) , batteries taken f om s I . V A ee C . siege , coast, and defense artillery ( hap , rtillery) Finally

z s these organi ations were made permanent, e pecially by the forma 1 1 of 200 S M 9 5 . ee i n a C . tion , y , , heavy batteries of the series ( hap

I V A . , rtillery ) di f Accor ng to certain in ormation it appears that, at the end of 1 91 6 s 20 , the complement of heavy artillery to a divi ion was from

- 2 s 3 1 5 . w z 1 to 5 piece , usually batteries of cm heavy ho it ers , bat 21 1 0 1 0 . 0 ter u 1 00 3 5 . y of g ns ( , , or mm ) and one battery of mortars s ao It mu t be remembered , however, that this complement varies

s f cording to the sector o the front .

D I n an un s s ee . . f try g ( above)

' btv h leanone — f An i ai cra uns A e r . di E . t r ft g ( ) They are of ferent cali

' — 5 5 mm u 25 7 7 1 0 7 . bers , , , They are generally gro ped in platoons u d s me of two guns (abo t one platoon to a ivision) , and ometi s even I u e . Se C . V i n batteries of four or six g ns . ( hap )

“ 1 u h as m t een rov de w a ow ze carr a e to ncreas e 1 128 Th e 7 7 g n j b p i d ith h it r i g , i range (Kanonim H enbits L afette) . TH G N 23 N OTES ON E ERMA ARMY .

— F F rma ion an e nders As . o t of r g fi this war has called for siege z of methods , an organi ation range finders has been formed , whose and officers are charged with making a range map of the front , often i ofth i even w th regulating the fire e heavy batteries . The topograph c “ or battle map section of the army corps is called M essplouabtei ’ “ M ” burg . The range finders personnel is called esstrupp . The “ ” M sst ll n observing stations are called e e e . There also exi st platoons of sound locaters S challmesstrupp

60 of which have been identified so far .

The army is also provided with a topographic section , called “ m n Ver essungsabteulu g .

P ON S I EER .

— — E nla in units Use s ecia l ma te ials I h the rg g of of p r general , i of i of on divisions now have two compan es pioneers ( nstead e) , thes e two companies have j ust been grouped wi th the divisional Mi nnenwerfer S chmw rfer company of and that of e , and form a S battalion . pecial appliances , whose use on a lesser scale was for seen before the war , are being largely used , such as the Minnen Granatenwerfer Si nalwerfer werfer , Flammenwerfer , , g , gas pro

ters S I . C . V ec . ee j , etc ( hap )

Each company (or battery) , and each battalion and regimental s Si n l rf r headquarters i provided wi th a g a we e . Each i nfantry regiment i s provided with a detachment of 24 Granatenwerfers , throwing grenades weighing kilograms pounds) , containing grammes of explosive . The regiment also 3 of4 8 Mi nn n rf rs has secti ons (and later ) light e wc e .

AV I ATI O

Si 1 91 5 i nce January , , the Germans have ncreased the number of on their squadrons . There was usually e field squadron to an army to 1 91 5 . U corps , and one to an army p the squadrons and apparatus

z were not speciali ed , and were used without distinction for recon S e . a naissanc s , photographs , and bombing ince then there have p “ ” eared r a p a tillery squ drons for the adjustment of fire , squadrons S . I ee C . V . for combat and chase , and , finally , for bombing ( hap )

E ON TI A R AU CS .

S - L z The Z eppelin predominates . The chulte an and the Parseval are practically abandoned .

26 E S TH E E R M A AR M NOT ON G N Y .

The machi ne guns are carried on wagons . The platoon has 2 2 Of i 1 wagons of horses for the transportation mach ne guns , and n cai sson Ofammu ition . The gunners are on foot . They carry abou t hi un cartridges to a mac ne g . A i — m un mach ne gun detach ent carries its g ners on a wagon . I t 6 a i on 3 uni comprises m ch ne guns wheels and caissons of amm tion . It is especially for the purpose ofbeing attached to cavalry organi za

tions . There are also mobile detachments of fortress machine guns (same i - un a i composition as mach ne g comp n es) . — o I n a r At b z The mo bi li za i n nt . 2 . t o f f y mo ili ation , the active nucleus of each unit was brought up to war strength by the arriva l s L of reservists . The reserve units were formed by re erve and and fi L wehr ( rst battalion) men of the younger classes . andwehr units a L r were formed by the older cl sses of andwehr (fi st battalion) , and f t Of L r L by men o the second bat alion the andweh . The andsturm s La u s units were elected from ndst rm classes ( econd battalion ) . Infantry uni ts have been supplied with men during the campaign o by means Of the dep ts . d 3 —As l i C nsti uti n e . f n n of o t o of p ot a ru e , con orm g to the pla mobil i z ati on a L , every infantry regiment , ctive , reserve , and andwehr , “ ” 1 D E z had to form a epot battalion ( rsat battalion) . There wer e as two companies in the ch seurs b attalions .

At thi s point the active regiments may be classed in three cate o g ori es: F R i irst . egiments belong ng to those districts which formed the regiments Of the series 300 (districts near the German - R ussian one frontier) . These regiments have only depot battalion , which z supplies the active regiment and its mobile Ersat formation . R w Second . egiments b elonging to districts hich formed the 200 regiments Of the series (north , central , and southern region) . one These regiments have two depot b attalions , of which is shared

Of with a regiment of fresh formation . (The regiments the guard and w’ one R . Of the XII l th egion have , ho ever , only depot b attalion ) R Third . egiments b elonging to districts which have created no — z W new units since mobili ation ( est territory of small extent) . All

these regiments seem to have two depot battalions .

l 1 t h as been n oticed (E rsatz formations) that th e depots of certain active regi on e o a a on w e e ec u n esou ces e mi e w ments h ad a sec d d p t b tt li , h r r r iti g r r p r tt d hich a z m on was usually p ut in to a new E rs t for ati . E S TH E E RM A AR M Y NOT ON G N .

I n the begi nni ng Of 1 91 7 the steady disappearance of second z was as Ersat battalions remarked , a result , probably , of the forma 231 251 tion of new divisions to . The men assigned to these depot battalions comprised 1 . Men of active service (the malingerers and those temporari ly unfit for the front) .

2 R . . eservists L dwehri a s 3 an . . n

4 z u of L . Ersat reservists , recr its , and men the andsturm . Men Ofthis fourth category are not di rectly assigned to the Ersatz i i i b attalion . They have prev ously received nstruction n the ” e R ekrut n depot , which is operated alongside Of each Ersatz i ns d battalion , the latter cons sting only of i tructe men . It now seemed as if there was a tendency not to pl ace the R ekruten depot r z i so conveniently near the E sat battal on , but to group and classify i n r i the recruits camps (permanent or tempora y) , from wh ch they to Felrek ruten are sent directly the depots (see below) . As a rule men of the younger classes should be assi gned to the i depots of active un ts . Newly formed reserve regiments do not usually have depots and suppl y themselves from the depot of the acti ve corps which has

z d is a z i mobili e them . It the s me with Ersat format ons . 1 91 5 Up to the first part of October , , the Germans seemed able to sustain their depots at a fairly constant figure (87 0 000 men for the i As Of s Of whole Emp re) . a result los es and lack fresh resources the Of s e i s effectives the depot have be n considerably dim nished . A f i the losses su fered by the different army corps were very var able , they were obliged to attach to the depot of one district men from t i another district , and to send to cer a n regiments men coming from t i v depots of another . The depots of cer ain corps , act ves , reser es , ns t i and Landwehr , were even co olida ed nto one . B ut at the beginning of 1 91 7 the infl ux of convalescent men ag ain swelled the depots . It has been seen that alongside of the depot battalion there was a ” Rekruten depot , charged with instructing men before they were sent on to the depot , and from thence to the front . There exists still R hi another category of ekruten depot , w ch seems to have been created 1 91 5 “ ” i . at the beg inn ng Of They are the depots Of field recruits

F ldrek ruten s of or ( e depot) , e tablished back the front , in villages temporary camps near the units they have to supply . They borrow m n th their instruction cadre fro the u its at e front . 28 E S TH E E R M A AR M NOT ON G N Y .

U or sually the recruiting depots of a brigade , division , army corps and e are grouped together , the d pot supplies impartially any Of the

z organi ations Of these large units . I t is more a real depot than a R e e ekruten d pot , becaus the men who come there have all had at or Of t i d of least two three weeks ins ruct on . This epot recruits has the advantage over the Ersat z battalion Ofbeing well in their stride u o and being able to f rnish immediate reinf rcements for the front . In one or two exceptional cases these depots have been used at the z Of F ldr kr front as organi ed units . The strength the e e uten depots i s mi of r naturally variable , owing to their le rese voir . They seem to have a divisional average Of 1 battalion of 4 or 6 companies Of 200 s ui men . They u ually receive their recr ts simultaneously from the Of depots Of all the regiments the division . Thi s is done peri odi S R D cally and on a single transport order . ometimes the F . . . also receives supplies -from a district other than that of its normal recrui t

ment . There are also two large depots Of recruits , one at the camp Of B everloc (B elgium) for the western front and the other at Warsaw

for the eastern front . — Utilization of difl erent classes I n Germany each class is designated by the date ofthe birth ofthe men who constitute it (and not by that 2 0 . A Ofthe yea r when these men are years Old , as in France) class u i has at a maxim m men , Of wh ch from to are Of good for service (7 5 or 80 per cent the total strength) . s Calling up Of cla ses in Germany presents no difficulties . It is i n S regulated each tate and in each district by special instructions ,

which take i nto account proven losses (very variable , according to or the different army corps) , the availabilities Of barracks , the local A i P out political conditions ( lsat ans and oles are called promptly , in B contrast to the tardy calling in erlin and certain industrial centers) . or In every district classes may be called as a total in parts . I t is therefore difficult to state precisely the date Of incorporation Of a class whose summoning has stretched over a period Of three or four

months . In their entirety , however the calls have corresponded

with a general plan which the second bureau has in its possession . The majority of the elements Of the different classes have been classified as follows (classes given in French system— year on which they are 20) 1 1 4 : R s of August to November , 9 e ervists all kinds , having already f i O . had their active mi l tary service , and most the volunteers

- 1 1 4 : of 1 91 4 N ovemb er D ecember , 9 The incorporation the class . 1 1 4 1 91 5 : S s August , 9 , to February , imultaneou ly to the above

ni E z . summo ng, all the rsat reserve was incorporated E S TH E RM A AR M 29 NOT ON E G N Y.

F 1 1 5 Uni January , ebruary , March , 9 : nstructed Landsturm from 21 3 to 5 years of age .

n 1 91 5 : a Of of May , Ju e , Incorpor tion the main part the class of 1 1 5 9 . 1 1 5 U L July to September , 9 ninstructed andsturm from 36 years of L Of up , and many slackers the andsturm the first ban on reprieve , 1 895 as well as a part Of the class of , which became a part of the second A 1 1 1 4 ban on pril , 9 .

. S e 1 91 5 : of ept mber to November , Incorporation the mai n part Of 1 1 the class Of 9 6 . 1 91 5 : From September , Men found deficient before the war , and i summoned to a fresh examination (first large revis on) . 1 1 5 : Of i s of 1 1 December , 9 Incorporation certa n speciali ts the 9 7 1 1 9 8 . class . Census of the class A A s 1 91 6 : March , pril , and May , then July and ugu t , Incorpora f s of 1 1 tion of the mai n part O the cla s 9 7 . 1 91 6 : th From September , New examination of all e deficient not

i d r yet ncorporated as well as the excused , the a journed , and the e prieved cases . 1 91 6 : September , October , November , Incorporation of the main 1 1 part of the class Of 9 8 . 1 1 A 1 1 7 : 9 9 . pril , 9 Inspection of the class é th i oi In r sumé , e resources of the depots now cons st

a R i s ( ) eexam ned men (who were excu ed , adjourned , or reprieved) . b R m of s 41 45 ofL ( ) e ains the last cla ses ( to years of age) andsturm , out econd battalion uninstructed , and called as a whole .

(c) Convalescents . (cl) Volunteers of the class of 1 91 9 and a certain number of sum u Of s s mo ed specialists this clas , analogous to preceding clas es .

As 1 91 9 i i resources , Germany has only the class Of , the exam nat on

. e i n of which , in certain districts , has begun Th y have begun to scrib e the class oi 1 920 in the Stammrollen month b y month as the 1 of boys reach the required 7 y ears of age . In view the exhaustion ofthese resources , a wider and wider summons has been sent to men ofall classes previ ously excused (about men) . These have been summoned before examining b oards , who have classed them i n four categori es

Fi t i . 1 . for active serv ce

i t i . 2 . F for garr son service

Fi for . 3 . t workshops

ni . 4 . Defi tely excused 30 E S TH E E R M A A NOT ON G N R M Y .

Summons for men Of the first three categories have been sent out i in certain d stricts , at various times , according to the needs of the corps supplied by these di stricts and with no regard to any general

. Of rule Moreover , the category men maintained on reprieve (about d has been reduce by summons . It seems hardly capable of greater reduction if great inconvenience is to be avoided in the of exercise public duties . This category contained about 1 91 men i n January, 7 . N 0 official measure seems to have been taken to prolong the term

of mi i 50 or litary serv ce in Germany to years more . This prolonga tion seems to have been under consideration since the month Of A 1 1 5 9 . ugust , In any case , i t must be remembered that the Gcr n w mans k ow how to t ist the law to suit their convenience . Official statistics and mortality scales show the number Of men between 46 and 54 years to be about Ofwhich have i m th served their m litary ter , and e remaining were never

soldiers .

U i liza i n L ands u m — I t t t o of t r , is learned from different sources that the Landsturm used near the French front are generally composed

of of L r men andstu m first battalion , Of all ages and of i ndifferent

quality , and include only a small number Of men from Landsturm

second battalion , instructed . These latter formed at the beginni ng the entire first formations Of L andsturm , and the Older contingents which they represent (one 1 869 l 1 87 5 n half the class of and succeeding c asses to , i clusive) still f of L s u I su fice to form the greater part existing and t rm formations . f they have been replaced in the neighborhood Ofthe French front by Of L s very mediocre men andsturm fir t battalion , it is because they e have received oth r special assignments . L It is probable that in andsturm second battalion , instructed a L n ( ) The youngest and most apt have formed the a dsturm units , a 1 00 now consider ble in number , on the eastern front about bat

talions . (b) They have furnished an imp ortant part ofthe noncommissioned offi cers for actual Landsturm formations composed Of inferior men of L l Of s andsturm first batta ion less military instruction than them elves . c on of ( ) The Oldest have been , account their age , used only for L ur of andst m formations Of the interior , garrisons invaded territory , i and , possibly , as guards for commun cations and prisoners , in spite Of the fact that these latter services seem to be reserved more for the L i weak members Of andsturm first battal on . E S TH E E R M A AR M 1 NOT ON G N Y . 3

(d) As a result Of a mi stake (reported by the press) i n the carryi ng out i i u Of an order from the m nister Of war , a certa n n mber Of the Oldest men of Landsturm were sent back to thei r homes ; but this i i d . happene only w th small numbers and in few d stricts They have , l w exami no doubt , a ready reappeared or ill be called at the next nations . e Of L ( ) Finally , a certain number Of men andsturm second bat i i e i i L talion , nstructed , have been ass gned , after r exam nat on , to and r i weh formations , act ve or reserve , where they are employed in y i s . convo s , combat train , and in general work beh nd the front

Thev are therefore rarely found among prisoners .

AD R E S RS C (OFFICE ) .

d one Of in w s Normally , ca res are procured in the follow g ay A cti ve — A - l . o A . bout one third f the officers come from the cadet “ ” o f v Ob ersk unda 1 7 corps , a member which , on lea ing the at and “ ” Fahnri ch to passing the examination , is eligible for admission a ri ss l K og chu after seven months of service . - f fi 2 . A O F 0 bout two thirds the Of cers come from ahnenj unker . T eli ble nec s be g under this status for admission to a regiment , it is e l t d Of a 1 7 21 r sary to fu fil cer ain con itions ge ( to yea s) , physical aptitude , education , income , and general proficiency . On having certificates stating that these conditions have been complied with , the corps commander announces the acce ptance of the candidate as a Fahnenj unker at the fi rst vacancy after having had 6 or 8 months

v w Gofreite Fahnri ch ser ice ith troops as Gemeine , . (after examina tion) the Fahnenjunk er enters a Kriegsschule where Fahnenj unker and cadres are cast in the same mold .

z 3 . Some reserve Officers specially authori ed by the Emperor and s as O f i h posse sing certain diplom , may , after a fairly long period stru ction in a regiment but without passi ng through a Kriegsschule com undergo the examination for Officers , and they receive their f mission after a favorable vote o the officers of their regiment . 4 . In very rare cases noncommissioned Officers who have dis ti ngui shed themselves in action can be made Officers without ex vi of amination , pro ded they have already reached the grade Feld ” “ ” “ ” “ webel or Vizefeldwebel ( Wachtmeister or Vi zewachtmei s n t r e ) . t ’ K A the end of the war schools ( riegsschule) course , the cadets mi and Fahn enj unker undergo the exa nation for officers . If they i pass , they return to their reg ment to wait for the first lieutenancy 32 E S TH E E R M A AR M NOT ON G N Y.

s s b v E vacant , and they receive their commis ions , igned the mperor , t r af e the Officers vote on them . The professional and technical instructio n of the young officers

s Of S ah is then pursued in pecial schools arms , pandau (infantry) , II r t rb o u e . ovre (caval y) , J g ( artillery) A u f t certain n mber Of O ficers . carefully selected , are sent later o Kri s a ami the eg ak d e . B B eurlau btenslaud O tcers R eserve and L and e — . w h . , fi of r These f n Or officers were drawn from either Old active O ficers , u employed , ’ of one v from volunteers year s service . The latter , after ha ing passed a theoretical and practical examination in the course Oftheir “

t . ur y ear Of service , were named candida e officers In the co se Of the two years which followed they had to complete two periods f Of o instruction eight weeks each , after which they were proposed m the by the corps commander for com issions as Officers of reserve , ’ and could be as signed after the vote Of the reserve Offi cers c orps Of

the district . — N minati ns du i n the cam a i n Ou ff 0 . o o r g p g studying di erent docu 1 9 ments relating to the recruiting Of Officers during the campaign , it found that the Germans tried to preserve the character Of caste in ’ offi c rs the of vi their e corps , accepting only same kind indi duals as A f u in normal times . ctive O ficers therefore were recr ited from Offi c r- of among the e candidates peace times , and from among the volunteer soldiers Of the higher social classes which have been fur

i sh d Of1 91 4 1 91 5 1 91 6 si nc th n e in abundance by the classes , , and e e

beginning ofthe war .

H owever , concerning the Fahnenjunker , a cabinet order Of A u 24 1 91 6 of S ug st , , slightly modified that eptember regu lating the question Of advancement for the duration of mobili zation : “ i n The acceptance Of Fahnenjunker infantry , cavalry , field and w foot artillery , and engineers ill be decided upon only by the com u d i t m manders Of active troops q alified to o . The request for ad is hi sion should be addressed to the depot w ch examines the applicant . Thi s depot adds i ts opinion and forwards the application to the the z u who commander Of mobili ed nit , makes the final decision . The nomination Of Fahnenjunker i n the field artillery continues ” to be subject to my decision . the u i n Of O To fill numero s gaps the ranks active fficers , recourse Of B ut had to be had to other classes persons . , as it was not desired f e i to retain them as O ficers aft r the war , those com ng from social

classes from which reserve Officers would be recrui ted in peace times .

were commissioned reserve Officers .

34 E S TH E E R M A AR M NOT ON G N Y .

F Vi z - W s or V z they are already eldwebel , e feldwebel , achtmei ter , i e

Wachtmeister . All these nominations can be made only after a vote by the corps of i officers concerned , and after very serious nvestigations as to the ofhi s morality of the candidate as well as that family . “ According to a recent number of the army Verorduung sb latt S 1 91 6 u f n ( eptember , ) s pernumerary o ficers may be amed after ad receivi ng the instruction hoc .

L m an (a) andstur , first and second battalion , fit for field service d E i n ahri e having the certificate of j g . (b) Candidate officers and sword -bearing noncomm issioned officers or i of Landsturm , who , before after their l beration from active

of of service , have acquired the certificate fitness for the grade or d n u s in officer , those who have isti g ished them elves action . eldweb elleutnants L u u i l (0 ) F of andst rm , f lfilling conditions s mi ar d of n to those deman ed men , and whose social positio would be no

discredit to the officer corps . The instruction of officer candidates (active or reserve) begins i n i s o i the corps and completed in instruction schools , s met mes placed

back of the front , sometimes in Germany (especially in the large 5 6 camps) . The length of the course seems to be about or weeks . Regulations relative to this instruction vary in different army rul e seem s corps , but the general to be that the volunteer officer candidate can not take his officer examinations until he has had

eight months of service . ra — of i n (N o To remedy the lack officers the infantry , Germany

early called on officers of other arms of the service , and , since March , 5 1 91 , several units of infantry have been commanded by artillery

or cavalry officers . )

D R E S C MM SS E D CE R S CA (NON O I ION OFFI ) .

One of principal factors of strength in the German Army at the beginning of the war was her remarkable cadre of good regular noncommissioned officers (about R ecruiting of noncommissioned officers was carried out in the following way 1 B ff s . y the noncommissioned o icer chools , where one could enter 1 A at 7 . fter two years of study the boy was sent to the troops with the grade of noncommissioned officer (they were preparatory

schools for the noncommissioned officer schools) . 2 B t i h . y reenlis ment sold ers reenlisting while serving wit i i troops could b e named noncomm ss oned officers . H AR M 3 5 NOTE S ON T E GE R M AN Y .

A certain number of noncommissioned officer schools continue to ac m ffi Operate , especially b k of the front , where nonco missioned o cer u u u i or one c ourses have been instit ted , s ally one to a divis on to an army corps . A Z t H u 1 6 1 91 6 ccording to the ei ung agen of J ne , 1 91 6—1 7 A 1 91 6— Si x : For . utumn , schools Iena, Bortenstein i Molle S n 1 91 7— Wulb ur B eb er ch W u . : g , , ohlan , pri g , Five schools

' S i m n n en a . Annaburg , g g , Greifenberg , Frankenstein , Iena

l “ i i’ n des —S ee W iass fi ca t o of gra . hat we should know about the ” n A w - n 25 26 27 Germa rmy . T enty second editio , pages , , and .

A R TI LLE R Y .

The general distri bution of the artillery i n the large units has i i already been ndicated in the course of th s booklet . It is to be recalled that the artil lery of an arm y corps compri ses as a rule L i i n i s i i 1 . ight field artillery of d v sio s , that , to a div s on 3 bat

s 3 i s of4 7 7 1 ta lion of batter e guns of caliber , and battalion oflight

1 05 w z i u a i ho it ers (except mod fications as a res lt of new form t ons) . r i r i i s . H 2 eavy a t llery of a my corps , d str buted u ually among the d ivisions . 3 C i a r i . ont ngently , heavy artillery att ched to a m es , varia ble i n quantity and compri si ng batteri es of field mortars of 4 mortars of i 0 . S 21 . ee mm cannon on protected carr age , etc ( further

i i t r i . s ege , garr son , and coas a t llery) i i i a i a For deta led nformat on on m ter l and range tables , apply t o D C Collector of Intelligence and Numerical ata . oncerni ng mate A S A ria us a . . . 1 91 5 ls ed by the Germ n rmy , see T , February , , or “ ” 1 91 5 B Notes on German Fuses of November , , from the ritish “ f or W A sta f , hat we should know about the German rmy (twenty 3 3 4 2 3 3 . second edition) , pages , , i i a u 380 The arm es st ll have , for speci l p rposes , guns of and howit

r 4 0 z e s of 2 .

— i l on —' Field a i ller I ts mo b i za i . G I . rt y t The erman field artillery , i n 642 which had peace times batteries , has put in the field more

i i . than batter es , wh ch means about guns The proportion

' 0 5 z s 25 o flight 1 x howi t ers seem to be at least per cent . The mobili zati on of artillery was effected on the whole like that f i L o infantry un ts , though reserve and andwehr units have no depot o ftheir own . The mobili zed German field artillery comprises A i i 6 4 1 . rt llery of act ve corps (active regiments of batteries of 3 6 E S TH E E R M A AR M NOT ON G N Y .

A f 1 1 2 . rtillery o cavalry divisions ( mounted battalions of 3 f batteries o four guns) . 3 A f v old 3 . rtillery o reser e corps of formation ( 2 reserve regiments f 8 6 r 4 u f o 6 7 o . o , , or batteries of g ns) The artillery these corps was i n u i t process of a gmentation , and seemed probable they would get the same complement as the army corps (2 regiments to a division) ; b ut on account ofthe formations at the begi nning of1 91 7 thi s i ncrease

seems to have been arrested . 4 f X t o v . X . The ar illery reser e corps No XII to X VII and the R D s i S ixth Bavarian eserve ivi ion (October series) . Th rteen regi f f9 4 ments o reserve o batteries of guns . f e N XLI 5 A o o . V . rtillery res rve corps XXX III to (January B R e D the Eighth avarian serve ivi sion . Eighteen regi f 6 i f4 e o u s . e . ments o batt r es g n (i , same equipment as active army

corps) . 6 A of i i i 50 B i D . rtillery new d v s ons (series , and Tenth avar an ivi 6 of 4 uns sion) . Twelve regiments of batteries g (same as active

A G . . ) 7 A of i s i 1 00 B . rtillery new div sions ( er es , and the Eleventh ava D f7 8 r 9 f4 F o o o . rian ivision) . ourteen regiments , , batteries guns

i z r These regiments have batteries of light how t e s . The i ncrease of r i n their a tillery seems to be continued , order to equip them like Ar t of is of 50 active divisions . illery regiments div ions the series 00 i n and 1 have been formed w th elements taken from existing u its . Their formation coi nci des wi th the reducti on to 4 guns of a large

f i ri . number o act ve batte es The artillery of brigades , later then divisions ofthe seri es 1 83 (1 battalion of 3 batteries of 4 g uns to a i brigade) was formed i n the same way . Th s artillery was brought 2 2 i n i s up to battalions (and even to regiments two n tances) , when i the brigades became di visions . It seems that the new div sions of 00 b i i 1 i the series 2 were , at the eginning , prov ded only w th reg ment r 4 of 2 battali ons of3 batte i es of guns . of i i 1 95 i 8 . The artillery new d visions (ser es to These div si ons seem to be provided either with 1 ' brigade of 2 regiments of 3 s of 50 2 battalions of batteries, like the divi ions the series , or with 1 00 A l 8 9 . a regiment of or batteries, like those of the series rti lery

units were new formations . Some of the men , nevertheless , may i have been taken from batter es at the front . i of 231 251 s of . 9 . The artillery divis ons the series and Thi artil t of lery seems to have, been formed partly by selec ion a battalion from the divisional artillery o f certain active divisions which had

‘ i h neW matéri el i h i f 1 2 batteries and partly w t . It is poss ble t at E TH E R A AR M 37 NOT S ON E G M N Y .

t i i i production allows , the active ar illery div s ons w ll be made up to 1 2 es e 3 batteri again . The r duction to battalions corresponds pro p orti onately to the reducti on from 4 to 3 regiments of i nfantry in i i si e ach d v on . 1 0 ai i At as 1 8 i s 4 n a . Mount n art llery . le t batter e of gu s of mount in l artil ery seem to have been formed , p rincipally by Bavarian and r i s as one Wu ttemberger cont ngent . There exists at le t platoon of ai z mount n howi t ers . 1 1 i o . . Infantry batteries f revolving cannon ; assaulting batter es i z 37 There are a certain number of organ ations , usually of caliber , f e am es N ahka m f eschutz Grab enk anone i n called by di fer nt n ( p g , , fantr - An A 4 y battery , revolver kanone) . official document of ugust , 1 9 1 6 i i 9 i n r , shows that at that t me there ex sted nfa try batteries a med i R s s w th u sian gun of cm . There will be also newly formed s a i es i i 7 7 i for a saulting b tter , suppl ed w th a l ght model gun rapid a 2 i fire . The guns will be dr gg ed by horses , and the gunners w ll be on foot .

1 2 anti b al loon s o . Platoons of gun (range The number f platoons oi ' anti balloon or an ti ai rcraft guns have noticeably increased There are abo ut 1 80 platoons (that is about 1 to a division plus several i and s i n 1 30 extra compan es even some battalion ) , all , about bat ri s materi el e o s s o f te e . 50 . The of th se plato n consi ts guns of mm ,

1 . 7 . 9 an 1 0 . o 6 5 . 7 7 d 7 5 mm , mm , mm , cm , s me (which will be drilled 7 R si to 7 ) and transformed us an guns . There are also automatic guns fi r 2 i 25 . e e 00 e e . of mm , abl to p roj ctiles a m nut 1 3 i r z L or L . The art llery of E sat , andwehr, andsturm organiza A 1 36 a z t 2 b 6 r 4 tions . bout Ers t bat alions of atteries (of o guns) ; about 25 or 30 Landwehr battali ons of 2 batteri es (of 4 or 6 guns) ; 25 30 L d m l 2 4 or 6 about or an stur batta ions of batteries (of guns) . These batteri es were formed i n the following manner : E ach active l i 1 z 2 o reg ment formed Ersat b attalion of batteries . One f these batteries was armed wi th howi tzers i f the regiment had a battalio n i z R e i ts of how t ers . g men whose resources were sufficient formed a i i s z . z e econd Ersat battal on Each army corps mobil d , usually , a 1 li n of L n 2 b l i ( ) batta o a dwehr of batteries , ( ) or 2 batter es of L i r i andsturm . These units were ntended to form the a t llery of the L L i Di i i o z L andwehr and andsturm un ts . v s ons fErsat and andwehr i i ad of2 i have a reg ment and a br g e reg ments respectively . 1 4 200 . Independent batteries of the series . The depots have ni z i 8 begun to orga e new batter es, numbered onward from 00 . The

1 AS in th e i nfantry this d oes not concern regimental (1 0 t batteries ( E rsatz u mo e o an a on fo me w su us ba b t a z . tteries) , bil rg i ti r d ith rpl 38 E S ON TH E E R M A AR M NOT G N Y .

91 5 highest number so far determined is . These units seem to remain independent , and are assigned according to the needs of different

units . I I F ar i ll — I t m bi liza i — . t er s n oo t y o t o Foot artillery comprised , in 25 i 2 i 4 s us peace times , reg ments of battal ons of batterie each , pl ‘ 1 1 91 4 51 s 1 battalion formed in , a total of battalions . The e 5 battalions formed at the mobiliz ation H v . First . ea y field artillery

a of — -fi e ( ) The heavy field artillery the active army corps . Twenty v

1 - z S H S 5 . . . Fi H an battalions , centimeter howit ers ( F ) ( chwere eld 4 4 z of . bit e) , of batteries pieces — 6 E ni 21 - ( ) The mortar battalions of the army ight or ne cm . mortar di s 1 6 1 8 2 battalions became , by the re vi ion , to battalions of bat S teri es of 4 pieces . ome of these battalions have been grouped

into regiments . The mortar battalions are now nearly all attached

to army corps . — (0) Heavy siege artil lery and garrison artillery Thirteen or

u of 4 of 4 z 1 5 u s fo rteen battalions batteries pieces (howit ers of , g n 1 1 5 a : 21 f of 1 0 of 1 2 of 3 . o S , , , and of , mort rs of cm and ome

e s are horse drawn , and others not hors drawn are generally garri on of batteries . Nearly all these are now at the front . — (d) Seacoast artillery Four battalions of 4 batteries of 4 pieces u 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 5 21 wi z 1 5 of21 28 g ns of , , , , and ; ho t ers of ; mortars , , and

At s are s cm . present the e battalions provided with tractor ,

etc . , and are now generally used at the front .

e Vari u of su ( ) ous elements created during the co rse the war, p ri or materi el materi el plied with gar son , seacoast, marine , or new , and

- forming a heavy high power artillery . Regiment of mobile heavy 8 artillery of the marine corps , batteries ; batteries of heavy seacoast

1 0 s of wi z s 1 0 s mortars , batteries ; batterie marine ho t er , batterie ;

n 1 3 1 5- 1 3 armored trai s , equivalent to batteries ; batteries of cm .

1 3 21 or ns guns , batteries (at least) ; guns of , marine new gu of 240 A r 420 , ustrian mortars of morta s of and guns of380(

addi i na l ba —' As R eserve regi ments and t o tteri es. a rule each active i regiment has mob li zed a reserve regiment of 2 battalions of 4 bat

teri es of 4 guns . This number has been gradually increased in a of 9 1 4 A : certain number regiments up to to batteries . rmament f 1 5 of 9 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 5 21 2 z o 8 . A Howit ers ; guns , , , , , and ; mortars of part of these battalions form the heavy artillery of the reserve corps (old organiz ation) ; the others are assigned to the garrison

and seacoast artillery, but nearly all of them are now at the front “ E TH E R M A AR M Y 39 NOT S ON E G N .

i i i z In add t on , certain regiments have been able to mob li e addi ti onal i batteries , wh ch were originally intended for garrisons .

r . D Some of these are now at the f ont In October and ecember, 1 91 4 1 1 b of3 4 i s to , attalions , or compan e each , were formed furnish n l - Si x the heavy artillery for the ow y created corps . other battalions of reserves were formed with the object in View ; The date of

z f n organi ation o the latter is u known .

ba l ns a ba teri e —E z E rsatz tta io nd t 8 . ach active regiment mobili ed E z 4 a certain number of rsat batteries ( or grouped , according to A i their number , in one or two battalions . certa n number of these b atteries , horse drawn , are on the front , and they , with the reserve e o i n of b attalions , ent r into the comp s tio of heavy artillery reserve f a corps (series o October and Janu ry) . — Landwehr regi ments and batta li ons Each regiment has formed either a b attalion of Landwehr of 4 b at teries or a regiment of 2 bat 4 A i talions or batteries . certain number of these b atter es are E z L r s o r A attached to reserve rsat or andweh unit n the f ont . rma ment : Pieces of all calibers . — Landsturm batteri es A certain number of army corps have

z n L mobili ed b attalio s of andsturm foot artillery , which bear the z number of the mobili ing army corps . Some of these b atteries are on the front . the r — 1 91 5 i B a te i es se i es 200 . n i (f) t r of Si ce May , , at wh ch t me the foot artillery seemed to have mobilized 835 old batteries and about 1 3 r 6 new ones for corps fo med in the course of the campaign , a cer tain number of new b atteries have been noticed , whose numbers run from 201 to 800 . r r materi el u These batte ies , which were called at fi st after the sed S H oubi tz F A (Morger B attery , chwere Feld B attery , uss rtillery e A Battery) , now b ar the general title of Fuss rtillery Battery , and 2 al . 1 1 are usu ly b atteries of position Their effective is officers , 0 4 z 1 20 and . to men , guns They were selected from Ersat (depot) for b atteries , nonmobile , and , the most part , they do not seem to b e w A 1 91 6 i horse dra n . Since ugust , , a certa n number of these b at r i é l te ies have been provided w th modern mat rie and horses , and have been entered into the composition of horse -drawn b attalions 3 i 40 hi (of b atter es) , numbered upward from (the ghest figure found so far i s The existence has also been remarked of a certain 201 number of: b attalions numbered upward from , and into whose i composi tion enter batteries of pos tion . These b attalions do not seem to b e horse drawn . 40 TE S H E E M A AR M NO ON T G R N Y.

of1 91 6 To sum up , the German foot artillery seems , at the end , to i i compr se approximately heavy b atteries , aga nst b at terles of field artillery ; that is a proportion of 7 5 per cent of the 1 heavy . r of The Germans have preserved , for the enti ety their mobile A mi b atteries (heavy artillery of divisions , . ar es , and siege i of e and garr son heavy artillery) the proportions peace times , i . . - i z 20 53 1 5 . t 21 per cent cm how t ers ; per cent mor ars of cm . and 27 7 3 t of above ; per cent guns , which makes per cen mortars and 27 of howitzers and per cent guns . The artillery of position and hi gh-power artillery seem to b e pro i u z vi ded n equal portions with g ns and howit ers .

PIO N E E RS

In peace times the corps of pioneers is formed of 26 battalions of 4 p 9 s 4 pioneers of com anies , fortre s battalions of companies ; total , li s t i s sa 1 40 3 5 b atta on tha . 6 74 i y to y , companies ( compan es , plus z 60 E rsatz companies have been mobili ed . ) The mobiliz ation of the pioneer corps was effected in the follow ing manner :

A As 26 2 s ( ) a rule , the battalions have each formed battalion called

B P . s 3 s i First . attalion of ioneers No comprise the fir t compan es i n s of the battalion peace times , and a signed to the active army

s corp .

B P . u Second . attalion of ioneers No comprises the fo rth active

2 s ( . 1 company , reserve companie Nos and and generally assigned

s to a reserve army corp . 1 91 5 The greater part of the battalions also formed , in , a field com 5 pany , No . , formed by men selected from the existing companies and brought to full strength by selections from the infantry regi as ments . These fifth companies , a rule , are assigned to the first L battalion . ater , a sixth company was formed and nearly always S assigned to the second battalion . ome of the battalions mobiliz ed S 4 a third battalion . ome others formed reserve companies instead or of 2 . One two recruiting depots are attached to each active

L r z : battalion . and they also serve the andweh organi ations . Total s 224 56 field battalions , compri ing about companies (active and

reserve) .

1 On M a 1 1 91 7 ese fi ures seem to b e: eav a er es o f eces y , , th g h y b tt i pi , r s ffi e er and b atte ie o ld artill y .

42 E S TH E E R M A AR M NOT ON G N Y.

5 R ni 43 54 7 5 86 ( ) eserve compa es to , and to , of the reserve di isi of v ons the same number (one for each division) . 6 R 87 to 92 1 6 22 B ( ) eserve companies , and to , avarian . Various

assignments . C ni 99 1 1 6 i 50 58 f (7 ) ompa es to , of the d visions to (two or each

division) . 8 C 1 83 1 85 1 87 1 92 d of a n ( ) ompanies , , , , of the ivisions the s me um i ber (one for each div sion) . 2 9 C 201 05 209 to 245 s 1 01 1 ( ) ompanies , , , of the division to 23 (one i for each di vis on) . 24 to 291 u 6 . V A (1 0) Companies ario s assignments . certain num

ber are called garrison companies . 1 1 i 292 344 and E B ( ) Miner compan es , to , First to ighth avarian

s V . Companies . arious a signments a 401 404 of 201 204 (1 2) Comp nies to , the divisions to . 1 3 i S ee ( ) Mar ne companies (three marine pioneer companies) . (

battalion pioneer companies . ) 2 n Total : About 2 9 compa ies . u ta strumb attali on There existed also an assa lt bat lion ( ) , formed i n and f of four compan es of pioneers , two of gu ners , one o flame

s on n . thrower , used the eastern fro t u n To sum up , there now exist the eq ivalent of three compa ies of engineers for each infantry division (not including the 1 60 com p ani es of E rsat z) Two companies are usually assigned to a divi sion ; the other army units of pioneers are temporarily placed at the dis

i . s posal o f the larger un ts In the divi ion , the two companies of i pioneers , the company of mine throwers , and the searchl ght com

pany are grouped in a battalion .

P E C AL NF RM A T N S I I O IO .

RE N C M R RS T H O TA .

These u nits were not provided for in the original plan ofmobili za

wa .si m l i the d evi ces tion . It s p y spec fied that se were operated by A i 2 1 91 5 pioneers . min sterial order of February , , directed that a detachment of two heavy trench mortars and a detachment of six An medium trench mortars be assigned to each army corps . act of May 26 added a detachment of six light trench mortars to the r army corps . This allotment has been g eatly increased . t . First . Companies of trench mor ars The detachments of heavy ,

medium , and light trench mortars have been united and formed into of companies ; so each di vision now has a company trench mortars , TE S TH E E R M A AR M 43 NO ON G N Y . whi ch now appears to have 4 heavy trench mortam ' a nd 8 to 1 2 e i i m d um . In a general way, the companies are numbered n the following manner : In the active di visions and the divi sions of series 50 83 1 01 m , , and , the nu ber of the company is the same as that of i the div sion . In the old reserve di visions and the reserve di visions of the 43 7 5 of a series Nos . and , the number the comp ny is eq ual to the i s 200 L number of the divis on plu . In the andwehr divisions , the number of the co mpany is e qual to the number of the di visi on plus 0 i m i e r 30 . The Bavar an co panies have d ffer nt numbe s , but as signed i n the same way . 200 i of There are now about compan es trench mortars . ench m a s — I B at ali ns t t . I I . t o of r or r To date there have been found six battalions of trench mortars which are different from the divi i on si onal . ul 1 91 5 compan es They appeared the front between J y, , 1 1 6 i 9 . b i and July, They were formed or ginally y unit ng old com

i c now . i pan s . They are each of four compan es , which , accordi ng to ’ e 1 60 1 80 prisoners t stimony , have from to men , and each use 6 hea vy 1 2 trench mortars and light trench mortars . There are no medium trench mortars in compani es formi ng parts a i 3 i . o l . of b atta ons Batt l on No , the comp sition of which we show , i has four compan es , a detachment of telephone operators and signal

ns rech o men (gu p und signalabteilung) , a detachment f munitions ark abtei l un (muni tion p g) , one or more detachments of teams b es annun sab tei lun en a u ( p y g ) , and a rep ir section (messtr pp) . This a appe rs to be the usual complement of a battalion of trench mortars . u t These battalions are mobile ni s , used in the active sectors ; they are elements of the arm y ; their use varies according to circum a of stances . They are pl ced at the disposition the battalion com i A manders of the armies , and rema n in the sectors . certain num ber of heavy detachments are provided with automobiles . — S E z E rsatz batta lions . even rsat battalions oftrench mortars have stati on a — been di scovered . They are ed t the first at Markendorf iiterb or -m a i s (near J g) , where the trench ort r school also situated i H u the second at Thom , the th rd at the e berg camp , the fourth i n V R i f V R i the X III eg on , the fi th probably in the III eg on , the sixth r i r a in easte n Pruss a , the Bava ian Batt lion at Munich . These battalions are formed of a variable number of companies ; 9 have i 7 5 been found in the first battal on , in the second , in the others .

- h l3 — T ench mo ta r sc . t I V. r r oo There are several very large rench o i n a i U s mortar sch ols Germ ny , at Markendorf (near Berl n) , at nterlus H H enb er B ( anover) , at g ( anen) , at Thom £4 E S TH E E R M A AR M NOT ON G N Y .

— a a i ma é l S - I nform tion reg rd ng t ri e . ( ee twenty second edition of A 35 W . hat it is necessary to know about the German rmy , pp , — S earchlight sections (S cheinwerfer) The detachments are supplied wi e u m e 90 0 6 . th three typ s of apparat s (approxi at ly of cm . , of cm , and of 30 There seemed to be 600 searchlight detachments 1 S “ 1 9 6 . ee W at the beginning of November , ( hat we should know ” A y - n u . abo t the German rm , twenty second editio , p — D etachments offlame throwers B y means Of an apparatus carried ’ u ' 25 30 on a man s back , liq id fire may be thrown to meters

. e to yards) One man carri s a reservoir , another man carries

z z i s a no le , meters yards) long , which connected to the

u 5 6 or s reservoir by a r bber hose or meters yard ) long . i a l h u a — D e achmen s s ec is s i n t e se o s . t t of p t f g (No precise data . )

- D etachments of sp ecia lists for uti li zi ng high tensi on currents (S tark f — strom ab tei lung ) . (No precise data . )

A V AT N I IO .

We have seen that the allotment of the field aero squadrons (Feldfli eg erab tei lung) i s about one to each army corps and each A A army . viation is directed technically by the chief of the viation n Flii wesen Servi ce i the Field ( g ) , who is at the general headq uarters i n ofthe army , and , each army , by the chief airmen of the Aviation

A . vi Service of the rmy The troops of aeronautics , a ation , and

- fi hti n foI ‘ aerial defense constitute the air g g CeS , formi ng a separate arm of the service under the orders of one chief

for the interior . The aero squadrons receive What they need from the army aviation

Flu zen ark Flu ark u m ateri el park ( j gp or g p ) (storeho ses for , apparatus , n z and workshops) or from an org a i ation for reinforcements (E rsatz )

m u materi e situated in Ger any , which s pply the aero squadrons with l,

and especi ally with personnel . There are also a number etape

avi ation parks . n D In the b eginning there were o ly field aero squadrons . uring 1 91 5 artillery aero squadrons were formed for the exclusive use of of this branch the service , then a few fighting aero squadrons , w W F hich ere given a machine having a great reputation , the okker . To- day the organiz ation of the fighting aero squadron i s very fully f a developed and dif erent types of m chines are used . There are u 6 1 0 fighting aero sq adrons (Kampfgeschwader) , each of hi echelon s (staffelm) of 1 0 mac nes . TH E RM A AR M 4 5 NOTE S ON E G N Y .

T ank es The Germans have completely given up the , and use a to fewer and fewer monopl nes . They are trying produce a very powerful biplane (one of the Albatross-R oland type) : Nearly all fl i the motors have muf ers . They have several mach nes with i la i e B ne il . transparent w ngs , or slightly tint d w th blue ( Ma s) The i i n hi u di sting ush g marks on these mac nes are very n merous , but i s they always conform to the type or in the shape of an ron cros . I t is also possible that the Germans use a cockade of the national

s color .

- i A The best known types of a rcraft are the biplanes lbatross , f r hrs llschaft t e k e ese A . A S n v . . L V . Aviatik , . . G ( g ) and E G ( lle lectri ci tat e F gemeine E G sellschaft) , and the okker monoplanes . r R Less us ed a e the Otto and the umpler .

an za i n the Germa n ae se vice on the eastern n - Org i t o of ro r fro t . The usual distribution of the avi ation units on the eastern front seem : At i 6 to b e as follows the d sposition of general headquarters , battle sq uadrons (Kampffi ugzeng -Geschwader) s ubdi vided i nto 36 fi ght n and ri i 21 6 c i i ng aero squadro s (Kampfstaffel) , comp s ng ma h nes . i d e 1 Parsui t At the disp osit on of each army hea quart rs , aero squadron

l s ff l f 6 i 2 or 3 (Jag r ta e ) o mach nes , and scouting aero squadrons i fi i r 1 2 to 1 8 i At (G ld eg e Abteilungen) of mach nes . the disposi tion m s a 1 i a of each ar y corp headqu rters , scout ng aero squ dron (Geld

i er Ab terl u en 6 i e 1 fi eg ng ) of . mach n s , artillery aero squadron rtil i r F i A ti el un 6 a i ( A le e l eger b g) of m ch nes . This distri buti on i s subj ect to important changes on account of the concentration of the aviation uni ts where circumstances

demand . V Y CA ALR .

I n e i r Was of 1 1 0 i i n p ace t mes the caval y composed reg ments , as i i brigades , and s gned to the d fferent army corps . Only the guard lr D i i z had a division of cava y . ur ng the mob li ation 1 1 divisions

of cavalry were formed . The cavalry di vision i s general ly composed of ad s of 2 m t of 4 i disti Three b rig e regi en s troops each , w thout nc tion between the di fferent types of cavalry ; 1 b attali on of 3 -horSe 4 i m i i m batteries of guns , w th a colu n of ammun t on ; 1 detach ent 1 fi 3 n i i 27 men 1 ma of pioneers ( of cer, oncomm ss oned officers , ) ; chine - gun detachment ; 1 signal corps detachment ; 1 or more i t i nf i u . battalions of l gh antry, ncl ding a cyclist company ‘ r val r The est of the ca y constituted the divisional cavalry . In the

‘ i s i to c beginn ng there was , u ually, one reg ment of cavalry each a tive 4 6 E TH E RM A AR M NOT S ON E G N Y .

i ‘ d . e i s ivision But this allotment has be n ent rely rev ed , and a great

s many divi sions no longer have di vi sional cavalry . In the di vi i ons formed in 1 91 7 only 1 0 of the di visions of the 251 series appear to l r i i . have cava y un ts , of undeterm ned strength As l 4 1 - a ru e , the regiment has squadrons , plus machine gun

squadron . A i n of 5 1 50 squadron is composed , round numbers , officers and 4 men and is di vided into platoons . A regiment has a telegraphic section (4 noncommi ssioned officers 4 r 2 and t oopers) under the orders of an officer, and si gnal groups , e i i n which operate the visual mat riel carr ed the regimental wagon . The combat trai n ofthe regi ment has 1 hospi tal wagon ; 2 pontoon i i materi el ff i o wagons , carrying explos ves and light br dge s u ic ent t make a bridge 8 meters yards) long by 3 meters yards)

i or 20 . h 1 w de , a footbridge of meters yards) T ere is also

telegraph wagon . i A regi ment i n peace t mes had five squadrons . One of these s ne i z i squadrons , as ig d dur ng mobili at on , becomes the depot of the i i i mobilized regiment . In certa n reg ments th s squadron was made n i i i z z i mobile a d entered nto the compos t on of ersat organi at ons . As

a result, these regiments have two depot squadrons, one of which is

mobile 'sic'. The reserve units have one depot squadron for each army-corps L i h district . Those of the andwehr are of var able strengt and have

no depot of their own. — iza i — D moun ed val — Use of the cavalry Organ t on is t ca ry The di s f 1 91 5 mounting o the cavalry units , commenced in , parti cularly i nf s . A i i affected the re erve cavalry ccord ng to ormation rece ved ,

' ‘ r es had b een ne O to tha arti ller ' b the end of1 91 hors tur d ver y y 6 , 645 1 25 e d i m and of the squadrons at least were list as d s ounted .

RAI LR OAD TR OOPS .

3 s r i N os 1 i . 2 3 In peace t mes they had Prus i an eg ments ( , , ) of 8 i 4 4 ni compani es ; 1 Prussi an battal on (No . ) of compa es; 3 com i n mi l r r i r d i —u e 1 B p ani es for operat g the ita y a l oa , Berl n J t rbog ; a

varian battalion of 4 compani es.

34 i . Total , compan es Duri ng mobili zati on there were formed Compani es for rai lroad constructi on : 35 compani es for railroad construction ; 32 reserve compani es for railroad constructi on ; 6 Landwehr compani es for railroad construction ; 1 Bavarian Land

. strum company for rai lroad c onstructi on . E TH E RM A R M 47 NOT S ON E G N A Y.

E s : 3 i xploitation companie 6 compan es . R i stev dor : 23 a lroad ie e companies compani es . : 5 Battalions of railroad section gangs battalions . A l l s : 4 uxi iary batta ion batta lions . Depots : The four rai lroad regi ments and the Bavarian battalion a each have battalion depot . The general organi z ation of this service i s similar to the same se rvice in France . TH I S B OOK rs mm on THE LA S T DATE S TAM P E D BE L OW

A N I N I TI A L F I N E OF 2 5 CE N T S W I L L B E A SS ESS E D FO R FA I LU R E TO R E TU R N

T H I S B O O K O N T H E D AT E D U E . T H E P E N A LTY W I L L I N C R EA S E TO 5 0 C E NT S O N T H E FO U R T H D AY A N D TO O N TH E S EV E NT H D AY

O V E R D U E .