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WRAP Theses Liebling 2004.Pdf A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/129543 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications A Gendered Analysis of the Experiences of Ugandan Women War Survivors Helen Jane Liebling B.Sc. RGN. M.Phil. M.Sc. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D. Centre for the Study of Women and Gender Department of Sociology University of Warwick August 2004 Table of Contents Acknowledgements v Declaration vi Summary vii Abbreviations viii Introduction ix-xv Background to the Thesis ix Plan of the Thesis xiii Chapter One- Literature Review 1 Introduction 1 International perspectives on understanding violence, rape and torture of women during war situations 2 Gender-based violence and torture of women during war: A historical context 3 Militarism, nationalism and patriarchy 11 Gender and nationalism 16 Identity, culture and ethnicity 18 Genocide 21 Women’s agency and resistance: Collective empowerment 22 The effects of women’s experiences 26 Feminist understandings: Agency and power 34 Models of Trauma 39 Humanistic/Social Rehabilitation Models 43 Summary 46 Chapter Two-Literature Review: The Resulting Needs of Ugandan Women Following War and Conceptual Framework 48 Introduction 48 Global health issues for women 48 Health and Human Rights 54 Health policies 58 The legal system and women’s rights 60 Gender-sensitive services 64 Conceptual Framework 68 Gender-based violence and torture during war: A case of genocide 68 Women’s tortured bodies in pain 70 Militarism, nationalism and patriarchy 72 Culture and identity 72 i Constructions of power and empowerment 77 Challenging the medicalisation of women’s experiences: A holistic framework 80 Health as a human rights issue 83 Summary 85 Chapter Three – Background and context of the civil war years (1981 to 1986) 88 Introduction 88 Background to the civil war years and current government 88 Introduction and the pre-colonial period 88 The colonial period (1892-1962) 93 Independence 98 Idi Amin Dada (1971-1979) 103 Civil War Years (1981-1986) 107 The suppression of the Baganda people: The Luwero Triangle 108 Museveni’s government 112 The health context of Uganda 113 The situation of women in Uganda 117 Summary 121 Chapter Four-Research Design and Methodology 125 Introduction 125 Research methods and fieldwork 125 Choosing research methods 125 Personal narratives/Testimony 128 Research themes and questions 129 Research preparation and fieldwork 130 Research design and interviews 133 Interviews 136 Kamuli parish 136 Kasana parish 137 Wakayamba parish 137 Key informants 137 Data collection and analysis 138 Ethical, practical and reflexive issues 139 Feminist approaches 139 The influence of gender in interviews 142 Finding women to interview 145 Researching women’s lives: empowering methods 147 Reflexivity and power 148 Research assistants 150 Representing the other: Race and identity 152 Carrying out sensitive research 154 Political influences on the fieldwork 159 Summary 162 ii Chapter Five-Understanding Violence, Rape and Torture of Ugandan Women during Civil War Years (1981-1986) 165 Introduction 165 Was violence during civil war in Uganda gendered? And if so, how? 167 How can gendered violence during the Ugandan civil war years be understood? 179 Economic Capital 183 Social Capital 191 Cultural Capital 199 Women’s agency 205 Summary 208 Chapter Six-‘Samanya Agnes’ ‘I did not know Agnes’ (Luganda translation) The Effects of Ugandan Women’s Experiences Following Civil war: Debates about Trauma and Identity 213 Introduction 213 Effects of ‘trauma’ 214 An alternative conceptualisation and deconstruction of ‘trauma’ 217 The effects of Ugandan women’s war experiences 220 Harriet’s story, Case Study P91 223 Noreen’s story, Case Study P36 225 Juliet’s story, Case Study P19 232 Jackie’s story, Case Study P73 239 Susan’s story, Case Study P71 245 Sally’s story, Case Study P17 255 Robinah’s story, Case Study P7 256 Chronic Pain 257 Janet’s story, Case Study P34 258 Summary 259 Chapter Seven-The Resulting Needs of Women War Survivors In Luwero: Implications for Gender-Sensitive Services 264 Introduction 264 Strategies used by Ugandan women 264 Ugandan women’s needs following civil war 278 Implications for gender-sensitive services 295 Implications for health service policy 299 Summary 301 Policy recommendations 305 iii Chapter Eight-Discussion of Findings and Directions for Future Research 307 Discussion of Findings 307 Dissemination and Impact of Research 317 Recommendations and directions for future research 320 Bibliography 322 Appendices Appendix A Letter regarding language tuition 373 Appendix B Letter about research clearance 374 Appendix C Interview schedules for focus groups 375 Appendix D Interview schedule for individual interviews and follow up interview 388 Appendix E Interview schedule for key informants 395 Appendix F Consent Form 398 List of Illustrations Map 1: Conflict and post-conflict areas in Uganda (Adapted from Beijuka, 1999) 131 Map 2: Map of Luwero District by Administrative Units (Socio-Economic Survey, 2000) 134 iv Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr. Gillian Bendelow and Dr. Joanna Liddle for their intellectual guidance, support and encouragement. I am indebted to the Economic and Science Research Council, ESRC, for providing funding for the first three years of my Ph.D. as well as the support to carry out seven months fieldwork in Uganda. I am grateful to the British Sociological Association who awarded me the Phil Strong Prize, which enabled dissemination of research findings in Luwero District in December 2003. Special thanks to Dr. Gillian Bendelow and Dr. Hannah Bradby for their support with this application. I thank Hazel Rice for her invaluable proof reading and Professors Annie Phizacklea and Robert Fine for their advice and encouragement. I am grateful to those at Coventry University, particularly Dr. Delia Cushway and Catherine Ashton, who also provided support. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Professor Gillian Lewando Hundt, Director, Institute of Health and Dr. Jennifer Marchbank, Coventry University, for their support and advice. Friends and colleagues too numerous to mention have provided encouragement and advice. I am grateful to Mike Oldridge and David Whitlow, Consultant Clinical Psychologists, who enabled me to take study leave from my National Health Service job. I acknowledge Claire, Tasha, Alison, Rebecca, Barbara, Shilu, Paul, Mat, Will, Fenwick, Robert, Al, and all the others who cheered me up during times of frustration. Special appreciation and fondest thoughts are for Richard. He assisted with all my computer problems, spent time listening and supporting, as well as having fun and making me laugh. Appreciation goes to Mum and Martin for financial support and Dad for mobilising his Rotary club to assist in Luwero. Sincere appreciation goes to the women’s group in South Wales, especially Ros, for their amazing fund-raising for the women of Luwero. I sincerely thank all those colleagues and friends in Uganda without which this research would not have been possible. I am indebted to the women and men in Kikamulo, Luwero, who bravely and openly spoke about their most painful and horrific war experiences and helped to ensure the fieldwork, went smoothly. I continue to hope that appropriate recognition; action and services are provided for them. Their strength, humility and great sense of humour will always stay with me. Special appreciation to all at Isis-WICCE for facilitating the fieldwork and Professor Victoria Mwaka, MP, Luwero District, for introducing me to relevant personnel. Many thanks to Eva Ssendowula and Edward Nsubuga, my two research assistants and companions during the fieldwork. Thanks also to Stephen Kiirya and Wanderas Cephas in Makerere Institute of Social Research, for their assistance with transcribing and translation from Luganda to English. I am also grateful to Sauda Namyala, Institute of Languages, Makerere University, for helping me to reach the level of intermediate Luganda. I also acknowledge my friend Issac Mutesasira who I have known since I first travelled to Uganda in 1992. I have appreciated his assistance with my work and friendship over the years. I am also grateful to the hospitality Rebecca and her family have given to me. Finally, I acknowledge all the traditional musicians and friends in Uganda and the UK, especially Andy and Peter Cooke. Through music I have had some of the happiest and fondest moments and it will always remain one of my greatest loves. v Declaration A very small portion of chapter four is included in the following two publications: Liebling, Helen. and Shah, Shilu. (2001) Researching Sensitive Topics: Investigations of the Sexual Abuse of Women in Uganda and Girls in Tanzania. In, Law, Social Justice and Global Development, Issue 1. Liebling, Helen and Shah, Shilu. (2002) Researching Sensitive Topics: Investigations of the Sexual Abuse of Women in Uganda and Girls in Tanzania. In, Pandora’s Box 2002. K.Konkoly, Z. Spencer and T. Stephenson (Eds.). A publication of the Women and the Law Society. University of Queensland. Earlier emerging themes from chapters five, six, seven and eight form a part of the publications: Liebling, Helen. (2003) Women’s War Experiences: Sexual Violence and Torture During Civil War Years in Luwero. In, Impact: An Annual Publication, 4, 22-25, Isis- WICCE, Uganda. Liebling, Helen. (2004a) Phil Strong Memorial Prize: Women war survivors in Luwero District, Uganda. In, Medical Sociology News, 30, 1, 36-41. The following articles due for publication are based on papers presented at international conferences.
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