Spektrometria Jądrowa I Spektrometria Mas W Badaniach Skażeń Promieniotwórczych Próbek Biologicznych Wybranych Rejonów Arktyki Zachodniej

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Spektrometria Jądrowa I Spektrometria Mas W Badaniach Skażeń Promieniotwórczych Próbek Biologicznych Wybranych Rejonów Arktyki Zachodniej INSTYTUT FIZYKI JĄDROWEJ im. Henryka Niewodniczańskiego POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK Spektrometria jądrowa i spektrometria mas w badaniach skażeń promieniotwórczych próbek biologicznych wybranych rejonów Arktyki Zachodniej mgr Anna Cwanek ROZPRAWA DOKTORSKA Promotor: prof. dr hab. Jerzy W. Mietelski Promotor pomocniczy: dr hab. Edyta Łokas Kraków, 2019 Pamięci mojego Brata, Pawła 2 Podziękowania Był to czas pełen wyzwań, rzeczy nowych i nieznanych, obfity w wątpliwości i trudne pytania. Na początku tej drogi była moja decyzja, a potem ludzie, którzy przyjęli mnie do swego grona i pomogli urzeczywistnić cel. Im pragnę podziękować. Dziękuję przede wszystkim mojemu promotorowi prof. dr. hab. Jerzemu W. Mietelskiemu, że okazał zaufanie i chęć współpracy, a potem wspierał i pomagał z przyjaźnią i akceptacją. Dziękuję mojemu promotorowi pomocniczemu dr hab. Edycie Łokas, że z wielkim zaangażowaniem towarzyszyła mi podczas realizacji tego projektu, za dobrą energię i dobre słowo. Dziękuję prof. dr hab. Marii A. Olech, że zechciała udostępnić cenny materiał badawczy, którego zdobycie było prawdziwym wyczynem, ale i za okazaną serdeczność. Dziękuję dr Barbarze Petelenz za wdrożenie w meandry chemii, dr. Ryszardowi Misiakowi za pomoc w pomiarach próbek i dr Katarzynie Szufie za wspaniałe rozmowy naukowe i nie tylko. Było mi także niezmiernie miło współpracować ze wszystkimi pracownikami i doktorantami w Zakładzie Fizykochemii Jądrowej IFJ PAN, w ich stronę również kieruję wyrazy mojej wdzięczności. 3 Badania opisane w niniejszej rozprawie otrzymały finansowanie Narodowego Centrum Nauki w ramach grantu PRELUDIUM 9, na lata 2016 – 2019, nr projektu badawczego: 2015/17/N/ST10/03121. 4 Spis treści Podziękowania ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Spis treści ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Rozdział 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Geneza i zarys problemu skażeń promieniotwórczych ....................................................... 9 1.2 Charakterystyka badanych izotopów promieniotwórczych ................................................. 9 1.2.1 Cez-134 i 137 ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Stront – 85 i 90 ................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.3 Tor – 229, 230 i 232 ......................................................................................................... 12 1.2.4 Uran – 232, 234, 235 i 238 .............................................................................................. 15 1.2.5 Pluton – 238, 239, 240, 241 i 242................................................................................... 17 1.2.6 Ameryk – 241 i 243 .......................................................................................................... 20 1.3 Wybrane źródła skażeń promieniotwórczych ..................................................................... 22 1.3.1 Globalny opad promieniotwórczy ................................................................................. 22 1.3.2 Wypadek Boeinga B – 52 w pobliżu Thule .................................................................. 26 1.3.3 Katastrofy satelitów ......................................................................................................... 29 1.3.4 Wybuch elektrowni jądrowej w Czarnobylu................................................................. 31 1.3.5 Awaria elektrowni jądrowej w Fukushimie ................................................................... 33 1.3.6 Radioaktywne uwolnienia z Sellafield i Cap de la Hague ........................................... 35 1.3.7 TENORM w Arktyce Zachodniej ................................................................................. 37 1.4 Podstawy metod spektrometrycznych stosowanych w śladowej analizie skażeń promieniotwórczych ...................................................................................................................... 38 1.4.1 Detektory półprzewodnikowe........................................................................................ 38 1.4.2 Liczniki ciekłoscyntylacyjne – LSC ................................................................................ 46 1.4.3 Wybrane aspekty spektrometrii mas ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ICP-MS .... 47 Rozdział 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 51 2.1 Ogólna i radioekologiczna charakterystyka lądowego środowiska arktycznego ............ 52 2.2 Obszar badawczy ..................................................................................................................... 55 2.3 Porosty i mchy arktycznej tundry .......................................................................................... 59 2.4 Charakterystyka morfologiczno – anatomiczna oraz procesów związanych z absorpcją skażeń u porostów ......................................................................................................................... 61 2.5 Charakterystyka morfologiczno – anatomiczna oraz procesów związanych z absorpcją skażeń u mchów ............................................................................................................................. 65 5 2.6 Materiał badawczy ................................................................................................................... 68 Teza i cele badawcze .......................................................................................................................... 72 Rozdział 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 73 3.1 Wstępne przygotowanie materiału badawczego ................................................................. 74 3.2 Metodyka pomiarów promieniowania gamma .................................................................... 76 3.2.1 Przyczyny kalibracji objętościowej wydajności spektrometrów promieniowania gamma dla wybranych energii fotonów .................................................................................. 78 3.2.2 Kalibracja objętościowa wydajności spektrometrów gamma do oznaczania 137Cs . 79 3.2.3 Kalibracja objętościowa wydajności spektrometrów gamma do oznaczania 134Cs . 81 3.2.4 Metodyka pomiarów próbek rzeczywistych za pomocą spektrometrów promieniowania gamma oraz oznaczania stężenia aktywności izotopów 134, 137Cs ........... 84 3.2.5 Metodyka pomiarów znacznika 85Sr .............................................................................. 85 3.3 Radiochemiczna separacja izotopów w trybie sekwencyjnym .......................................... 86 3.3.1 Przygotowanie próbek ..................................................................................................... 87 3.3.2 Mineralizacja ..................................................................................................................... 87 3.3.3 Ustawienie plutonu na +4 stopniu utlenienia .............................................................. 88 3.3.4 Separacja plutonu i toru ................................................................................................... 90 3.3.5 Separacja strontu .............................................................................................................. 90 3.3.6 Separacja ameryku ............................................................................................................ 92 3.3.7 Separacja uranu ................................................................................................................. 94 3.3.8 Preparatyka źródełek α-promieniotwórczych metodą współstrącania z NdF3 ....... 94 3.3.9 Wydajność chemiczna procedury radiochemicznej ..................................................... 95 3.4 Metodyka pomiarów promieniowania β- .............................................................................. 96 3.5 Spektrometria promieniowania α .......................................................................................... 98 3.6 Spektrometria mas ................................................................................................................. 100 3.6.1 Procedury radiochemiczne oczyszczania źródełek alfa-spektrometrycznych ....... 100 3.6.2 Charakterystyka spektrometru mas .............................................................................. 101 3.7 Kontrola jakości analiz.......................................................................................................... 103 Rozdział 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 106 4.1 Prezentacja i dyskusja stężeń aktywności radioizotopów sztucznych w tundrze Arktyki Zachodniej .................................................................................................................................... 107 4.1.1 Wyniki pomiarów promieniowania γ .......................................................................... 107 4.1.2 Wyniki pomiarów promieniowania β- ........................................................................
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