Spring 2021 • Volume 49 • Number 2

In This Issue What If We Thought of Societies as Patients? In this issue on health and health care, sociologists discuss how a careful consideration of relationships among individuals, medical and political systems, and social environments can create healthier societies. 2 Why Sociologists Are Good for Our Health Margaret Weigers Vitullo, Deputy Public Health Infrastructure and Bernice Pescosolido and Christine Bachrach Director, American Sociological Implications for Marginalized Byungkyu Lee (“COVID-19 and Association Populations”) brings a similar the Sociology’s Mental Health Structural Racism and he baby was born healthy. analytic lens to the pandemic, Moment”) consider the possibility 4 Inequalities in Health The woman who had a stroke explaining that it is only through that widely experienced social Taylor W. Hargrove T had a long history of high blood consideration of the interactions isolation during the pandemic, and the concomitant increases “All in This Together?”: pressure. The man suffered from between individuals and their in depression, anxiety, and other 6 Inequalities and Hesitancy depression. Statements like these environments that we can Surrounding the COVID-19 reflect the fact that in the U.S., understand why Black individ- mental health problems, may lead Vaccine health is generally thought of as an uals comprise 14.7 percent of all to a broader understanding of the individual characteristic. Likewise, relationship between environment Jennifer A. Reich COVID-19 deaths while only medicine and medical treatment 4.6 percent of vaccines have gone and mental health and perhaps even 8 How the Vaccine are usually framed in individual to Black people. Christine Bachrach a reduction in social stigma around Rollout Reveals Another terms. The field of public health is (“Why Sociologists Are Good For mental illness and its treatment. Failure of U.S. Public the domain that generally studies Our Health”) points out that even However, the articles in this issue population-level health, considering Health Infrastructure when environmental factors, like do not just reveal the fault lines and the factors that impact communities and Implications for neighborhood violence or poverty, failings that have led to systemic and societies. Interventions in Marginalized Populations are taken into inequality in public health usually occur at the Tiffany D. Joseph account, they health out- policy level and may include things are generally In the articles that follow, comes across The Rise of U.S. States and such as regulations and programs individuals and 9 conceptualized authors use the methods the Fall of U.S. Health and the administration of services. communities. as “exposures” Jennifer Karas Montez The distinction between medicine and insights of sociology to They also pro- suffered by and public health has long provided demonstrate the tightly bound vide guidance Understanding the individuals, a convenient delineation of areas on how we can 10 Pandemic’s Impact on Black instead of relationships between individual of expertise. Clinical professionals, move toward Americans’ Health from a taking the health and social conditions including doctors and nurses, focus solutions. Life Course Perspective entire inter- on treating individuals. Public across multiple outcomes, and call Producing Latrica E. Best health researchers focus on com- active system for a far more nuanced, multi-level healthier munities and promoting conditions into account. and interactive consideration of societies will COVID-19 and Sociology’s that will improve the health of the Jennifer Reich 12 Mental Health Moment require careful individuals within them. (“All in this the factors behind health and consideration Bernice A. Pescosolido and This issue ofFootnotes challenges Together?”) well-being. Byungkyu Lee of the on-going this distinction. The authors here demonstrates and structured use the methods and insights of ASA News the ways those relationships 14 sociology to demonstrate the tightly interactive feedback loops produce between individuals, medical Announcements bound relationships between indi- 19 vaccine hesitancy and serve to and political systems, and social vidual health and social conditions perpetuate it. across multiple outcomes, including environments. It will require us to Taylor Hargove (“Structural COVID-19 deaths and vaccination think and work in interdisciplinary Racism and Inequalities in Health”) rates. They call for a far more ways that draw on the expertise and Latrica Best (“Understanding nuanced, multi-level and interactive of sociologists, public health the Pandemic’s Impact on Black consideration of the factors behind professionals, and state- and Americans’ Health from a Life health and well-being. national-level policy makers, as Jennifer Karas Montez (“The Course Perspective”) help us well as the expertise of medical Rise of U.S. States and the Fall of understand that it is not enough to practitioners. In short, it may help U.S. Health”) demonstrates the examine the point-in-time relation- if we begin to think of societies impact of state policies regarding ships between people and places and communities as “patients” labor, the environment, tobacco when considering health. Rather, and not just the individuals within taxes, civil rights, and immigration we need nuanced and intersectional them. “Treatment” then takes on a on health and longevity. Tiffany analyses that consider how those far broader meaning and, as these Joseph (“How the Vaccine Rollout factors will interact and accumulate articles demonstrate, may result in Reveals Another Failure of U.S. across the life course. far better health outcomes. n footnotes 1 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Feature Why Sociologists Are Good for Our Health

Christine Bachrach, Research Professor, health and health equity, but the effects of their “exposures,” but does and health care, making the social Sociology, Maryland Population imperative to advocate for integrat- nothing to address the root causes determinants of health invisible. Research Center ing sociological knowl- of the exposures themselves—rac- Health policy, and our discourse • Contact with the edge into our country’s ism, stratification systems, and around it, is still strongly focused criminal justice system health agenda. institutional policies and practices. on health care and access to health impairs mental health. Sociologists understand that insurance. Even the World Health Why Sociology Is So social systems are complex and his- Organization, which champions • Welfare programs Important to Health improve health for all; torically contingent, and that there social determinants of health, defines For decades now, is often more than one path to an health policy as the “decisions, plans, anti-discrimination health scientists have policies reduce outcome. For example, Bruce Link and actions that are undertaken to pointed to the multiple achieve specific health care goals health inequalities. Christine Bachrach and Jo Phelan’s seminal fundamen- layers of causal factors tal causes theory underscores how within a society.” • Women affected by involved in the pro- important this is to understanding Reflecting U.S. cultural values structural sexism are less healthy. duction of health, ranging from health disparities. Those higher of individualism and personal • Wealth improves health, but genetics and physiological systems, up the social ladder will always responsibility, health behaviors liquid assets and homeownership to individual behavior and cogni- have better health because they are the other major component improve it in different ways. tion, and to the social, physical, and have more resources with which to of our cultural understanding of chemical environments in which secure it; but how they secure their health. Even the ASA titles its health • Organizations can improve people’s lives unfold. health advantage will change over journal Health and Social Behavior. mental health by giving employ- Elements of the social envi- time in response to new technolo- I conducted a search for “health” ees more control. ronment that research has firmly gies, new policies, or other changes on the website This I Believe, which These findings, all published in linked to health and health dispar- in the social environment. features contributed essays on the ASA journals during the last five ities include the full range of what values people hold. Of the 78 essays years, highlight what many are sociologists study. The World Health Why Have Social Determinants that characterized health in some now saying are the primary drivers Organization’s 2008 Closing the Gap Received Less Attention? substantive way, the majority of health and health equity across in a Generation report highlights Parsing out the relative focused on personal behavior, about different populations—the ways in families, preschool programs and importance of medical care, health a third on medical treatment, and a which human societies are struc- services, urban and rural develop- behaviors, and the conditions of fifth on the need to be strong to deal tured. The distribution of wealth ment, housing, employment, living people’s lives in contributing to poor with health problems. and power, institutional policies, wages, working conditions, social health and premature mortality is Only four connected some aspect and associated cultural beliefs protection systems—and health fraught with difficulty, but efforts of the environment to health. Two that create hierarchies of worth care. Studies have shown that social to do so have been revealing. The of the four were high school students within populations are just some determinants, including neighbor- most recent attempt, based on writing that stressful school environ- of the social determinants of health hood crime, policing practices, social county-level data, suggests that ments affected their mental health— that are finally getting deserved stratification, institutional norms, socioeconomic factors account one focused on chemical toxins in attention from health advocates. government policies, and much for nearly half of all cross-county the environment, and the other one Theprevious issue of Footnotes more, play foundational roles in the variation in health outcomes. Health on occupational risks to health. highlighted additional issues related pathways that produce health and behaviors account for 34 percent, The centrality of personal respon- to the food system. This places health inequities. the physical environment 3 percent, sibility in our pantheon of values sociology front and center among These social determinants of and clinical care, 16 percent. Yet, offers narratives that can be used to the disciplines that can contribute health are now well recognized, for every article listed in on social deflect attention away from social to improving health. but in many quarters, health determinants of health, there are determinants. If people smoke, Considering the value Americans experts have oversimplified them. 10 on health behaviors, and 28 on it’s a poor choice. If people live in place on health, you’d get a very Much of the social epidemiology health care. Why? unsafe housing, they have failed to different impression by strolling literature characterizes things like It’s not just the power and money raise themselves up. The issue often through a typical university, neighborhood violence or poverty of the medical-industrial complex boils down to a political argument comparing the high-tech steel and as “exposures.” The focus is on the that has sidelined awareness of about the role of government; the glass medical buildings stretching individual—a receptacle of social sociological contributions to health, infringement on liberty of limiting over acres of the campus and the environmental causes that exoge- although the $4.45 billion the the size of sugary beverages. A focus weathered brick building housing nously operate on the body—and pharmaceutical industry has spent on individual behavior respects the sociology department in a corner not on the broader system in which lobbying over the past 22 years to autonomy, while blaming the victim of the quad. You’d get a different these causes originate and interact. resist government-run health care and allowing us to accept the deep impression if you looked at statistics Welcome efforts to address the and protect its profits speaks for inequalities in our society. on funds invested in medical and social determinants of health have itself. Second only to big pharma in It’s possible that social determi- sociological research. I believe these recently arisen within health care lobbying expenditures is insurance nants of health have been less rec- disparities in scientific investment systems, but these typically focus companies, with Blue Cross Blue ognized because they are not tied to have been disastrous for American on meeting patients’ social needs Shield in the lead. health in easily visible ways. On the health. I argue that sociologists not by providing a social worker to In the United States we have a other hand, neither were bacteria, only have the expertise needed to help access services. This may help culture of health that reflects and environmental toxins, or behavioral improve the poor U.S. record of individual patients ameliorate the reinforces a conflation of health Continued on Page 3

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Sociologists effective advocacy to raise their these elements is essential to social determinants. We will, of From Page 2 stature and increase funding moving forward. course, need universities who are streams. In my interactions Population health science is willing to reward interdisciplinary risks such as smoking. We needed with health leaders, I have responding to this need. Population and, ideally, applied work, in their the contributions of science to found too many who hold to health is a collaborative field, not promotion and tenure decisions. understand and address these health misperceptions of “soft” science a new discipline. It pursues a goal A Great Time to Get Involved hazards, just as we need them in the and believe that “common articulated for public health in It’s well known that the U.S.— domain of social determinants. sense” is all that’s required to 1988, “fulfilling society’s interest despite its massive expenditures Moving Forward address social determinants in assuring conditions in which on health care—performs near of health. Advocacy requires people can be healthy,” but with What sociologists study has the bottom of wealthy nations that sociologists reach beyond a broader, less medicalized, a massive impact on health and on population health. Its record their own academic circles understanding of what it takes to mortality, yet the potential for on health equity is equally poor: and develop communication foster health. Population health applying sociological knowl- recent data on declines in life strategies that speak to values has grown rapidly over the past edge to improve health is just expectancy in 2020 estimate that and interests they may not few decades. In 2015, it acquired beginning to be tapped. How do Black and Latino populations lost share. Recent efforts by the its own scientific organization, the we move forward? three to four times more years of National Academies of Science, Interdisciplinary Association for (1) Advance the science. There life during the COVID-19 pan- Engineering, and Medicine Population Health Science, which is still much to learn about demic compared with Whites. And to communicate the value of engages scientists from schools of how the structuring of human we know why: it’s not just access the social sciences for meeting public health, medicine, and other society works in tandem with health profes- to health care or quality of care, individual agency and biology national priorities provide though that an excellent starting point: a sions, along to affect health and longevity. with social undoubtedly report on work funded by the Even sociologists who Getting specific about mech- scientists of played some National Science Foundation anisms is one of the most all stripes. don’t focus on health as an role. People and a Roundtable on the important unmet challenges. Population of color died Communication and Use outcome can provide valuable What is it about education that health also more often of Social and Behavioral insight for interdisciplinary prolongs life? Why is housing promotes because their Sciences. The Consortium of so important for health? How engagement teams who might otherwise conditions Social Science Associations exactly do environmental con- across sec- reinvent the wheel, of life—jobs, ditions change the way genes holds an Advocacy Day every tors, drawing income, affect biological pathways? spring to educate Capitol Hill in actors in oversimplify, or misconstrue housing, and What contingencies affect staffers about our science. government, theory in addressing social more—made ASA is an active member of which mechanisms are most business, determinants. them more important under a given set COSSA and any ASA member community vulnerable, of circumstances. Harnessing can participate. develop- both to the systems approaches to model (3) Join a team. If health is the ment, and virus itself change in social determinants product of the interaction public health practice who seek to and to developing underlying of health, the pathways through of environments, individual improve health and health equity. conditions that increase the risk of death once infected. which they affect health, action, and biology, then While confusion sometimes arises These numbers shine a glaring and the potential impact of leveraging sociology to improve because many health care providers light on the need to reallocate structural interventions, could health can’t be achieved by use the term more narrowly (for resources to the “fundamental” also be highly fruitful. sociologists alone. Scientific the management of patient popula- social causes of health, the (2) Advocate for social science. teamwork across the many tions), even this complements and contributes to the larger vision of causes that sociologists know so The social sciences need disciplines that address population health. well. Recognition of this need is Many talented sociologists are gaining momentum, reflected in already participating in this field, provisions of the Affordable Care but there is still much room to Act, “Health in all Policies”, and grow. Especially needed are sociol- evolution of the federal Healthy ogists who are willing to take on People 2030 program. It has the challenges of interdisciplinary been supported by the growth of collaboration and synthesis. This is progressive causes and intensified not a big stretch: sociologists tend concern with racial justice issues. to be more interdisciplinary than Powerful actors in the med- many other disciplines already. ical community recognize the Even sociologists who don’t focus importance of social causes for on health as an outcome can pro- health outcomes; sociologists have vide valuable insight for interdisci- the expertise to put their power plinary teams who might otherwise and money to work on addressing reinvent the wheel, oversimplify, or them. Collaborate! The need has Photo: Zack Vessels on Unsplash misconstrue theory in addressing never been greater. n footnotes Spring 2021 3 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Feature Structural Racism and Inequalities in Health

Taylor W. Hargrove, Assistant Professor tions receive economic, that influence maternal examining intragroup heterogeneity of Sociology, Faculty Fellow, Carolina political, civic, and social health (Geronimus 1996; in pathways to health; and (3) inves- Population Center, University of North rights and advantages Geronimus et al. 2006). tigating the role of socio-geographic Carolina at Chapel Hill while those in subordinate Given that preterm birth and historical contexts. positions experience is linked to depressed he year 2020 was unprecedented. Intersectionality As of March 2021, COVID-19 barriers to such rights and neurological development, T While extremely important, has claimed the lives of more advantages. Because racism increased cognitive racism is not the only system of than 500,000 Americans—a is structural in nature and deficiencies, lower academic Taylor W. Hargrove inequality that structures life in the disproportionate number of whom does not require individual achievement, and increased United States. Sexism, capitalism, were Black, Latino, and Native beliefs, intentions, or actions, morbidity in childhood and heteronormativity, and ableism, American (NCHS 2021). Alongside the conditions needed in order adulthood (Beauregard et al. 2018; to name a few, substantially affect this global pandemic, the killings to maintain these hierarchies are Johnson and Marlow 2011; Saigal of several Black women and men reproduced over time (Bonilla-Silva and Doyle 2008), children born to opportunities for good health at the hands of police in the United 1997). To reduce inequalities in Black mothers are more likely to and well-being. States, including Atatiana Jefferson, health produced by this pervasive begin life in poorer health and follow Intersectionality theory highlights Breonna Taylor, and George Floyd, system, one must have a sense of trajectories of disadvantage across the interlocking nature of these sys- catalyzed an expansion of ongoing what we know and what we need the life course. tems of inequality. Intersectionality social movements seeking to to know. Below I briefly outline the Relative to Whites, Black posits that the consequences of combat systemic racism in general, relationship between racism and Americans are also at an increased simultaneous social statuses (e.g., and police brutality in particular. health, and then discuss how some risk of developing high blood race, gender, class) are multiplicative Together, these tragic events have of my work seeks to illuminate pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and mutually constructive. That is, brought racialized inequalities, racialized health inequalities. stroke, and high body mass index positions at a given intersection of particularly in health, to the at every age beginning in young racial, gender, and class hierarchies Racial Inequalities across the forefront of American discourse. adulthood (Cunningham et al. 2017; produce unique social experiences Life Course Racialized health inequalities, Hargrove 2018); thus, Black young and contexts that characterize one’s however, are not new. While life As many other scholars have adults already have diseases that social reality. Such experiences and expectancy has generally increased eloquently addressed, racism affects manifest later in life for other racial contexts are distinct from those of for all groups, Black Americans every aspect of life via a multitude groups. Moreover, Black older individuals who may share a similar continue to have lower life of mechanisms (see, for example, adults are more likely than their status (e.g., those who are members expectancies than White Americans Bailey et al. 2020; Du Bois 1899 White counterparts to experience of the same racial group but a differ- and spend a greater portion of [1967]; Gee and Ford 2011; Sewell functional limitations, chronic ent gender group). The application their lives in poor health (Beltrán- 2016; Williams et al. 2019). While I health conditions, and cognitive of an intersectionality approach to Sánchez et al. 2015; Freedman and will not go into these mechanisms declines (NCHS 2019; Quiñones et the study of health inequality fills Spillman 2016; NCHS 2019). As in detail, it is important to note for al. 2019; Weuve et al. 2018; Zhang a crucial gap, as studies generally of the first half of 2020, the gap in this essay that structural racism et al. 2016). These patterns result examine the individual or additive life expectancy at birth between produces consequences at every from the types of contexts (e.g., consequences of social statuses. These Black and White Americans was ecological level, including institu- disadvantaged neighborhoods; approaches assume that systems six years—an increase of 46 percent tional (e.g., race-based segregation; underfunded schools; hostile of inequality (and their effects) are since 2019 and the largest gap in redlining), interpersonal (e.g., workplace environments; negative independent of one another. Studies life expectancy since 1998 (Arias et experiences of discrimination), and interactions with health care relying on additive approaches may al. 2021). Moreover, recent work internalized levels (e.g., adherence providers) Black people are likely to overlook groups that are particularly suggests that racial inequalities in to negative beliefs about one’s racial experience across the life course. vulnerable in terms of health. health may be as deadly as COVID- group). These various domains of Knowledge of the health For example, in a study published 19. Wrigley-Field (2020) found that racism shape health via access to consequences of racism abounds. in 2020, I led the investigation of the 700,000 to 1 million excess White socioeconomic opportunities and Given data availability, many joint consequences of race/ethnicity deaths would have needed to occur resources, exposure to stressors, investigations focus on the role and gender on age-trajectories for life expectancy among Whites accelerated physiological aging, and of downstream factors, such as of depressive symptoms across in 2020 to fall to the highest life residence in neighborhoods that socioeconomic status, exposure adolescence, young adulthood, and expectancy of Black Americans. experience social and economic to stressors, and health behaviors. the beginning of mid-life. Using Structural racism is an disadvantages and political While these factors are important data from the National Longitudinal undoubted driver of these persistent disenfranchisement. determinants of health, racial Study of Adolescent to Adult Health inequalities. Structural racism Racism also influences health disparities often persist even after (Add Health) and growth curve refers to the interconnection of at every stage of the life course. controlling for their influences in modeling, findings indicated that institutions, laws, practices, and Black women, for example, have statistical models. My work has Black and Asian American women ideologies based on historically the highest rates of preterm birth focused on three strategies aimed consistently reported the highest rooted relations of domination in the U.S. (Martin et al. 2019). toward providing a more nuanced levels of depressive symptoms and subordination that organize Such inequalities stem from social understanding of these remaining throughout adolescence and young racialized groups in a hierarchal exposures experienced by Black health inequalities: (1) applying an adulthood. Age trends in depressive structure. Those in superior posi- women throughout the life course intersectionality perspective; (2) Continued on Page 5

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Inequalites in Health Socioeconomic resources, stressors, 2001; Uzogara and Jackson leading to the (over)activation From Page 4 and health behaviors did not explain 2016). These meanings influence of physiological stress responses the associations between skin color experiences of discrimination from during socioeconomic achievement. symptoms were also found to be and BMI. These results suggested in-group and out-group members, With support from the National more dynamic for women than for that skin color and gender-specific which may ultimately influence Institutes of Health, Gaydosh and men, who showed flatter patterns of experiences likely play a large role in health (e.g., Monk 2015). I are working on a set of papers change overall. This study demon- generating health inequality among Social and geographic contexts that evaluate the sociocontextual strated heterogeneity in trajectories African Americans. The sources of experienced across the life course mechanisms linking race, mobility, of poor mental health within and intragroup heterogeneity should be also shape the ability of groups and health. To aid in these investi- between racial/ethnic-gender groups considered when developing inter- to translate resources into health gations, we led the effort to merge across a longer period of the life ventions and policies for improving benefits. A series of papers have several new sources of contextual span than was previously known— the health of Black Americans. found that the health consequences data to Add Health, including with Black and Asian women information from Opportunity being particularly disadvantaged. Insights, the Institute for Health Such disadvantages may have been Metrics and Evaluation, and RWJF overlooked in studies examining A better understanding of the linkages between County Health Rankings. These either race or gender disparities. life course social environments and health will data characterize the demographic, Intragroup Heterogeneity help identify the precursors of complex patterns of socioeconomic, health, and mobility characteristics of the environments of Oftentimes, researchers compare racial inequality in health as well as address their Add Health respondents in early life, health between race groups, with consequences across the life course. young adulthood, and the beginning Whites generally serving as the of midlife. A better understanding of comparison group. While such the linkages between life course social approaches are necessary and environments and health will help provide critical information, identify the precursors of complex also needed are within-group patterns of racial inequality in health approaches aimed toward under- as well as address their consequences standing intragroup heterogeneity. across the life course. These types of approaches identify unique risk and protective factors Toward the Future that distinguish pathways to health Racism continues to be a deadly among individuals within social crisis in the United States. We need groups that are often erroneously multilevel, innovative solutions to treated as homogenous. Within- combat the racialized inequalities it group approaches also challenge produces. Protesters and commu- the notion that established nity leaders have already put forth pathways to health (e.g., the some options, such as “defunding relationship between SES and of upward social mobility are the police” in order to reallocate Social and Geographic health) are invariant across race conditional on one’s early life funds used to support police Contexts groups. Understanding intragroup context. For example, Gaydosh et al. departments to social programs that heterogeneity provides information Prior work on racialized health (2018) found that Blacks and U.S.- invest in and improve communities necessary to increase opportunities inequalities has tended to treat the born Latinos who were upwardly experiencing concentrated disad- for good health among vulnera- experience and consequences of mobile (defined as coming from vantages. However, more is needed. ble populations. race as static across social and geo- a disadvantaged background in Sociologists are well-positioned to In a study published in 2018, graphic contexts. A long tradition of adolescence and achieving a college help take on this fight, lest we forget for example, I examined whether sociological scholarship, however, degree or higher) experienced an that the genesis of our modern skin color intersected with gender indicates that individuals are social increased risk of high metabolic scientific discipline is rooted in to shape trajectories of BMI across actors embedded within larger syndrome in young adulthood. studying and alleviating social ills. early adulthood and midlife among social contexts and institutions (Du Differences across environmental As stated by Du Bois in 1899 and African Americans. Results showed Bois 1899 [1967]; Durkheim 1897), contexts may help explain these often reiterated by a prominent that dark-skinned women had the which can shape interpretations and patterns. Individuals living in dis- scholar in this area, David Williams, highest BMI levels across early treatments of race. For example, advantaged neighborhoods during “The most difficult social problem adulthood and midlife compared prior work suggests that for Black their early life who achieve upward in the matter of Negro health is to all other skin color-gender Americans, race and skin tone have mobility during adulthood may the peculiar attitude of the nation groups. BMI disparities between different meanings in settings that experience a discordance between toward the well-being of the race. dark-skinned women and their are exclusively in-group (e.g., Black the types of capital that exist or are There have ... been few other cases in lighter-skinned counterparts Americans navigating predomi- cultivated within their childhood the history of civilized peoples where remained stable from ages 32-55, nantly Black settings) than race and environments and those that are human suffering has been viewed while a BMI disadvantage emerged skin tone do in out-group settings needed to be most successful in with such peculiar indifference”( Du and widened among men with (e.g., Black Americans navigating racialized organizations like educa- Bois 1899 [1967], p.163). light or dark skin and their interracial or predominantly White tional institutions. This discordance We must not continue this medium-skinned counterparts. settings) (Celious and Oyserman may produce stressful experiences, peculiar indifference. n footnotes Spring 2021 5 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Feature “All in This Together?”: Inequalities and Hesitancy Surrounding the COVID-19 Vaccine Jennifer A. Reich, Professor of Sociology, be effective,” of societal functioning.” These challenging, even as they undoubt- and Director of the University Honors that the known seemingly complementary goals in edly qualified under prioritization and Leadership Program, University of and potential many ways work against each other strategies that placed healthcare Colorado-Denver benefits as they identify entirely different workers at the front of the line. accines often face two seemingly outweigh the populations. To prevent sickness Defining which workers are essen- Vcontradictory problems: (1) they known and and death, ACIP prioritized those at tial has not gone better. Questions are at times in high demand and potential risks, greatest risk of the worst outcome of whether priority should be given to those whose work puts them at are, thus, distributed inequitably, and no formally Jennifer A. Reich of infection—defined as those over and (2) people may not want to get approved 75 years of age. Although they greatest risk of infection or whose vaccinated, undermining efforts alternatives are available at the time. were aware of the racial disparities jobs are essential to the functioning of to create herd immunity. In the Alongside these authorizations, in illness and death, they insisted communities remained unresolved. first year of the polio vaccine, for the Advisory Committee on that their recommendations would Without open dialogue, states example, it was clear that children Immunization Practices (ACIP), a be color blind. interpreted this in myriad ways. from wealthy families with private committee of vaccine researchers The second goal, “preservation of One only needs to look around the physicians had better access to it. and medical experts that has, since societal functioning,” led ACIP to country to see the prolonged dis- Yet in subsequent years as supply 1964, advised the CDC on how to prioritize “healthcare workers, front- agreements about whether teachers increased and demand dropped, set federal recommendations for line essential workers, other essential are “essential,” and if so, should public health agencies had to vaccine use, convened to decide workers.” The CDCpublished a list of priority go to those who are teaching work hard to convince people to how COVID-19 vaccines should be industries in which essential workers in-person because their work places get the vaccine. distributed and to whom. Typically, are employed, but made clear they them at risk, or to all teachers because Despite evidence that vaccines ACIP members examine data to could not specify which workers their work is essential and we will all work best when used broadly as a determine which vaccines are in those industries should get the struggle should they become sick, community strategy, my research most important, how they work in vaccine first. CDCguidance notes even when teaching remotely? shows that vaccine refusal emerges combination with other vaccines, that “jurisdictions should, where The lack of clarity between logically from cultural norms that and which subgroups should not use feasible, make efforts to prioritize worker and industry has led to view individual consumption them. ACIP sets the recommended workers in occupations characterized further inequality. For example, choices as the key to good health. childhood vaccine schedule and by the inability to work remotely and the CDC identified “food and Vaccines, I found, were seen as examines the safety and efficacy of the need to work in close proximity agriculture” as an essential industry, one tool among many that could licensed vaccines. At times, ACIP to others…”, but it was left to local but local agencies defined who optimize or undermine individual rescinds a recommendation, as it did agencies to work out the details of qualified. So while food and health but were seldom seen as a in 2016 when data showed that the implementation and distribution. agriculture workers in California collective solution. More than a nasal spray flu vaccine was ineffec- The results were unsurprisingly experienced a 39 percent increase year into a pandemic that has killed tive, or changes recommendations, inequitable. Although 30 states in mortality during the pandemic, more than 500,000 people in the as it did with the vaccine against initially followed ACIP recom- many early vaccines appear to U.S., it appears the rollout of the HPV when evidence showed that mendations, all but three quickly have gone to people working in vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the fewer shots created a strong immune moved to set their own priorities. wineries, which are part of food and virus causing the COVID-19 pan- response in younger adolescents. Some lowered the age ranges. agriculture, but whose workers do demic, faces these same perceptions States interpret ACIP recommen- Others added or removed categories not all face equal risk. and challenges. And despite public dations to enact vaccine require- of essential workers. Treatment This bricolage of prioritization health messaging that insists “we ments for school attendance, college of people who are unhoused, strategies has led to huge inequities are all in this together,” it remains dorm residence, or targeted work incarcerated, smoke, or living with in distribution. In virtually every clear that when it comes to vaccines, forces like healthcare. States thus underlying health conditions vary state, Black and Latino people are many are on their own. have different rules requiring differ- across states and even counties. underrepresented among groups ent vaccines in different contexts, Equally unsurprising, vaccine receiving a vaccine but are overrep- Vaccine Distribution and Social with some allowing for religious, prioritization worked best for resented in COVID-19 cases and Inequality philosophical, or medical exemp- those for whom social institutions deaths. Building distribution sys- As background, in December tions to be documents through a already work best. Seniors in large tems on top of existing inequalities, 2020, the FDA authorized two range of processes. residential care facilities or insured vaccine sites were often set up away vaccines, along with a third in late ACIP’s task for a COVID-19 by hospital systems gained access from BIPOC neighborhoods, used February 2021. These vaccines vaccine was different. Knowing there to vaccines more easily than did electronic booking systems that were not licensed. Rather, using a would not be enough vaccine to meet seniors who are aging in place, have magnify digital divides, or failed to mechanism created after 9/11 to initial demand, ACIP members— family caregivers, or seek medical acknowledge pharmacy deserts. allow the FDA to respond quickly virtually all physicians and scien- care from community providers. The opacity in these processes to an imagined bioterrorist attack, tists—set priorities that were more Similarly, healthcare workers has potentially increased among the FDA granted an emergency use social considerations than medical employed by large systems or people the distrust of public health authorization that allows an unli- ones. Their goals for the vaccine were medical groups gained access easily. systems and possibly vaccines. A censed product to be distributed if it two-fold: “prevention of morbidity Workers in home healthcare, hos- majority of Americans say that the is reasonable to believe that it “may and mortality” and “preservation pice, or small practices found access Continued on Page 7

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Inequalities and Hesitancy tancy often presume those who a vaccine said they were worried the same. In these ways, individual From Page 6 reject vaccines are ignorant or about the vaccine’s side effects, perceptions and strategies are ill-informed and aim to provide including those that would require powerfully informed by struc- vaccine rollout has been unfair. information. However, my research them to miss work (58 percent tural inequality. About 60 percent of respondents in shows that vaccine hesitancy is not and 66 percent, respectively). As Political identity and affiliation a January Kaiser Family Foundation the result of lack of information, individuals perceive themselves appear to matter, with those who poll said federal and state govern- but rather represents processes as on their own to manage their identify as Republican consistently ments were doing a fair or poor job in which individuals weigh the health, they make vaccine decisions expressing the lowest desire for a with vaccine distribution. Efforts perceived risks of the vaccine and that feel relevant to their individual vaccine. Those in rural communities to rationalize inequalities with the disease it prevents against needs and concerns. also express low interest. Young algorithms haven’t helped. Most the perceived benefits. Despite Individual perceptions are people who have been told they are people perceive that individuals are messaging that insists vaccines shaped by peers and social unlikely to be seriously affected by on their own to get access—whether are a community-level solution, networks, which can be seen in the virus show low levels of interest, by incessantly reloading webpages, people make decisions based on the ways childhood vaccine refusal having tech-savvy family members personal experiences, values, and clusters. For COVID-19 vaccines, making many essential workers to help, or using connections. One unwilling to be among the first to only needs to read comments on be inoculated, despite the measur- social media below any vaccine able risk they face. Throughout, selfie to see how quickly others want individuals are drawing on cultural to know why the person proudly information to make a decision that sharing their good luck is eligible feels personally relevant. when they are not. Looking Ahead Vaccine Hesitancy and Wanting The coming months will bring to “Wait and See” these contradictory problems Perhaps counterintuitively, ineq- of lack of access and hesitancy uities in meeting high demand may together in complicated, albeit bolster hesitancy. Despite initial unknown ways. These experimental scarcity, the coming months will vaccines may become fully licensed, likely reach a point where anyone which could increase confidence in who wants a vaccine can get one. their safety. How well these vaccines Yet, a sizable number of Americans may not want one. work against different variants, Since early in the pandemic, how long immunity lasts, and how opinion polls have asked Americans successfully they prevent asymp- whether they want a COVID-19 tomatic transmission may become vaccine. Early polls asked about the clearer. Workplaces could address idea of a vaccine, since none were concerns about lost work from side actually available. In May 2020, effects and provide support to make only 27 percent of Americans said these decisions easier. Alternatively, they definitely or most likely would and sadly more likely, private not get it. That number grew in the sector employers could instead fall to almost 50 percent as the race adopt policies requiring workers for a vaccine became politicized. to be immunized as a condition of Interest in the vaccine rebounded employment, raising new questions in December as companies applied goals, believing at core that they it appears that knowing someone of health privacy and worker for authorization while infections are on their own when it comes who has been vaccinated predicts autonomy. Airlines or restaurants surged. Although the number to their health. wanting a vaccine. Here, inequities could imaginably ask for evidence of people reporting they want a Notably, people of color appear in distribution are magnified and of immunization as a condition of vaccine as soon as possible has most likely to say they want to reproduced. As of late February, service, as is being discussed outside risen, many continue to indicate “wait and see.” Media accounts are among people making over of the United States. The tragedy of they do not or, more commonly, say quick to blame misinformation or $90,000 a year, 7 percent did not COVID-19 and the public funding they are uncertain and would prefer conspiracy theories or to attribute know anyone who had a received to “wait and see.” distrust to historical racism like a vaccine. In contrast, among of science that led to these vaccines For those who see the vaccine the Tuskegee experiment. Few those making under $40,000, 32 offered an opportunity to under- as the key to ending the pandemic, acknowledge ongoing experiences percent did not. Racial disparities score how we are “in this together.” hesitancy or outright refusal by with racism in healthcare or in distribution matter too. About Instead, it seems clear that vaccines others is perplexing. Rejecting a recognize the reasons waiting feels 36 percent of Hispanics said they will likely remain an individual technology that promises 65 to 95 safer. In a recent survey, 80 to 85 did not know anyone who had choice for personal benefit that will percent success to prevent severe percent of Black and Hispanic received a COVID-19 vaccine, as inevitably reflect the systems of illness and death seems irrational. respondents who indicated that did 29 percent of Black people, but inequality in which they have been As such, efforts to address hesi- they want to wait before getting only 14 percent of white people said created and distributed. n footnotes Spring 2021 7 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Feature How the Vaccine Rollout Reveals Another Failure of U.S. Public Health Infrastructure and Implications for Marginalized Populations Tiffany D. Joseph, Associate current state of residence, Typically, administrative burdens Thus, the structural inequalities Professor of Sociology, and in those like my home are most burdensome for those who that made Blacks, Latinxs, and Northeastern University state of Tennessee, which are elderly, lower-income, people other communities of color more o date, the U.S. has lack resources and infra- of color, immigrants; lack access to likely to contract and die from Tthe highest number of structure. Globally, the U.S. computers and/or computer literacy; COVID-19 also are hindering COVID cases and deaths ranks sixth in vaccination and have limited English proficiency. their ability to get the vaccine. rollout. Despite having the globally. In late February, it For individuals who fit in intersecting And despite the summer 2020 advantage of being able to reached another grim mile- Tiffany D. Joseph categories, inability to navigate the calls for racial justice after the manufacture the vaccines stone when the number of “system” puts them at even more of deaths of George Floyd, Breonna Americans who succumbed to the domestically, other countries with a structural disadvantage. When you Taylor, and other Black Americans, virus surpassed 500,000. President more centralized public health racial equity efforts in vaccine infrastructures have fared better add these burdens to systemic racism, Biden marked the somber day with administration have been few in administering vaccines. This is a distrust of the medical system, and a memorial at the White House, and far between. In some states, another indication of how disin- concerns about detention/deporta- where 500 candles were lit, each activist coalitions have formed to vestment in U.S. public health has tion, communities of color—citizens symbolizing 1,000 of those deaths. push local and state governments worsened the impact of COVID-19. and immigrants—continue to be left To combat the pandemic, to make more aggressive efforts behind despite being the hardest hit Biden has implemented an Complicated Processes to get Black and Latinx residents aggressive plan, part of which is to by the pandemic. Next, those who are eligible to get vaccinated. Without more specific vaccinate 200 million Americans in vaccinated must undergo complex Racial Inequities and targeted efforts to increase the first 100 days of his presidency. processes for making and keeping access to and reduce administrative However, three important factors Finally, long-standing racial vaccination burdens for getting the vaccines will pose a significant challenge disparities appoint- to communities devastated by to attain that goal and achieve the have shaped ments. necessary herd immunity: (1) lack COVID-19, efforts to end the Around the Three important factors will who has of centralized infrastructure for the pandemic will be stalled. country, pose a significant challenge to received the vaccination rollout; (2) complex people have vaccine so Public Policy Plays processes that have been set up for attain the goal of vaccinating to navigate far. Given a Critical Role making and keeping appointments; 200 million Americans in the complicated how sys- Unless these three factors are and (3) disparities in vaccinations websites that first 100 days of the Biden temic racial addressed, it will be difficult for that reflect deep-seated structural often crash administration and achieve the inequalities. Each of these factors privilege the Biden Administration to have from over- further reveal the impact of the necessary herd immunity: (1) lack and power the nation achieve herd immunity capacity and disinvestment in U.S. public of centralized infrastructure for the function by summer. These factors should struggle to be a reminder of the importance health infrastructure that have vaccination rollout; (2) complex in the U.S., exacerbated the pandemic and may find phone it is not of public health infrastructure numbers processes that have been set up for prevent the U.S. from reaching to surprising for combatting this pandemic to call for its “new normal.” making and keeping appointments; that White and other public health issues, assistance. and (3) disparities in vaccinations and simplifying processes for A Rocky Start These pro- Americans that reflect deep-seated structural have been vaccination appointments and First, the lack of a centralized cesses have engagement with government created what inequalities. dispropor- infrastructure has led to a rocky services more generally. Herd and tionately vaccination rollout. Rather, we With sufficient political will, pub- have a “patchwork” rollout in Moynihan more likely lic policy can ameliorate these chal- place that differs across each state (2018) call to obtain the lenges in the short and long term. and resembles the patchwork “administrative burdens”—in sign- vaccine than people of color. This Implementing policies to reinvest in response early in the pandemic that ing up for vaccines. These burdens is the case even at vaccination sites public health infrastructure using a allowed COVID-19 to spiral out of extend beyond vaccines and are in Black and Latinx communities. racial equity lens; tackling systemic control. Further complicating this imposed on individuals when they Currently, a paltry 4.6 percent of racism in the healthcare system process are the different eligibility navigate government bureaucracy COVID-19 vaccines have been requirements in each state and that to seek public services. Sometimes and broader society; coordinating administered to Black Americans some states allow residents to make these burdens are so cumbersome federal-subnational efforts; and and 5.7 percent to Latinxs. There appointments for the first dose that they deter individuals from simplifying vaccination and has been no data collected on without being able to guarantee a obtaining services for which healthcare navigation procedures second dose three weeks later. they are eligible. vaccines administered by docu- will go a long way in addressing the Both have been issues in states Administrative burden affected mentation status to assess how structural inequalities that have led with more robust healthcare the initial Obamacare rollout, which many immigrants, many of whom us to this moment. We will then resources and state-funded infra- prevented individuals from signing work in essential jobs, have had be better prepared when the next structure such as Massachusetts, my up for health coverage in 2013. vaccine access. health crisis hits. n

8 Spring 2021 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Feature The Rise of U.S. States and the Fall of U.S. Health

Jennifer Karas Montez, Professor of However, distinguishing the and later when Newt Gingrich sets it at 214 percent); levies a Sociology, Gerald B. Cramer Faculty effects of people and place on pop- was the House speaker. A central $4.35 tax on a pack of cigarettes Scholar in Aging Studies, and Director of ulation health is challenging. It may strategy of devolution was to replace (Mississippi has a $0.68 tax); has the Center for Aging and Policy Studies, also be unwise because people and categorical grants to the states with 104 firearm-related laws intended Syracuse University places are interrelated. Importantly, less generous and more flexible to reduce injury (Mississippi has he chances of places shape the characteristics of block grants. As an illustration: five); and does not preempt localities Tliving a long people as well as the health con- instead of providing each state from raising the minimum wage and healthy sequences of those characteristics. $10 to fund education and $10 to (Mississippi does). life differ For these reasons, some researchers fund roads, the federal government How have those tectonic shifts markedly across assert that attempts to distinguish gave each state $15 along with in states’ policy contexts affected U.S. states. the effects of people and place on discretion on how to spend it. life expectancy? Have those shifts Residents of health may have underestimated the One outcome of devolution is that widened inequalities between states? Minnesota, for effect of place. states devised vastly different social Have they contributed to the trou- example, live Jennifer Karas Montez Take educational attainment as service programs. bling trends in U.S. life expectancy? 81 years on average and experience an example. It is often considered a The second movement is the rise Emerging evidence indicates that 70 of those years in good health. “people explanation” in this area of of state preemption laws. These laws those policy shifts have, indeed, had Residents of Mississippi, on the research. However, U.S. states can prohibit cities and counties from an important impact, as highlighted other hand, live 75 years on average, shape overall levels of education legislating on certain issues. For in the following section. through K–12 school funding as example, states preempt them from with 65 years spent in good health. State Policies Affect Life well as the health risks associated setting a minimum wage below Mississippi residents also develop and Death physical limitations at younger ages with low levels of education through the states’ wage. Preemption laws than do residents of Minnesota. By policies like minimum wage, Earned are not new. What is new is why States’ policies can affect how middle-age (45-54 years), 21 percent Income Tax Credits, and Medicaid. they are being enacted and who is long people live. But how large are of Mississippians have a limitation. It Returning to the Mississippi and lobbying for them. Historically, they the consequences of state policies is not until the retirement age (65-74 Minnesota comparison, having were used to harmonize state and on life expectancy? Which policies years) that the same percentage of a low level of education is much local laws and provide a regulatory matter the most? And by how much Minnesotans develop a limitation. riskier for health in Mississippi floor (as in the minimum wage could we change U.S. life expectancy Differences in health and longev- than Minnesota. example above). However, they are if we changed state policies? This ity across U.S. states have widened With those complexities in mind, increasingly used by some states to section sheds light on these ques- since the mid-1980s. By 2017, the this article focuses on U.S. states and set a regulatory ceiling. Now, half of tions. It highlights findings from difference in life expectancy between how their policy contexts can affect states prohibit localities from raising two studies that my collaborators the highest and lowest life expec- life expectancy. The next section the minimum wage. This new type and I recently conducted. tancy states was seven years—the describes how states became major of preemption is occurring across In one study, we examined how largest gap ever recorded in the “institutional actors,” defining many policy domains. Some states 18 policy domains, such as civil United States Mortality Database, the social, economic, and policy have preempted local authorities to rights and labor, predicted life which became operational in 1959. contexts in which Americans live. mandate paid leave, ban plastic bags, expectancy from 1970 to 2014. The This differenceis substantial. To put tax soda-sweetened beverages, and policy data were collected by Jacob Policy, Power, and Politics it in perspective, the life expectancy much more. Another characteristic Grumbach, a political scientist, who gap between men and women in Policymaking authority in of the new type of preemption is assigned scores to each domain. The 2017 was five years and the gap the U.S. is split across levels of that corporations and their lobbyists scores reflect how liberal or conser- between Blacks and whites was 3.5 government, but states do the bulk have been a driving force. vative a state’s policies were in each years. Since the mid-1980s, some of routine governing. State laws One consequence of those domain in each year. We analyzed states have made sizable gains in regulate birth and death, marriage two movements is that states’ the relationship between the policy life expectancy, while many others and divorce, crime and punishment, policy contexts have hyperpolarized domains and life expectancy during have made relatively small gains and commercial law, such as the during the last 40 years. States like the 1970-2014 period. Our analysis and recently experienced declines. purchase and sale of property. New York created a more liberal accounted for several other factors This latter group of states has States manage education, prisons, policy environment, while states like that differ among states, such as the size of their immigrant populations greatly weighed down overall U.S. highways, welfare, environmental Mississippi created a more conser- and the unemployment rate. life expectancy. protection, corporate law, and vative one. New Yorkers experience the professions. In other words, a dramatically different policy We found that several state Roles of People and Places decisions of state legislators touch context than do Mississippians. policies strongly predict life Why is the gap in life expectancy nearly every aspect of our lives. For example, the state of New expectancy. Policies on labor (e.g., among the states large and growing? States have acquired more York spends $22,231 per pupil on minimum wage), the environment, Speculations often pit two expla- policymaking authority over the K12 education (Mississippi spends tobacco taxes, civil rights, and nations against each other: people last 40 years or so, partly due to two $8,692); has a $12.50 minimum immigration (e.g., driver’s licenses versus place. In other words, is life policy movements. The devolution wage outside of NYC (Mississippi for undocumented persons) were expectancy lower in Mississippi movement transferred certain defaults to the federal level of $7.25); especially important. More liberal than Minnesota because of the authorities from the federal to state sets it Medicaid income eligibility versions of those policies predicted characteristics of the people or the governments. Devolution is often limit for children at 405 percent of longer life expectancy for women states themselves? linked to the Reagan administration the federal poverty level (Mississippi Continued on Page 10 footnotes Spring 2021 9 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Feature Understanding the Pandemic’s Impact on Black Americans’ Health from a Life Course Perspective Latrica E. Best, Associate Professor of Social science research have often felt the greatest rates from COVID-19 have Sociology, University of Louisville has shown that, given the impact—financially, remained low over the past year, s the coronavirus took hold 2020 data on COVID- emotionally, and early findings suggested that Black, Aof almost every aspect of our 19-related deaths, whites’ physically—both during Brown and Indigenous children daily lives since its rapid spread mortality from the and after public health and young adults represented last year, researchers quickly pandemic would still be and environmental crises. an overwhelming number of the highlighted the manner in which lower than the lowest In fact, the sociological COVID-19-related deaths for COVID-19 disproportionately mortality of Blacks in Latrica E. Best and environmental causes those under the age of 21. Much affected Black Americans and other history, a statistic that also that underscore COVID- attention, however, has been given communities of color. According holds true for whites’ mortality 19-related health inequities mirror to the mental and developmental to the most recent CDC estimates, during the 1918 flu pandemic. and reflect the well-documented concerns and risks related to the Black communities experience Early reports also suggest that social determinants of health that significant disruption to everyday higher infection, hospitalization, mental health issues stemming have framed our understanding of lives of youth. Pediatric emergency and death rates than their white from the pandemic are a growing and research on health disparities. room-related visits for mental counterparts. These statistics are concern for Black communities, Children and adolescents, health concerns increased and disheartening, as these inequities particularly Black women. Blacks’ for the most part, have largely remained high for the better part of further exacerbate the existing mental health risks related to the been spared from the physical 2020. The abrupt closing of in-per- disparities in health outcomes pandemic are not surprising, as consequences of COVID-19. son instruction has, for many and mortality. historically, minoritized groups Although the infection and death Continued on Page 11

U.S. Health enacted liberal policies or decline by distress, mother’s smoking, and troubling trends and gaps in life From Page 9 two years if all states implemented infant mortality. We assessed how expectancy are more likely to conservative ones. These scenarios many infants die each year because be found in politics, corporate and men. Marijuana policy was are admittedly unrealistic in today’s states revoked attempts by cities boardrooms, and lobbying somewhat related to life expectancy, polarized policy environment. and counties to raise the minimum organizations than in the with a more conservative version Nevertheless, they illustrate the wage and preempted them from circumstances of people whose predicting longer lives. potentially profound consequences ever raising the wage again. We lives are cut short by those We found that several policies that changing states’ policies could estimated that over 600 infant power structures. could potentially increase life have on life expectancy. deaths each year can be attributed to (2) Build collaborations with expectancy by a sizable amount. State policies over the last 40 that preemption. Take labor policies: Suppose a years have not been kind to U.S. life scholars from other fields, Future of U.S. Health state changed its labor policies to expectancy. Some policy changes especially political science, raise the minimum wage, offer have been beneficial, but others The widening gaps in life history, and law. They bring state-sponsored disability insurance, have not. Those countervailing expectancy across states and the essential knowledge on the long and repeal its right-to-work laws. forces may help explain why U.S. life troubling trends in overall U.S. life arc of structural changes that According to our estimates, such expectancy has stagnated since 2010. expectancy are unlikely to reverse may be culpable. policy changes could raise life In fact, we estimate that the U.S. themselves without systemic and (3) Expand the conventional expectancy in that state by one full life expectancy trend during the last evidence-based changes. Sociologists social determinants of health must have a voice in outlining year. On the flip side, life expectancy five years of our study (2010-2014) framework to include the those changes and have a seat at the might decline by one year if a would have been 25 percent steeper political, commercial, and legal table, which has recently happened state’s labor policies moved in the among women and 13 percent determinants. Sociologists have with the appointment of Alondra opposite direction. steeper among men if state policies long been interested in social Nelson, Harold F. Linder Professor Could we change U.S. life had not changed in the way they did. determinants, such as education, in the School of Social Science at expectancy by changing state In another study, we examined gender, and race. The deter- the Institute for Advanced Study policies? The answer, it seems, is the effect of state preemption laws minants for health should be yes. And by a large amount. As and president of the Social Science on infant mortality. As mentioned further expanded to include the an example, if all states mimicked above, state preemption laws Research Council (SSRC), to the political, commercial, legal, and the policies of Connecticut, U.S. remove local authority to legislate position of deputy director for other such institutional forces. women’s life expectancy could on certain issues. In recent years, science and society in the Office increase by two years. However, about half of states have removed of Science and Technology Policy (4) Track and study legislative it could decline by a full year if local authority to raise minimum (OSTP) by President Biden. activity at the state level. States all states adopted the policies of wage. This is a potentially serious With that goal in mind, I con- will likely remain an active Oklahoma. We also explored more public health concern because rais- clude with four recommendations battleground of policymaking extreme scenarios. We estimated ing the minimum wage has a host for sociologists: for the foreseeable future with that U.S. women’s life expectancy of health benefits such as reducing (1) Turn attention to structural profound implications for U.S. would rise by 2.8 years if all states teenage pregnancy, economic explanations. The roots of life expectancy. n

10 Spring 2021 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Feature

Pandemic’s Impact helpful in understanding how to can alter the social pathways of Additionally, any COVID- From Page 10 contextualize the pandemic’s effect individuals’ lives and substantially 19-related research on Blacks on children’s health and other influence their health. should take into consideration the across the country, continued well social trajectories. For life course The pandemic’s impact on Black historical, structural limitations into 2021, significantly hindering theory, human development and people’s’ health and well-being is and inequalities that will shape children’s social interactions and aging are processes that span one’s undoubtedly dependent on others perceptions and decisions related activities. This disruption will entire life and are rooted in four within their families and social to their health and care. A prime undoubtedly impact their social, key principles: historical time and networks, regardless of age. Just as example is the ongoing discussions mental, and physical well-being place; the timing of lives; linked children and adolescents are highly regarding hesitancy among the for years to come. The transition lives; and human agency. dependent upon the adults in their Black community in getting the to online learning came with We must situate the historical lives for help with navigating their COVID-19 vaccine. One cannot challenges for many, and the ability nature of the pandemic. In experiences during the pandemic, hear or read a news story about of students to effectively work addition to the direct effect that adults’ links to families and social vaccinations and Black Americans remotely is proving to be uneven COVID-19 has had on our daily networks can play a vital role in without a mention of medical across socio-demographic groups. lives, Blacks also have endured a their health. Physical and social distrust and the Tuskegee syphilis Black youth are more likely to be year in which we’ve seen numerous distancing has limited the ways in study. Though Tuskegee may be learning solely online than their protests over the continued killings which people connect with each on the minds of some, opinions white counterparts, which carries of unarmed Black people at the other and, for some, cut off inter- regarding the vaccine are not a host of immediate and long-term action to those who may provide hands of law enforcement and really based on the study for many. educational and developmental essential a racially Other factors rooted in personal consequences. Additionally, Black emotional charged experiences across the life course youth are experiencing these and insurrection are likely more important and disruptions as they potentially material within the Just as children and can vary by age cohort and other deal with the health and financial support. halls of the adolescents are highly dependent social circumstances. Moreover, issues of their family members and Conversely, U.S. Capitol. life course concepts are also useful close friends. upon the adults in their lives we must Racism has in providing the necessary tools for help with navigating their also think Using a Life Course Perspective been linked to examine the health of adults in about the to adverse experiences during the pandemic, As the number of COVID- effects of midlife and later adulthood. mental health adults’ links to families and social 19 cases continues to fall and stressful What Research Should outcomes vaccinations increase, researchers networks can play a vital role in relation- Focus On for children are focusing on the long-term their health. ships of color At the moment, we are unsure consequences of the pandemic. during and both of the lingering effects of the As sociologists, one of our many this time, mental and virus and whether those who are strengths lie in providing strong, where physical health for adults; the exhibiting COVID-19 symptoms theoretical foundations for contex- people may have been forced added financial, social, and over an extended period of time tualizing the lived experiences of to shelter in place in precarious (long haulers) will continue individuals and groups. I believe educational concerns related situations. This is evident in the to do so, further exacerbating the use of a life course perspective to COVID-19 may lead to an rising reports of domestic abuse health disparities in later life. is crucial in understanding the accumulation of risk factors for globally during the pandemic. The multiple intersections of age, impact of COVID-19 on Black various health outcomes. A person’s ability to craft their race, gender and, in some cases, Americans and their health. A life The concept of the timing of lives trajectories through their decisions course perspective not only would reflects both our society’s expecta- and actions is a guiding principle of disability of older Black adults amplify intragroup variations and tions of when individuals should life course theory. These decisions during the pandemic underscores complexities in health outcomes, start and maintain roles throughout and actions are not made in a the need to think about the data, but also would aid in identifying their lives and our assumptions vacuum; human agency reflects research, and policies developed and highlighting existing and regarding the sequencing of such the opportunities and constraints to address the health needs of emerging health-related inequities. roles. For instance, exposure to of lived experiences, both past the Black community. Calls for How might we think about the household financial issues related and present. The existing and studying the manner in which both pandemic’s lasting impact on to the pandemic early on in life pandemic-related inequities Blacks structural racism and structural Black Americans’ health from a life can shape youth’s development in experience will factor into the gendered racism play a role in how course perspective? numerous ways, from insecurity decisions they make regarding their COVID-19 is impacting specific Life course concepts have been to inconsistent health care and well-being. Reports showing that groups within the Black commu- utilized extensively to explain housing concerns. Likewise, Blacks’ Black parents are more hesitant nity are necessary. As a whole, how social systems shape the higher unemployment rates during than their white counterparts to research on the pandemic should health of groups as they age. the pandemic have only widened send their children back to school speak to both the health-related Although various approaches the income and wealth gaps due to safety concerns illustrate inequities and the intersectional to studying the life course exist, already present between Blacks and the decisions these parents must complexities of everyday Black Glen Elder’s longitudinal work on whites. Depending on the age at make, while being well aware of life that are often not captured the long-term impact the Great which these circumstances occur, the structural constraints that in research comparing different Depression had on children can be and the duration, these issues limit their agency. racial/ethnic groups. n footnotes Spring 2021 11 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Feature COVID-19 and Sociology’s Mental Health Moment

Bernice A. Pescosolido, Distinguished “Matthew effect” in unknown. That has all processes have these effects,especially Professor of Sociology and Founder of retrograde, where the poor changed, fundamentally when physical social interactions Indiana University’s Network Science get poorer in the face of altering the moral judge- are discouraged. In other words, the Institute, Consortium for Mental Health disaster, economic crises, or ments and values associated perennial question of “What works Services Research and Sociomedical otherwise. Yet, considering with mental health, a point for whom under what conditions?” Sciences Research Institute; Byungkyu plagues our precise understandings Lee, Assistant Professor of Sociology, a longer sweep of time, to which we will return. there are claims that such and ability to translate them into Department of Sociology, Indiana A Moment for Sociology cataclysmic events may also any public sociology beyond University Bernice A. Pescosolido produce unexpected and In understanding the recommendation that social he COVID-19 pandemic death positive changes for the mental health problems, networks matter. Ttoll, while still below the number disadvantaged. For exam- the COVID-19 pandemic’s Given the clear role that biology of mass casualties of the 1918 flu ple, the Black Death led to a increasing pressure for plays in the COVID-19 pandemic, epidemic and the Bubonic Plague of golden age of prosperity for physical isolation has transdisciplinary research that th the 14 century, has exposed what 15th century workers. brought to the fore the cen- embeds the key role of social inter- physician-anthropologist Paul Farmer tral role of social interaction action is in its infancy. The results A Mental Health Moment famously called the “biological in preserving health—not above do not run afoul of issues that expression of social inequalities.” It has not been obvious Byungkyu Lee only in the genesis of mental represent the traditional concerns Frontline workers, including low- where the silver lining of health problems, but in of psychiatry or neuroscience. In paid, non-medical support staff, the COVID-19 pandemic lies. For us, their redress to counter all aspects fact, the role of social connectedness especially those in the Global South, concerns about the ramification of of the pandemic. In our ongoing apparently has its counterpart in have been disproportionately exposed lockdowns on isolation, loneliness, work, we are finding some purchase the brain. A recent study of teens to the virus and affected. Mexico and, in turn, mental and physical in differences that target Massey’s in Biological Psychiatry found that records, by far, the highest case-fatal- well-being captures a sociological “categorical inequality.” For example, greater biological connectedness ity ratio, according to Johns Hopkins moment of “emotional identifica- collaborating with a NORC team on in the brain was associated with a Coronavirus Resource Center. tion” (see Andrew Abbott Processual its analyses of a three-wave COVID lower probability of COVID-related Many reports have tallied a larger Sociology). The one winner that may Response Tracking Study using depression and anxiety. Together, toll among U.S. African American, emerge in this time of great loss is the AmeriSpeak, our preliminary work in this work finds intriguing similarity Latinx, and Native American grand awakening of the salience of progress reveals significant effects of with some of our earlier work on populations who are at greater risk mental health, the primacy of social age, gender, and socioeconomic status the influence of multilayered peer than white Americans to contract the life in it, and the potential to decrease on self-reported mental health status, groups on adolescent depression virus, to be hospitalized, and to die. the stigma of mental illness. depression, and emotional problems using the Add Health data as well as None of this is a surprise to Is the COVID-19 pandemic a throughout the course of the pan- our call for more multilevel transla- sociologists. From Kai Erikson’s turning point? As Abbott points out, demic. However, in our Person-to- tional research. reports of the devastation of the identifying turning points as they Person (P2P) Health Interview Study A Sobering Note. As important as poorer communities in the Buffalo happen is unlikely. But the trajectory and COVID-19 Rapid Response the mental health issues discussed Creek Flood, to Eric Klinenberg’s is clear. Even a cursory search of Study in Indiana —where we have above are, we would be remiss in “social autopsy” of the 1995 Chicago social media reveals that an increase both pre- and during the pandemic not pointing out the neglect of the heatwave, to the Louisiana State in concern for mental health issues data on mental health—few socio-de- most vulnerable of persons on that University and Harvard University was already in progress by the early mographics differentiate those with count—those with serious mental sociologists who marked the unequal 21st century. So debates about mental poor or good mental health. illness (SMI). In the pandemic and effects of Hurricanes Andrew and health among politicians, physicians, However, our ongoing analyses in sociology, generally, the research Katrina, and Patrick Sharkey’s notion and teachers may not be new, but with the NORC team on the effort devoted to those with serious of “stuck in place,” these studies an acceleration that is framed by three-wave COVID Response mental illness pales in comparison to capture the greater exposure of disad- trajectories or master narratives that Tracking Study show that the that targeting distress. vantaged groups to dangerous social are continuously in the process of effects of social connectedness are Psychiatrist Ben Druss, in an early conditions marked by geography, making, remaking, and unmaking significant, large, and consistent. paper, warned that people with SMI employment, and safety nets. themselves (e.g., consider the Notably, those who reported that may be among the most vulnerable While the death toll represents the response to school shootings). they lack companionship and feel and hardest hit during the pandemic. clearest marker of COVID-19 devas- What is novel, and perhaps part isolated were more likely to report And the reports followed: Those with tation, such health events are known of the larger interconnection of worse mental health conditions as the diagnosed mental illness, particularly to have dramatic spillover effects moral judgment and values that pandemic prolonged. those with psychotic disorders, on society; have been implicated in shape events and actions, is the While this is no surprise to experience a higher level of COVID- political change; and widely seen as focus on children and on Hayward sociologists, sociological research 19-related morbidity and mortality. having long-term generational effects. and Gorman’s concern with “the on these issues has much left on While the risk of “severe acute Our work on the American heartland long arm of childhood.” It was not its plate. It may be obvious that respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reveals that pandemic precarity (i.e., that long ago that mental health “stay-at-home” orders constrain the infection” has been implicated in the food, housing, and employment professionals would not diagnose salubrious effects of social network higher death rate, social factors such insecurity) disproportionately hit mental health problems, other than ties and their interactions, but we still as barriers to care, especially in the already vulnerable groups, deepening ADHD, below teenage years or that have little idea of what kinds of social public mental health system, and the inequality. It is, in essence, Merton’s suicides in high schools were virtually network structures, cultures, and Continued on Page 13

12 Spring 2021 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Feature

Mental Health social problems novel ways to move? end, this team has developed a set of Disorders: The Evidence for Stigma From Page 12 Taking a note from Charles Tilly and in situ responses, including answer- Change, pushed for a parallel effort his notion of “durable inequality,” ing questions for principals, school in the U.S., efforts to pursue that smaller social networks among those the simplest thing that we can do is to counselors, parents, and others based path have failed. with chronic mental illness are also suggest that moving from individ- on existing science and evidence. Unlike the study of suicide, among the forces at work. ualistic solutions to organizational During a crisis, Mueller reviews seasoned researchers in the U.S. It takes little effort to see the role ones may provide the best path to and edits their communications to have—explicitly or implicitly—also of stigma, and even more directly enduring change. ensure that they align with known seized on the potential of educational intersectional stigma, shaping the As sociologists well know, best practices. She attends parent institutions. They have used classic outcomes for Daniel Prude, the changing “hearts and minds” is debriefing sessions, serves as an work on cohort replacement theory, 41-year-old Rochester, N.Y., man, difficult, tends to happen over long “expert scientist” who parents can ask models by a younger generation of who lost consciousness in a police periods of time, and may happen questions about suicide, postvention, sociological work by Stephen Vasey encounter and died a week later. more because of cohort replacement and bereavement; and strategizes and Omar Lizardo on “acquired While highlighted as yet another than individuals’ shifts, as Kiley and with school officials on how to dispositions,” and the rising concerns example of racism and police Vaisey have recently pointed out. We best support youth after a suicide about mental health in schools to behavior, Peter Early, a mental health suggest four directions: 1) renegoti- loss at a school without potentially shift the focus to youth and to “meet advocate, has routinely reported ating organizational arrangements, sensationalizing or overresponding students where they are.” that almost 25 percent of individuals 2) in ways that foster novel social to the death, and in the current Sociologists Bruce Link and Jo killed by police have mental illness. interactions, 3) in which those time, doing so while following Phelan, working with a team in As our ongoing research is revealing, affected have some ownership, and COVID-19 guidelines. Texas, developed, integrated, and the actual public stigma attached to 4) which focus on the ability to shape assessed specific curricula materials The Stigma of Mental Illness COVID-19 appears to be low. The social orientations among the young on diversity, difference, and/or health impact that other stigmas have on the rather than trying to change attitudes, Best understood by sociologists in middle school to assist (rather than mortality, morbidity, and pandemic beliefs and behaviors among those through the pioneering work of require) teachers to cover emerging precarity among those with mental who are older. Erving Goffman, research on the issues and classroom responsibilities illness has yet to be understood. Below we describe two examples prejudice and discrimination surrounding mental health. Given attached to mental health problems, the intense pressure on high school The Challenge to Sociology— replete with sociological history, has had a different fate than suicide students to “fit in” or find a place Beyond Research interest, and research—suicide and stigma. In regard to COVID-19, research. Seemingly always of “to belong,” psychologist Stephen These concerns raise questions they are interesting because they theoretical and empirical interest Hinshaw worked with interested on what role sociology does and are directly related to mental health to sociologists, stigma research has students in a newly established can play to improve mental health, and they have experienced different experienced a resurgence over the extracurricular club, now in over prevent mental health problems, and fortunes in contemporary sociology. past two decades. However, like 400 schools. Deploying an expanded improve the life chances of those suicide, the insights of that research club model that shifted to opportu- with mental illness. The current Suicide had little influence on change. nities for professional development, professional and public dialogue While the study of suicide has a Specifically, it has proven very advocacy, and generational leader- is replete with suggestions—none well-known Durkheimian pedigree difficult to “move the needle” on ship targeting the college campus of them sociological. Psychologists in sociology, the contemporary study stigma, and sociologists have rarely climate and institutional social have done a great deal of research of completed suicide (as opposed been involved in those efforts. The change, our research has demon- on meditation and its effects. Public to suicidal ideation or attempt) is majority of change efforts targeted strated that campuses can become health recommendations focus on close to a vacant lot. Perhaps stymied small, randomized clinical trials “safe and stigma-free zones” with the proper nutrition, workouts, yoga, by concerns over the accuracy of (RCTs) focused on improving mental potential of addressing mental health and counselling. The mental health suicide rate data, the methodological health literacy. In fact, our research issues in college. specialties (psychiatry, psychology, limitations of macrolevel census data, on public stigma revealed that slow The advantage of life course-tar- nursing, and social work) support or the inability to collect sufficient change in Americans’ discarding geted approaches is that they renego- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy of one individual or mixed-level data, new moral attributions of mental illness tiate the organizational arrangements sort or another. But the essence of sociological findings are rare. Enter with embrace of scientific causes did in a way that does not face endless the sociological imagination focuses a new generation of researchers not alter their willingness to interact and high organizational barriers. on supra-level effects on these who focus on the surprising rise of with individuals with mental health They can also pivot to respond to issues to reduce poor life chance. suicide in young age groups and problems. Where the RCTs were mental health issues that may arise Strategically deployed relief efforts who focus on schools rather than successful in recording changes in from events like the COVID-19 and longer-term policy reforms are geographical units. stigma, follow-up studies found that pandemic. They face resource and needed to challenge the perennial These researchers also come with a these promising changes evaporated logistical issues for dissemination but, and unequal impact of disasters. different sense of the balance between over time. Replicated in other coun- as a first step, they avoid the limited, Is it our intellectual Achille’s the pure observer role and the tries like Germany, these findings well-meaning, and untested “business heel, figuring out how to go past responsible give back to those who let spurred some nations (e.g., Australia, as usual” approaches of “campaigns” the identification of problems and us enter their lives. For example, in UK) to develop multilevel, coordi- by a wide variety of sponsors. This their roots in social life, to suggest the line of research by Anna Mueller nated national efforts. While the 2016 approach may or may not get off policy changes? Are there ways to and Seth Abrutyn, and more recently National Academies of Sciences, the ground as national initiatives; map out directions for change, even Sarah Diefendorf, the study of suicide Engineering and Medicine’s report, however, they bring the insight and if in broad strokes, that offer those clusters faces immediate requests for Ending Discrimination Against People energy of sociologists and other social who are charged with redress of information and assistance. To that with Mental and Substance Use scientists to the table. n footnotes Spring 2021 13 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News Candidates for 2021 ASA Elections

n accordance with election policies Publications: Russell, Susan David T. Takeuchi Publications: Below are selected Iestablished by the ASA Council, Garnett and Prudence L. Carter. Present Professional Position: items from over 200 publications. biographical sketches of the 2019. “When the Past is in the Professor, Associate Dean for They represent some of my research candidates for leadership positions Present: The Paradox of Social Faculty Excellence, School of interests. in the ASA elections appear in Inclusion in South Africa and Social Work, Cano, Manuel and David T. alphabetical order by office below. Rwanda.” Sociology of Race and Department Takeuchi. 2020. “Recent/Childhood Candidates for President-Elect Ethnicity 5(4): 547-561. of Sociology, Adversities and Mental Disorders Carter, Prudence L. 2016. Center for Among US Immigrants.” Frontiers Prudence L. Carter “Educational Equality Is a the Study of in Psychiatry 11: 573410. Present Multifaceted Issue: Why We Demography Gong, Fang, Jun Xu, and Professional Must Understand the School’s and Ecology, David T. Takeuchi. 2017. Position: E.H. Sociocultural Context for Student Center for “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Perceptions of Everyday and Mary Achievement.” RSF: The Russell Sage Statistics and David T. Takeuchi Discrimination.” Sociology of Race E. Pardee Foundation Journal of the Social the Social and Ethnicity 3(4): 506-21. Professor Sciences 2(5); 142–163. Science, University of Washington, Sass, Victoria, Nicole Kravitz- and Dean of Carter, Prudence L. and Kevin 2019-present. Wirtz, Steve Karceski, Anjum Hajat, the Graduate G. Welner, eds. 2013. Closing the Former Professional Positions: Prudence L. Carter Kyle Crowder, and David Takeuchi. School of Opportunity Gap: What America Professor, Associate Dean for 2017. “The Effects of Air Pollution on Education, Must Do to Give All Children an Even Research, School of Social Work, Individual Psychological Distress.” University of California, Berkeley, Chance. Oxford University Press. Department of Sociology, Boston Health and Place 48: 72-79. 2016-present. Carter, Prudence L. College, 2013-2019; Professor, Takeuchi, David T. 2016. “Vintage Former Professional Positions: 2012. Stubborn Roots: Race, School of Social Work, Department Wine in New Bottles: Infusing Select Jacks Family Professor of Education Culture, and Inequality in U.S. of Sociology, University of Ideas into the Study of Immigration, and Professor of Sociology (by and South African Schools. Oxford Washington, 2002-2013; Professor, Immigrants and Mental Health.” courtesy), Stanford University, University Press. Department of Sociology, Indiana Journal of Health and Social 2013-2016; Associate Professor Carter, Prudence L. 2005. Keepin’ University, 1998-2002. Behavior 57(4): 423-435. of Education and Sociology (by It Real: School Success Beyond Black Education: Postdoctoral Fellow, Takeuchi, David T., Lisa Sun-Hee courtesy), Stanford University, and White. Oxford University Press. Yale University, 1987-1989; PhD, Park, Samantha Teixeira, and 2007-2013; Associate Professor Personal Statement: I am University of Hawai’i, 1983- Yonette Thomas (Guest Editors). honored to be nominated for of Sociology, Harvard University, 1989; MA, University of Hawai’i, 2016. “Race and the Environment.” President of the American 2005-2007. 1971-1974. Du Bois Review, 13(2): 215-411. Education: PhD, Columbia Sociological Association. As a Positions Held in ASA: Secretary- Personal Statement: If elected I University, 1999; MPhil, Columbia sociologist with over two decades Elect and Secretary, 2015-2019; have two major goals on my agenda. University, 1997; MA, Teachers of research in education, inequality, Federal Statistics Working Group, First, I will support efforts to enhance College, Columbia University, 1995. and the intersections of race, class, 2017-2020; Member, Annual the long-term financial stability Positions Held in ASA: Editorial and gender forces in schooling Meeting Program Committee of the Association. Before the Board, Contexts, 2016-2018; and society, I bring both scholarly (Seattle, Montreal, Philadelphia, COVID-19 pandemic, most learned Editorial Board, Sociology of Race rigor and a deep commitment to New York), 2015-2019; Member, societies were experiencing a decline and Ethnicity, 2014-2017; Council using social science to theorize, Minority Fellowship Program in memberships. The changing Member, Race, Gender, and Class explain, and solve social problems. Advisory Panel, 2013-2015; Chair- world of journal publishing also has Section, 2013-2016; Member, I also bring strong administrative Elect and Chair, Asia and Asian direct implications for the financial Committee on Committees, 2013- leadership. As dean of the Graduate American Section, 2003-2005. health and stability of learned 2015; Committee on Nominations, School of Education at the Offices Held in Other societies. During the pandemic, 2008-2010. University of California, Berkeley, I Organizations: Committee on these trends have intensified. ASA Offices Held in Other have facilitated significant program Populations, National Academy is fortunate to have begun working Organizations: Committee and organizational redesign and of Sciences, 2020-2023; Founder on these challenges through the Member, American Educational served in various capacities across and Executive Committee, membership task force and the Research Association, the landscape of higher education Interdisciplinary Association Council’s continued examination Distinguished Contributions in nationally. These experiences have of Population Health Science, of ASA’s financial well-being. I plan Educational Research, 2017-2019; kindled in me a reimagination 2013-2014; National Advisory to maintain a focus on these issues. Ex-officio Trustee, The Berkeley of research on policies, and Committee, Health and Society Second, for my term as President, the Foundation, 2016-present; Member, institutional and organizational Scholars Program, Robert Wood conference theme will focus on issues National Academy of Education, changes needed to attain justice Johnson Foundation, 2012-2016; of borders and divides—real and 2014-present; Trustee and Program and equity in global society. Now Immigration Integration Panel, imagined. Accordingly, in addition Committee Chair, William T. Grant I stand ready to work with fellow National Academy of Sciences, to providing opportunities to engage Foundation, 2013-present; Research sociologists, ASA, and its leadership 2014-2015; Board of Scientific across sections, I plan to reach out Affiliate, National Education Policy to advance a bolder, dynamic vision Counselors, National Center to other disciplines to identify cross- Center, University of Colorado, of our discipline and its future for Health Statistics, Centers for cutting themes and explore how 2010-present. contributions. Disease Control, 2011-2014. Continued on Page 15

14 Spring 2021 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News

2021 Candidates after Marriage Equality, edited by University, Entrepreneurs,” Journal of Ethnic From Page 14 M. Yarborough, J. DeFilippis A. 2005-2013; and Migration Studies, 1-18. Jones, Routledge. Postdoctoral Valdez, Zulema and Tanya multidisciplinary approaches can Moore, Mignon R. 2017. Fellow, Gerald Golash-Boza. 2017. “U.S. Racial and lead to substantive social change and “Women of Color in the Academy: R. Ford School Ethnic Relations in the Twenty- new research. Navigating Multiple Intersections of Public first Century,” Ethnic and Racial Candidates for Vice and Multiple Hierarchies.” Social Policy, National Studies, 1-29. President-Elect Problems 64: 200-205. Poverty Center, Valdez, Zulema and Mary Moore, Mignon R. 2011. Invisible University of Zulema Valdez Romero, Eds. 2016. Ethnic Mignon R. Moore Families: Gay Identities, Michigan, 2003- Entrepreneurship in Intersectional Present Relationships and Motherhood 2005; Postdoctoral Fellow, Center for Perspective. Special Issue of Ethnic Professional among Black Women. University of Comparative Immigration Studies, and Racial Studies, 39(9). Position: California Press. University of California, San Diego, Valdez, Zulema 2011. The New Professor of Moore, Mignon R. 2010. 2002-2003. Entrepreneurs: How Race, Class Sociology, “Articulating a Politics of (Multiple) Education: PhD, University of and Gender Shape American Barnard College Identities: Sexuality and Inclusion California, Los Angeles, 2002; MA, Enterprise. Stanford University Press. and Columbia in Black Community Life.” DuBois University of California, Los Angeles, Personal Statement: I am University, Review: Social Science Research on 1996; BA, University of California, professor of sociology at University 2016-present. Mignon R. Moore Race 7(2): 1-20. Los Angeles, 1992. of California, Merced, a Hispanic- Former Moore, Mignon R. 2008. Positions Held in ASA: Chair- Serving Institution located in the Professional Positions: Associate “Gendered Power Relations among Elect, Race, Gender, and Class heart of California’s under-resourced Professor of Sociology and African Women: A Study of Household Section: Council Member, ASA Central Valley. My research and American Studies, University of Decision Making in Black, Lesbian Council; Chair, Latina/o Sociology teaching program is informed by California, Los Angeles, 2006-2016; Stepfamilies.” American Sociological Section; Member, ASA Committee a theoretical perspective rooted in Co-Director, Resource Centers for Review 73{2}: 335-356. on Nominations; Council Member, intersectionality. I am an expert in Minority Aging Research, UCLA Personal Statement: I am International Migration Section. the study of ethnic entrepreneurship, David Geffen School of Medicine, running for the position of Vice Offices Held in Other undocumented students in higher 2012-2016; Assistant Professor of President because I enjoy this type Organizations: Winter Meeting education, and health disparities. My Sociology and African American of governance work. I first served Program Committee, Sociologists current project is an ethnography for Women in Society; Advisory of wildfires in a rural White tourist Studies, Columbia University, on Council from 2015-2018. During Council, Network for Justice, “Future town. I have been a member of 2000-2006. that time, I helped create the ASA of Latinos in the United States: the ASA for over 15 years and Education: Ford Foundation Travel Fund, which offers financial Law, Opportunity, and Mobility,” have served in several leadership Postdoctoral Fellowship, Research support to members from under- American Bar Foundation. roles in various sections and the and Training Program in Poverty resourced institutions who want to Publications: Pirtle, Whitney ASA Council. As a Chicana and and Social Policy, University of attend the Annual Meeting. If elected Laster, Zulema Valdez, Kathryn first-generation college student Michigan-Ann Arbor, 1998-2000; I will continue to think through ways Daniels, Maria Duenas, Denise from a working-class background, PhD, University of Chicago, 1998; to reduce the feelings of alienation Castro. 2020. “Conceptualizing my service to the profession is BA, Columbia University, 1992. some have within the ASA. Council Ethnicity: How Dimensions of aimed at promoting greater equity, Positions Held in ASA: Deputy makes decisions that directly impact Ethnicity Affect Disparities in Health inclusion, and social justice for Editor, American Sociological members’ professional lives, and I am Outcomes Among Latinxs in the underrepresented populations and Review, 2020-present; Member, interested in the VP position because United States,” Ethnicity and Disease, first-generation faculty, contingent Program Committee, 2020-2021; of the specific tasks that are carried 30(3), 1-12. faculty, and graduate students in Chair, Section on Racial and Ethnic out within that role. For example, Minorities, 2017-2018; Council Valdez, Zulema. 2019. “The Great the academy. I am also interested the Vice President oversees certain Recession and Precarious Wealth in developing a more sustainable Member-at-Large, ASA Council, committees that identify nominees among Middle-class Mexican-Origin ASA. n 2015-2018; Chair, Section on Race, for executive office as well as other Gender, and Class, 2011-2012. positions in the organization. The Offices Held in Other Vice President also works closely with Organizations: President, the Program Committee to curate the 2021 ASA Elections Open April 27 Sociologists for Women in Society, Annual Meeting. I look forward to The 2021 ASA elections will open Tuesday, April 27, and close 2021; Executive Council, Association performing this type of work for our Friday, May 28, at 5 p.m. EST. Ballots will be sent out via email of Black Sociologists, 2019-2021; organization. from “[email protected].” Please add this email Deputy Editor, Gender & Society, address to the permitted senders list on your spam filter to ensure 2019-2021; Senator and Executive Zulema Valdez timely delivery of your ballot. All members, with the exception of Committee, Columbia University Present Professional Position: affiliate members, will receive ballots and are eligible to vote in the Senate, 2018-present; Editorial Professor of Sociology and ASA-wide elections and in the elections for the sections in which Board, Social Problems, 2014-2016. Associate Vice Provost for the they have membership. If you have any questions regarding the Publications: Moore, Mignon Faculty, University of California, elections, contact Mark Fernando ([email protected]). To see R. 2018. “Reflections on Marriage Merced, 2013-present. the ballot and learn about the candidates for ASA-wide positions, Equality as a Vehicle for LGBTQ Former Professional Positions visit www.asanet.org/election. n Political Transformation.” Pp. 73-80 Held: Assistant and Associate in Queer Families and Relationships Professor of Sociology, Texas A&M footnotes Spring 2021 15 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News Virtual Annual Meeting: Understanding Chicago’s Role Sociologically

Andrew V. Papachristos, Northwestern police commander Jon Burge and County, University, and Joyce Bell, University of his “midnight crew” between 1972 and Illinois. Chicago and 1991. In addition to payments A panel he ASA Local Planning and assistance to Burge’s victims organized by and their families, the bill called TCommittee accepted its charge Mary Pattillo of centering “The Du Boisian for the history of police abuse and torture to be taught in all (Northwestern Challenge” at the 2021 Annual University) Meeting by interrogating the role eighth and tenth grade history and asks whether of Chicago (the host city when the social studies courses. A session meeting was not going to be held organized by Nicole Van Cleve and how virtually) in sociological thinking, (Brown University), brings together it matters politics, social movements, and scholars, journalists, attorneys, and when people culture. Under a non-COVID teachers to discuss the content of of color and the new curriculum, the resistance situation, this would have entailed women run from white community members, visiting Jane Addams’ Hull House, the city. The and the notion of education as a understanding the ways Native a session that starts from the premise form of “reparations” for a wrong. session will American Nations such as the that while pandemics destroy and In 2020, Chicago, like many U.S. examine how such leadership might Potawatomi, Odawa, and Ojibwe devastate communities, they also cities, confronted COVID-19 and impact neighborhood inequality created the city, retracing The an increase in gun violence that create opportunities for reflection Chicago Freedom Movement, and whether it might disrupt the disproportionately impacted Black and transformation. The panelists and reconstructing the Chicago legacy of Chicago’s notorious and Latinx communities. Panelists will work in the tradition of St. Clair School’s maps of dance halls and machine politics. in a session organized by Ruby Drake and Horace Cayton’s Black gang hangouts. A panel organized by Amanda Mendenhall Metropolis to make predictions Because Lewis (University of Illinois- (University the Annual about Chicago 2030. Reflecting on of Illinois Chicago) and Celeste Watkins- Meeting is The regional sessions are the relationship between academia at Urbana- Hayes (University of Michigan) being held and activism, the session asks how designed to use Chicago as a Champaign) focuses on research and activism online, we Chicago will be transformed by lens from which to critically will combine around education equity. The long will forgo engage, problematize, and a variety of COVID-19 and how activists and many of history of educational inequality sociological academics can collaborate toward a the on-the- analyze core questions in Chicago has led to a hotbed methods with more just future. ground confronting inequality. of scholarly and activist work photographs, Although we can’t be together sociological around racial and educational poetry, and physically, we hope that through explorations. justice. This panel features Chicago artistic cre- these sessions the spirit of Chicago However, thought leaders in conversation ations to center Black women and sociology, activism, and culture the six regional spotlight sessions, girls’ resiliency during COVID-19, around public education in the will shape the Annual Meeting in organized by the Local Planning the recent uptick in gun violence, city. Drawing on the theme of Committee, delve deeply into meaningful ways. The sessions will and uprisings related to policing. emancipatory sociology, the panel the city’s complicated social, engage in timely, important, and A much neglected aspect of asks how struggles for educational political, and economic realities. innovative sociological discussions Chicago within sociology has been justice are linked to struggles for The sessions are designed to use the significant role of the city’s Latin about the history, contemporary racial justice in the city and what Chicago as a lens from which to American communities on the reality, and future possibilities of critically engage, problematize, and are key challenges and opportuni- sociological study and theorization Chicago. We invite attendees to analyze core questions confronting ties for change. of panethncity. A session organized join us in these examinations and inequality. They are based on ASA Tracey Lewis-Elligan (DePaul by Michael Rodríguez-Muñiz look forward to connecting virtually President Aldon Morris’ Annual (Northwestern University) takes University) and Heather Dalmage Meeting theme, “Emancipatory around the world from Chicago to stock of this intellectual legacy by (Roosevelt University) will organize wherever you are. n Sociology: Rising to the Du considering the ways that political, Boisian Challenge.” social, economic, and cultural From the Lager Beer riots of 1855 dynamics among Puerto Ricans, and the Haymarket affair of 1886 Mexicans, and other Latinx groups ASA Sections Provide Support to to the 1968 Democratic National contributed to development of Convention and the murder of the sociology of panethnicity, the MFP Laquan McDonald in 2014, Chicago the sociology of Latinos, and SA Sections have continued to contribute funds to the ASA is a city notorious for its police Latinx studies. AMinority Fellowship Program, and we are grateful for their violence. In 2015, Chicago’s City People of color and women generosity. This infusion of support contributes to the ongoing vitality Council passed a reparations bill to currently hold an unprecedented of the program. For a list of sections that have contributed over the address the fallout from the decades number of political positions of past year, click here. of terror and torture committed by power in the City of Chicago, Cook

16 Spring 2021 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News Thank You to ASA’s Generous Supporters

SA acknowledges the generous support of the following individuals, whose financial contributions (July 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020) to the Aassociation have strengthened our discipline. Some of these donations provide unrestricted support to ASA, and others are used specifically for the American Sociological Fund, the Carla B. Howery Teaching Enhancement Fund, the Community Action Research Initiative, or the Fund for the Advancement of the Discipline. In addition, this list includes both five-year leadership pledge donations and one-time donations for the Campaign for Inclusion. This campaign supports our longstanding Minority Fellowship Program and our Annual Meeting Travel Fund. If you are interested in making a contribution to support ASA in its mission to serve sociologists in their work, advance sociology as a science and profession, and promote the contributions and use of sociology to society, visit www.asanet.org/donate.

Margaret Abraham Robert D. Crutchfield Alex Hanna Gertrud Lenzer Willie Pearson, Jr. Dana Yasu Takagi Gina Aitch George K. Danns Natalie Hannon Carrie McLachlin Leslie Silvia Pedraza David T. Takeuchi Jeffrey C. Alexander Shannon N. Davis Karen V. Hansen Felice J. Levine Andrew J. Perrin Richard Tashjian Elbert P. Almazan Laurel R. Davis-Delano Kenneth Hanson Daniel T. Lichter and Gretchen Peterson Nicholas C. Tatsis Duane F. Alwin Vasilikie (Vicky) Demos Lowell Hargens Sharon L. Sassler Michelle S. Phelps Angela P. Taylor Margaret L. Andersen Manisha Desai Heidi I. Hartmann William E. Loges Bruce A. Phillips Edward E. Telles Kevin B. Anderson John B. Diamond Dana L. Haynie Danni Aileen Diane L. Pike Youyenn Teo Jacqueline L. Angel Augusto Diana Karen A. Hegtvedt Lopez-Rogina Frances Fox Piven Charles B. Thomas, Jr. John Angle Bonnie Thornton Dill Elaine Marie Hernandez Janet Huber Lowry Paul Prew Brandy Aven Paul J. DiMaggio Esther Dominic Lusinchi Allison Pugh Martha E. Thompson Amani Michael Awwad Yosef David Dlugacz Hernandez-Medina Alyssa A. Lynne Lincoln G. Quillian Kathleen J. Tierney Sarah Louise Babb Dean S. Dorn Elizabeth Higginbotham Grace Maich Jonathan W. Reader Jeffrey M. Timberlake Maxine Baca Zinn James J. Dowd Sally T. Hillsman Bianca Manago Linda Renzulli Michael Timberlake Nina Bandelj Rhonda Elizabeth Dugan Bryan Holmes Patricia Yancey Martin Deidre L. Reyes Mary Nell Trautner Kristen Barber Rebecca L. Durkee Roland E. Holstead Ramiro Martinez, Jr. Cecilia L. Ridgeway Judith Treas Brian C. Bartholomew Mark G. Eckel Deborah Holtzman Marisela Martinez-Cola Patricia P. Rieker Andrew C. Twaddle Christopher Todd Beer Rebecca Elliott Judith A. Howard Douglas S. Massey Ferris J. Ritchey Christopher Uggen Catherine White Berheide Paula England Danny R. Hoyt Brandon McCain E. Ian Robinson Heather Urner Judith Blau Steven Epstein Justin Huft William C. McCready Havidán Rodríguez Herianna Ricky N. Bluthenthal Erin M. Evans Margaret Hunter MaryKris Mcilwaine Orlando Rodriguez Valenzuela-Silvain Eduardo Bonilla-Silva Anjuli Fahlberg Jimmy Hwang J. D. McMillin Vincent J. Roscigno Eric R. Van Rite Elizabeth Borland Catyana Falsetti Kuniko Ishiguro Julia McQuillan Ava F. Rosenblum Reeve Vanneman Christine E. Bose Virginia Fatt Natasha N. Iskander Barbara F. Meeker Louie E. Ross Diane Vaughan David M. Bott Joe R. Feagin Jose Itzigsohn Cecilia Menjívar and Martin Ruef Miran Bozicevic Cynthia Feliciano Shirley A. Jackson Victor Agadjanian Katrina Running William Velez John D. Bramsen and Geoff Ward Michelle M. Jacob Melinda Jo Messineo Rogelio Saenz Marc J. Ventresca Barbara G. Brents Keith R. Fernsler J. Craig Jenkins Ruth Milkman Abigail C. Saguy Lydia Villa-Komaroff, Rose Brewer Myra Marx Ferree and G. Becky EI Johnson Brennan J. Miller Gary D. Sandefur Margaret Weigers Vitullo Sharon Ann Brisolara Donald Ferree Jr. Susanne Jonas Joya Misra Rebecca Sandefur and Mary E. Vogel Donald C. Bross Edward Laurence Fink David H. Kamens Thomas S. Moore Monica McDermott John P. Walsh Sarah McGill Brown Claude S. Fischer Grace Kao Aldon D. Morris Karin Schittenhelm Barbara R. Walters Larissa Buchholz Richard Flacks Elaine Bell Kaplan Marietta Morrissey Carl M. Schmitt Alexander Wambach Dylan Bugden Holly Foster Walda Katz-Fishman Jeylan T. Mortimer Beth E. Schneider Celeste M. Michael Burawoy Roxanne Friedenfels Erin Kelly Christin L. Munsch Christine Renee Schwartz Watkins-Hayes Rabel J. Burdge Joan H. Fujimura Nancy and Stephen Kidd Alexandra K. Murphy Katherine O’Sullivan See Jake Watson Meghan A. Burke Brian Galvin K. Jill Kiecolt Kelly Musick Marcia Texler Segal Lynn Weber Craig Calhoun Sarah Bracey Garrett Nadia Y. Kim Charles B. Nam Jane Sell Elfriede Wedam Stella M. Capek Ernesto Maria Gilbert Klajman Alondra Nelson Laura Senier Charles Carroll Gavassa Perez Zachary Dillon Kline Wendy Ng Richard T. Serpe Sally Willson Weimer Jean Carroll Linda K. George George W. Knox Jenna Nobles Yvonne P. Sherwood Melissa F. Weiner Bruce Carruthers and Annie Georges Hagen Koo Bruce C. Jean H. Shin Rick Welsh Wendy Espeland Judith Gerson William Kornblum Nordstrom-Loeb Robin W. Simon Regina E. Werum Luiz A. Castro-Santos Kathleen Gerson Augustine J. Kposowa Deborah Novoselich David Norman Smith Renee T. White Daniel F. Chambliss Carol L. Glasser Rosemary Kreston Jodi O’Brien Jason A. Smith Teke Wiggin Jeffrey Chin Walter Charles Prema Ann Kurien Laureen K. O’Brien Lee A. Smithey Christine L. Williams Susan P. Chizeck Goettlich, Jr. Maggie Kusenbach Gilda Laura Ochoa William L. Smith-Hinds Rhys H. Williams Kelly Haesung Chong Steven J. Gold Nancy G. Kutner Pamela E. Oliver C. Matthew Snipp William Julius Wilson Sung David Chun Juan L. Gonzales, Jr. Paul Lachelier Lauren D. Olsen David Snow and Adia M. Harvey Andria M. Cimino Norman Goodman Karyn Lacy Anthony M. Orum Roberta Lessor Wingfield Matthew Clair Bridget Goosby Jennifer Carol LaFleur Cheryl Pahaham Gregory D. Squires Robert P. Wolensky Mary Ann Clawson Kimberly Ann Goyette Demetrius A. Lamar Anthony Paik Stephen F. Steele Mike Yarbrough Lois K. Cohen Sara E. Green Armando Lara-Millan Thomas M. Painter Stephen Steinberg Katherine M. Condon Michele Rene Gregory Annette Lareau Robert Nash Parker James G. Stemler Peter Cleary Yeager Peter Conrad Wendy Griswold Ralph LaRossa Tianna S. Paschel Robin Stryker Yuval Peretz Yonay Shelley J. Correll Emanuel Guay Barbara S. Lawrence Sarah Elizabeth Patterson Mark Suchyta Min Zhou Lucius Couloute Laura Theresa Hamilton Caroline W. Lee Mary E. Pattillo Ann Swidler Mary K. Zimmerman n footnotes Spring 2021 17 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News Sociology on the Cover of Scientific American

Pamela Oliver, University of Wisconsin- conceptions of the Civil Rights “We’ll Never Fix Systemic Racism post preprints of academic work in Madison, and Michael Schwartz, Movement especially the false by Being Polite” in August 2020. open working paper sites, just like Stonybrook University contrast between the “peaceful and The positive reception to his physicists, mathematicians, and SA President Aldon spiritual” CRM and the op-ed increased SA’s confidence economists commonly do. AMorris’ article, “From “disruptive and riotous” that Morris was ideal to author a The already visible value of Civil Rights to Black BLM. Without ignoring longer feature article. This suggests Morris’ Scientific Americanarticle the important differences Lives Matter” is featured that sociologists who wish to reach indicates that there is a need for between “then” and broader audiences should look as the cover story in the professional sociology to acknowl- “now” he points to for opportunities to write shorter, March issue of Scientific edge this type of work as a valid the continuity in the topical, opinion pieces; and to see American. Beyond the scholarly contribution. One deter- long Black movement, these as devices for gaining access article’s quality and rent to publishing in public-facing importance, this is a Aldon Morris including the centrality to broader audiences. of disruption in the outlets is the discounting of this noteworthy moment Making Sociologists’ Work Civil Rights Movement and the work by academic departments in the 178-year history of the More Accessible predominance of non-violent civil in tenure and promotion cases. magazine. “This is the first time disobedience in the Movement Sociologists should also seek Sociology departments should we have had a pure sociology story for Black Lives. other strategies for making their on the cover, and the first time develop reasonable standards More and more sociologists are academic work more accessible. we have had a cover story about of evaluation for this type of seeking to write accessible work to Writing accessible versions of systemic racism or social justice,” work and incorporate them into bring the insights of sociological scientific papers and then posting says SA editor Laura Helmuth. department cultures. analysis to important public issues. them on personal blogs, institu- Scientific American is the oldest Another issue facing those continuously published monthly writing for public consumption is magazine in the United States. It the multiple publics and different is the premier venue for delivering audiences they could choose important scientific research to a to address. Some scholars may general readership, with scien- Around the world, [social justice] movements address public officials and other tists themselves describing the have played pivotal roles in overthrowing slavery, institutional power-holders about substance and implications of their colonialism, and other forms of oppression and how to preserve their power work. Morris’ article fits perfectly injustice. And although the core methods by which and privilege or to control or into this model. He offers an manage the disruptions from the accessible but nuanced sketch of they overcome seemingly impossible odds are now oppressed. Others may address sociological theory about the rise, more or less understood, these struggles necessarily the oppressed, seeking to amplify trajectories, and impacts of social (and excitingly) continue to evolve faster than social the voices of the marginalized, or movements; and then discusses the implications of these insights for scientists can comprehend them. …. The frameworks promote social policies that would understanding the currently ongo- developed in the late 20th century remain relevant answer their demands for power ing Movement for Black Lives. for the 21st, however. Modern movements are or material resources. Finally, Morris incorporates his and also struggles for power. They, too, must tackle even when scholars speak to and other scholars’ insights into var- for the same audiences, they may ious elements of the Civil Rights the challenges of mobilizing resources, organizing argue for very different policy Movement success: building mass participation, raising consciousness, dealing implications or analyses of the movement solidarity; discovering with repression and perfecting strategies of social underlying issues. and creating networks of common disruption. As professional sociology interest; mobilizing resources seeks to take its place in public within the community; develop- — Aldon Morris in his article, “From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter” discourse and to provide the ing and implementing protest hard-won findings and insights strategy; disrupting “business as that can inform or inspire efforts usual;” devising defenses against for emancipatory social change, it repression; and empowering the must provide institutional support use of emotions such as love and Morris’ cover article offers a tional blogs, journal blogs, Twitter, for public-facing scholarship trust. He explains how lessons useful model. He was approached or Facebook are viable methods and reward those who deliver from the CRM might apply to by Madhusree Mukerjee, SA for establishing contact outside of sociological insight to the many BLM—how the movements are editor, to write an essay on social the ivory tower. similar and how they differ. To movement theory and social There is also a need to make different publics who could benefit make this complex comparison movements. Before accepting the the academic work accessible. from our work. This will allow while maintaining accessibility to invitation, Morris sent Scientific Unfortunately, most peer reviewed the public to absorb and evaluate non-specialists, Morris focuses American an opinion piece he was work is behind a journal paywall the theoretical and evidential on key research findings that seeking to publish. The magazine that prevents non-scientists from disputes that are the engines of correct the oversimplified public immediately published Morris’ accessing it. One solution is to scientific advance. n

18 Spring 2021 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News

Apply for a 2021 ASA Community Action Research Initiative Grant Deadline: August 31, 2021 SA encourages applications for Community Action Research Initiative (CARI) grants. CARI grants are used for projects that bring social science Aknowledge and methods to bear in addressing community-based problems. Applicants must be sociologists seeking to work with community organizations or community action initiatives. Applications are encouraged from sociologists working in a variety of work settings, including academic institutions, research institutes, private and non-profit organizations, and government agencies. Graduate students are eligible to apply, but CARI funds cannot be used to support dissertation research. While ASA membership is not a criterion for applying, it is required to receive a grant. All ASA members are obligated to follow the ASA Code of Ethics, and grantees must provide pertinent IRB approval if necessary. Grants are for up to $3,000 of direct costs. For more information and to apply, click here. Send your questions to Margaret Weigers Vitullo at [email protected] or (202) 247-9862. n

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2021. For more information, visit Pandemic has Cost Women”; and a New York Times, U.S. News and World Call for Papers www.russellsage.org/how-to-apply. February 7 op-ed in the Los Angeles Report, Psychology Today, and Salon. Journal of Professions and Times, “Why moms have it so much Organization. Special issue, Russell Sage Foundation Visiting Rashawn Ray, Brookings Institution harder than dads during COVID time.” and University of Maryland, wrote an “Diversity and Inclusion in Changing Scholars Fellowship. The Visiting Scholars Program provides a unique article, “Black Voters Helped Biden Get Professional Organizations.” To Elaine Howard Ecklund, Rice opportunity for select scholars Elected His Presidency Will Be Defined address questions related to University, was quoted in a December in the social, economic, political, by How He Acts on Racial Equity,” that organizations’ efforts with respect to 10 Religion News Service article, “With and behavioral sciences to pursue appeared in the February 8, 2021, diversity and inclusion and related Vaccines on the Horizon, Faith Leaders their research and writing while in Washington Post “Monkey Cage” blog. questions, we invite scholarly papers Could Play a Crucial Role in Promoting residence at the foundation in New from a wide range of disciplines and Their Use.” Jennifer Reich, University of York City. The fellowship period is academic perspectives. We welcome Colorado-Denver, was quoted September 1-June 30. The foundation Daniel Hirschman, Brown University, submissions that address different on attitudes toward vaccines in a annually awards up to 17 residential was quoted in a January 29 USA Today levels of analysis (individual, firm, February 9, 2021, CNN article, “How fellowships. Visiting scholars are article, “This Is America: Teach Black interactional, field) and make use of a Covid Vaccines Might Change the at least several years beyond the History from Black Perspectives.” Dating Game.” variety of qualitative and quantitative PhD degree and, once selected, methods. We especially encourage typically work on projects related Maria Krysan, University of Illinois Christopher J. Schneider, Brandon authors who investigate new forms to the foundation’s core programs at Chicago, and Kyle Crowder, University, was quoted in multiple of inequality, new managerial and special initiatives. Scholars University of Washington, wrote an articles on the Capitol siege, including and organizational approaches to are provided with an office at the article for The Hill, “Why Eliminating “The Capitol rioters kept posting diversity and inclusion, and research foundation, computers, library access, Discrimination Does Not End incriminating things on social media. on sites that are transnational, and supplemental salary support. Segregation,” that was published on Unsurprisingly they were mocked comparative, and/or global. Application Deadline: June 24, 2021 February 11. — and arrested” (Washington Post, Contacts: Swethaa Ballakrishnen (11:59 PM EST). For more information, January 19 ); “‘Pics or it didn’t happen.’ James W. Loewen, Catholic [email protected], David visit www.russellsage.org/how-to- FBI flags selfies posts of many accused Brock [email protected], Elizabeth apply/visiting-scholars-program. University of America, was cited for in US Capitol riots.” (USA Today, Gorman [email protected]. Deadline his research in a February 19 USA January 21); “Who should decide what for full papers: June 15, 2021. For Today article on “The Green Book” that you can’t say on social media? Debate more information, visit academic.oup In the News includes a discussion and a map of rages ahead of potential government .com/jpo. Richard Carpiano, University of sundown towns based on Loewen’s action” (Toronto Star, January 31). California, Riverside, was quoted in database. He wrote an op-ed, “Lessons from a February 5 New York Times article, a Hockey Riot In Catching the Funding “Anti-Vaccine Activists Emboldened in Ruth Milkman, City University of Perpetrators of the U.S. Capitol Siege,” Russell Sage Foundation Funding California.” New York, was quoted in a January that appeared in the January 29 Globe Opportunities. RSF will accept 24 Miami Herald article, “Here’s How Cassi L. Pittman Claytor, Case and Mail and co-authored a January letters of inquiry (LOIs) under these Raising Minimum Wage to $15 an Western Reserve University, was 9 Toronto Star article, “The Saturday core programs and special initiatives: Hour Might Impact Poverty, Small quoted about her research in a Debate: Do body-worn cameras behavioral economics; decision making January 26, 2021, Vox article, “The Businesses.” increase police accountability?”. & human behavior in context; future of Mirage of the Black Middle Class.” C.J. Pascoe, University of Oregon, Russell Schutt, Harvard University, work; and social, political and economic co-directed a large NSF-funded study inequality. In addition, RSF will also Allison Daminger, Harvard was quoted in a February 4 Vox article, University, and Jill Yavorsky, “WallStreetBets Is America.” of the social impact of the pandemic accept LOIs relevant to any of its core in Boston, which was covered in a programs that address at least one of University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Martyn Pickersgill, University of were quoted in a January 27, 2021, January 12, 2021, Boston Globe article, the following issues: (1) Research on the Edinburgh, was quoted in a January “Most People in Boston Say They’ll Get COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting Atlantic article, “The Myth That Gets 12, 2021, The Scotsman article, “What Men Out of Doing Chores.” Vaccinated; Many Black Residents Are recession in the U.S., and (2) Research Does a Winter Lockdown Mean for Skeptical.” focused on systemic racial inequality Allison Dunatchik, University of Scots’ Mental Health?” and/or the recent mass protests in Pennsylvania, Jerry Jacobs, University Mady W. Segal, University of the U.S. LOIs must include specific of Pennsylvania, Kathleen Gerson, Michael Pollard, RAND Corporation, Maryland, was quoted in a January information about the proposed data New York University, Jennifer Glass, was interviewed by a range of 29 USA Today article on the army’s and research design. If you are unsure University of Texas-Austin, and Haley outlets about his study published in new grooming standards, particularly about the foundation’s expectations, Stritzel, University of Texas-Austin, JAMA Network Open in September regarding hair styles and earrings, review the grant-writing guidelines. were quoted in a January 7 column on changes in alcohol use during which give greater flexibility to Successful proposals from this round in The Nation, “Covid-19 Has Been COVID-19, and his work was widely women soldiers and soldiers of color. can have a start date on or after Hardest on Women”; a February 6 covered by television and print media, Gregory D. Squires, George December 1, 2021. Deadline: May 4, New York Times article, “What the including Forbes, TIME, The Atlantic, Washington University, co-authored footnotes Spring 2021 19 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Announcements an article, “Home Appraisals Drive understanding the social scientific They will use the grant to study personal physician to the court of America’s Racial Wealth Gap—95% understanding of Jewry. perceptions, beliefs, and opinions of Emperor Haile Selassie. After earning of Philly’s Appraisers Are White,” that Stephen J. Morewitz, Forensic human rights of individuals living in his BA in psychology from La Sierra was published February 25, 2021, on Social Sciences Association and East Asian countries. University, CA, in 1962, Anderson WHYY NPR/PBS Philadelphia. San Jose State University, won the Martyn Pickersgill, University of moved to Stanford University for graduate studies in sociology, Sabrina Strings, University of Gold Telly Award for his Holocaust, Edinburgh, became the Founding human rights, and ethnicity/race Director of the Social Dimension where his PhD advisor was John California, Irvine, was quoted in a Meyer. Upon his arrival in 1966 in February 23, 2021, Good Housekeeping documentary, Nobody Wants Us. of Biomedicine Programme, based within Edinburgh Medical School. Minnesota as an assistant professor article, “The Racist and Problematic Andrew Whitehead, Indiana at the University of Minnesota, History of the Body Mass Index.” University-Purdue University Anderson quickly took the lead in Indianapolis, and Samuel Perry, Summer Programs Stacy Torres, University of building a collaborative research University of Oklahoma, received infrastructure for his department and California, San Francisco, wrote The Knapsack Institute. The 2021 Christianity Today’s 2021 Award of Knapsack Institute: Transforming the university. He also played a key about her decision making around Merit for Politics and Public Life for Teaching and Learning, June 16–18, role in developing the intellectual the COVID-19 vaccine, from the their book Taking America Back for 2021, Colorado Springs. The Knapsack infrastructure to understand the standpoint of someone with an God: Christian Nationalism in the Institute (KI), organized by the Matrix social implications of technology autoimmune disease for the USA United States (Oxford, 2020). Center for the Advancement of Social and computing for education and Today on March 3, 2021. She wrote an Equity and Inclusion at the University inequality in contemporary society. op-ed that appeared in the January New Books of Colorado, Colorado Springs, offers In over 125 articles, nine books, 20, 2021, USA Today on her thoughts Edna Chun, Columbia University and tools, strategies, and support to build and countless reports and essays, about Biden’s goals for his first Joe Feagin, Texas A&M University, inclusive learning environments Anderson’s writings covered 100 days in office. Rethinking Diversity Frameworks in and deal with resistance in the sociology, education, and computer Andrew Whitehead, Indiana Higher Education (Routledge, 2020). classroom. We examine and apply science. His articles on school the concepts of privilege, oppression, University-Purdue University technology, the digital divide, and Rebecca Elliott, London School of and intersectionality in educational Indianapolis, was interviewed about the ethics and social impacts of Economics, Underwater: Loss, Flood settings. To ensure the safety of computing have been highly cited. the connection between Christian Insurance, and the Moral Economy of our participants, this year KI will be nationalism and the U.S. Capitol His work was frequently supported Climate Change in the United States offered in a virtual format. Contact: by grants from the National Science insurrection for both The New York (Columbia University Press, 2021). [email protected] or aferber@uccs Foundation, the U.S. Department of Times on January 11, 2021, and Morning Sabrina Gatti, Selinus University, .edu. For more information, visit Education, and numerous state and Edition on NPR on January 18, 2021. Attraverso la vertigine - Il Covid-19 https://knapsack.uccs.edu/. local funders. In addition, Anderson Andrew Whitehead, Indiana ed altre riflessioni su una società in wrote popular software programs and University-Purdue University cammino (CTL Edizioni Livorno, 2020). Deaths applications, developed simulation models for government agencies and Indianapolis, and Samuel Perry, Elizabeth H. Gorman, University N.J. Demerath III (“Jay”) passed away non-governmental organizations, and University of Oklahoma, authored of Virginia, and Steven P. Vallas, on February 5, 2021, in Leeds, MA. Jay led countless interdisciplinary and the editorial “Christian Nationalism’s Northeastern University, Eds., was on the faculty at the University Covid Vaccine Doubt Threatens Professional Work: Knowledge, Power of Wisconsin-Madison from 1962- public initiatives on technology and America’s Herd Immunity” for NBC and Social Inequalities (Research in the 1972, progressing from instructor to society. News Think on January 2, 2021. Sociology of Work) (Emerald, 2020). full professor, before moving to the Anderson was an invited fellow of University of Massachusetts-Amherst the American Educational Research Andrew Whitehead, Indiana Eszter Hargittai, University of Zurich, Association and an invited member of Research Exposed: How Empirical Social as professor and department chair. University-Purdue University He retired in 2008. He was executive the Sociological Research Association. Indianapolis, Samuel Perry, Science Gets Done in the Digital Age A wide-ranging expert on technology (Columbia University Press, 2020). officer of the American Sociological University of Oklahoma, Gerardo Association from 1970-72. and society, he also championed Marti, Davidson College, and Philip Rachael A. Woldoff,West Virginia efforts to bring technology and social Gorski, Yale University, were quoted University, Digital Nomads: In Search of Leo Goodman, 92, died December science to bear on public debates. in a January 28 New York Times Freedom, Community, and Meaningful 22, 2020, due to COVID-19-related lung infection. He was a professor Since his retirement in 2005, column by Thomas Edsall on White Work in the New Economy (Oxford of Sociology and Statistics at the Anderson devoted his research Christian Nationalism. University Press, 2021). University of Chicago (1950-1986) and attention to conceptualizing, measuring, and addressing collective Rachael Woldoff, West Virginia Matthew G. Yeager, King’s University at the University of California, Berkeley well-being and social suffering, University, was quoted in a January 22 College, Dangerous Men: Ideology and (1986-2020, emeritus 2017-2020). which he viewed as society’s New York Times article, “My Neighbor, the Personification of Evil (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2021). Barry Schwartz, 83, emeritus greatest humanitarian challenge. He My Pandemic Pal,” and wrote an professor of Sociology at the established the nonprofit Foundation opinion article that appeared in the University of Georgia, died suddenly for the Relief of Suffering, whose January 13 MarketWatch, “Digital Accomplishments on January 6, 2021. He was a leader in World Suffering website will be Nomads Don’t Sit on the Beach or Elaine Howard Ecklund, Rice the field of collective memory and a archived on The Society Pages. Travel All the Time — Here’s What University, and Pamela Prickett, former chair of the ASA Sociology of And Anderson continued to advise, Life Is Really Like.” She wrote an University of Amsterdam, have Culture Section. champion, and support faculty and article with Robert Litchfield, “Digital launched a podcast called “Religion student work on technology and Nomads Show Us How Remote Unmuted.” Using research-driven Obituaries society, establishing the Anderson Workers Can Find Community,” dialogue, the podcast explores how Technology and Social Cohesion that appeared in Quartz at Work on religion impacts public discourse Ronald E. Anderson Award at the University of Minnesota. January 6. around important social issues like 1941-2020 Throughout his career, Anderson racism, politics, immigration, health, Ronald E. (Ron) Anderson, an was appreciated for his grace, dry Awards and the body. innovative scholar of technology and wit, and inclusive leadership style. Brian Gran, Case Western Reserve society, and a dear and generous He was a builder, who served as Arnold Dashefsky, University of University, received a small grant colleague to all those who were founding chair of the ASA Section Connecticut, received the 2020 from the Taiwan Foundation for privileged to know him, passed away on Communication and Information Marshall Sklare Award for a career of Democracy. It will be applied to on December 21, 2020. Technologies (now the CITAMS), and distinguished scholarship from the the International Survey of Human Born in Sikeston, MO, Anderson the founding and long-serving editor Association for the Social Scientific Rights that Keri Iyall Smith, Suffolk spent much of his childhood in Addis of the Social Science Computer Review. Study of Jewry (ASSJ). The award is University, David Brunsma, Virginia Ababa, Ethiopia, where his father He earned awards for outstanding given for lifetime contributions to Tech University, and Gran direct. started a hospital and served as service from each of his three primary

20 Spring 2021 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Announcements fields: the American Sociological associated with HIV infection among a fellow student, in 1954. Divorced a country that was not fighting in Association, the American male and female prostitutes. This later, they would remain friends. the war. He continued to work in Educational Research Association, project led to multiple publications Leggett began his academic California during his time at SFU. He and the Association for Computing and presentations and provided teaching career at the University of supported labor unions and was a Machinery (ACM). At ACM, he chaired a major direction for her research Michigan School of Social Work as a consultant to Cesar Chavez and the the working group that developed for years to come. Her final book lecturer and research associate. While United Farm Workers. He taught Black the code of ethics that has served project—Life Upon the Wicked Stage: there, he helped found Students for Studies at the University of California- the association for 30 years. He also A Sociological Study of Entertainers a Democratic Society and supported Davis, and was a visiting lecturer at founded and directed the Minnesota (2010)—was an in-depth study of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Sacramento State. Center for Survey Research and led people in show business and the Committee. He then joined the In 1971, Leggett joined the the Social Science Research Center at cover featured a picture of her faculty at the University of California, sociology department at Livingston the University of Minnesota. Later, he husband in his stage costume. Boles Berkeley, in 1962. College, a newly opened, innovative, served as president of the University undergraduate component of was such a gracious colleague that In his time at Berkeley from 1962 of Minnesota Retirees Association. Rutgers University that, according to her co-authors and collaborators to 1966, Leggett became an active his colleague Norman Markowitz, was Anderson is survived by his wife of often became lifelong friends. faculty leader of the Free Speech 30 years, Nancy Kehmeier, his son “the first race, ethnic, and gender- Boles, a successful scholar, was a Movement, symbolized by his holding Evan (Marilyn), his sister Rosalie Lynn, integrated college at Rutgers.” one-of-a-kind teacher who will be the “Free Speech” banner, an iconic and brothers Merlin (Marylou) and Livingston College hired him for his long remembered by colleagues in image of the Civil Rights Movement James (Anne). Anderson’s friends passionate activism as well as his re-published in California Magazine, and colleagues celebrate his path- the GSU sociology department and intellectual and teaching talents. 2014. He interviewed Malcolm X in breaking work on the social dynamics by her legion of former students. During his time at Rutgers, Leggett 1963 after the Birmingham Church of technology, and cherish the Her booming, heartfelt, and won numerous academic and bombing, an interview that has memory of his shy smile, chuckle, and gleeful laughter filled the largest teaching awards and was considered inspired generations of students and twinkle of eye. lecture rooms and echoed across to be a popular teacher, mentor, adjacent hallways to the absolute civil rights activists. colleague, and friend. Chris Uggen, University of Minnesota joy of all those around her. She In 1966, Leggett joined the political While at Rutgers, Leggett was an Jacqueline Boles regularly taught classes on the science, sociology, and anthropology activist in a range of labor-related department at the newly opened 1932-2020 topics of popular culture, work and issues, studying unemployment employment, sex roles, and gays Simon Fraser University (SFU) in and occupational health in central Jacqueline “Jackie” Boles died on and lesbians in society. Generations Vancouver, BC, Canada, and soon New Jersey as well as race and December 6, 2020, of a pulmonary of GSU students flocked to her became an associate professor. He working-class consciousness. He led embolism. She was 88 years old and classes to experience her warmth was also a visiting professor at the the successful campaign to remove predeceased by her parents and and engaging presence and were University of British Columbia. He asbestos from Livingston College’s husband, Don. Boles was born on fascinated by her first-hand accounts continued to co-organize protests Kilmer Library when the dangers February 9, 1932, in Salt Lake City, against the Vietnam War, albeit in of carcinogenic asbestos were not UT. She received her undergraduate of the people she studied. Her former degree in 1958 from Oglethorpe students frequently continued to College, her MA from Emory visit her office and remained in University in 1960, and her PhD in close contact with her. In 2000, the sociology from the University of sociology department created the Georgia in 1973. Jacqueline Boles Teaching Fellowship in appreciation of her distinguished Jackie Boles was an esteemed faculty member of the Georgia academic career and genuine love of State University’s (GSU) sociology teaching. department for more than 35 years, Boles was a loving wife, rising to the rank of professor and mother, grandmother, and great retiring with her appointment as grandmother. She is survived by her professor emerita. She did it all, and four children: David Boles (Patricia) of with grace and understatement. Boles Decatur, Dan Boles of Atlanta, Robyn was a first-rate scholar; She published Olmsted (Fred) of Idaho, and Sarah over 40 articles in professional Boles of Atlanta; four grandchildren; journals, wrote many chapters in and two great grandchildren. edited volumes, and presented The family hopes to organize a dozens of papers at national and celebration of Boyle’s life when regional meetings. She was interested people have been vaccinated against in people, especially those who COVID-19, perhaps in the spring. engaged in unusual occupations and behaviors. Boles was a major By family and long-time colleagues contributor to the study of deviant John Carl Leggett occupations, focusing her work 1930-2020 on the lives of male, female, and transvestite strippers, prostitutes, John Carl Leggett, professor carnival workers, and gamblers, emeritus of sociology, Rutgers among others. University-New Brunswick, died in She was curious about their lifestyle Seattle, WA, on December 14, 2020. and subculture, but most of all she He was 90. wanted to tell their stories from their Born in 1930 in St. Clair Shores, MI, perspective, with sympathy and and raised in the greater Detroit area, understanding. Leggett served in the U.S. Navy on In the late 1980s and early the USS Midway after World War II, 1990s, together with Kirk Elifson, and then became the first person in she received major grants from his family to attend university. He the Centers for Disease Control earned a PhD in sociology in 1962 at and Prevention to study the the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. epidemiological risk factors While there, he met and married Iris, footnotes Spring 2021 21 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Announcements yet widely recognized. Leggett also the Livingston Alumni Association argued that factors influencing words of Elizabeth Bruch, one of played an important role in fighting of Rutgers in 1987. Leggett received educational attainment differed in Mare’s recent doctoral students and for and publicizing the plight of Johns an award from the AAUP for his importance by transition points, now associate professor of sociology Manville workers in New Jersey who extensive union work at Rutgers. He such as the transition from high at the University of Michigan, “Rob suffered from the effects of asbestos was named to Marquis’ Who’s Who in school completion to college. In offered a road map for the process of exposure at work. In 2011, the ASA America list in 1995. doing so, he found something that research: how to navigate, how to get Section on Marxist Sociology honored After teaching at Rutgers for 33 others had missed: family resources unstuck, what to do with confusion him with a Lifetime Achievement years, Leggett retired in December mattered most earlier, rather than and despair, and how to find joy and Award. 2004 and became professor emeritus later, in the educational process. discovery. Most importantly, he made An active scholar and teacher, in 2005. He was an inspiring scholar, As students move through the the otherwise isolating experience Leggett published influential books teacher, colleague, and friend. system, their own performance sociable, even fun.” that focused on the working class. He later married Lora Doris “Dee” becomes more important and their Esther Friedman, another of Mare’s His PhD dissertation, Taking State Garrison, professor of history and parents’ resources matter less. doctoral students and now social Power: The Sources and Consequences women’s studies at Rutgers, who The combination of an innovative and behavioral scientist at the RAND of Political Challenge, was published predeceased him. approach and counter-intuitive Corporation, said, “Conversations by Harper & Row in 1973. His further Leggett is survived by his daughters, finding came to be known as the with Rob were the highlight of writings include Class, Race, and Britt and Shannon Leggett; his “Mare Model.” To this day, the model graduate school— always intense Labor: Working-Class Consciousness in stepson Tray Garrison; his sister continues to be used, debated, and electrifying, whether focused on Detroit (1968); Race, Class, and Political Noreen Mulier, his brother Donald challenged, and improved upon by the lofty or the everyday. There was Consciousness (1972); “The Ideology Leggett, and their children and sociologists and economists studying a strong feeling of shared mission. and Methodology of Employment grandchildren; and his grandchildren, educational inequality. He managed to instill in his graduate Statistics,” in The American Working Marie Leggett-Vasilieva, Travis, David, Mare’s subsequent work in students a sense that we are all part Class: Prospects for the 1980s (1979); and Troy Garrison. quantitative sociology and social of something special and significant.” demography addressed a broad The American Working Class: Prospects Shannon Leggett, John’s daughter Born in North Vancouver, Canada, for the 1980s (1979); Labor and Capital range of areas—statistical methods, in 1951 to Helen and Arthur Mare, he in the Age of Globalization (1982); and Robert Denis Mare demography, social stratification— completed his BA at Reed College in Mining the Fields: Farm Workers Fight 1951-2021 as he moved beyond standard 1973 and his PhD at the University questions of how individuals’ Back (1998). He co-authored Allende: Robert D. Mare, an eminent Michigan in 1977. Between 1977 and socioeconomic status is reproduced His Exit and Our “Times” (1978). He sociologist and demographer who 1997, he was on the faculty at the across generations to broader issues also wrote the satirical The Eighteen recently retired as distinguished University of Wisconsin-Madison, of how social hierarchies reproduce Stages of Love. professor of sociology at University of where he directed the Center for themselves. In a highly influential Leggett was the recipient of many California-Los Angeles (UCLA), died Demography and Ecology from 1989 paper, Mare showed that marriages awards, including: Ford Foundation of leukemia in his home in Marina Del to 1994. He joined the sociology between people with different Fellow (1954-1955); Grantee, Social Rey, CA, on February 1, 2021. faculty at UCLA and was the founding amounts of schooling were less likely director of the California Center for Science Research Council (1960-1961; Mare was a world leader in the areas for the highly educated. College Population Research beginning in 64); Canada Council (1968-1970); of social stratification, sociological goers were more likely to marry other 1998. He also held an appointment in Trans-Action Research Grantee (1984- methods, and demographic college goers, and that tendency statistics at UCLA. 1985); Rutgers Distinguished Faculty processes. He contributed was increasing. A key implication Mare’s contributions were widely Person Award, Livingston College definitive scholarship on social of an increase in educational Association Graduates (1987); Alfred trends in schooling, employment, recognized by social and population assortative mating is that it can scientists. He was elected president McClung Lee Award, Sociological and assortative mating. His increase inequality in family resources Abstracts and International latest work considered dynamic of the Population Association of and children’s socioeconomic America in 2009, president of the Sociological Association Award analysis of residential mobility and achievement. (1994); recognition in the Rutgers multigenerational social mobility. International Sociological Association In the decade before his retirement, Research Committee 28 on Social Upward Bound Program; Outstanding Mare’s first major contribution Mare focused on one of the oldest, Stratification and Mobility in 2006, and Dedicated Service to the was a 1980 article published in the most vexing sociological problems: and fellow of both the American Ronald E. McNair Program (2006). Journal of the American Statistical how a combination of individual He became an honorary member of Association, in which he convincingly Academy of Arts and Sciences and behaviors at the micro level leads the National Academy of Sciences in to societal changes. Studying the 2010. For his lifetime contributions connection between family structure to sociological methodology, the and poverty, educational assortative ASA Methodology Section awarded mating, and residential mobility him the Paul F. Lazarsfeld Award in and segregation, Mare’s latest 1999. For his career of research on work applied advanced statistical inequality, he received the Robert techniques to micro-data to model M. Hauser Award from the ASA the determinants of individual social Inequality, Poverty, and Mobility and demographic outcomes and section in 2016. His published articles then used simulations to examined Editorial Director: Nancy Kidd, Executive Director received multiple awards. alternative scenarios and illustrated A highly respected and well- Editor in Chief: Preeti Vasishtha, Director of Communications the implications of these scenarios liked scholar, Mare will be dearly for population changes. This work missed by a large international Managing Editor: Johanna Olexy, Assistant Director of Communica- advanced our understanding of community of sociologists and tions fundamental social processes, such as demographers who admire him residential segregation by race. Until and his work. His scholarship All Footnotes communications can be directed to: American Sociological his death, he had been working with and mentorship will continue to Association, 1430 K Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20005; (202) his collaborators to model the effects influence future generations of 383-9005; email [email protected]. Obituaries are limited up to of demographic events such as social scientists who study the 600 words and Announcements, 200 words. marriages, having children, and death intersection of demography, family, on multigenerational inequality. and social inequality. In the words Copyright © 2021, American Sociological Association. Any opinions At the University of Wisconsin, of Robert Sampson, the Henry expressed in the articles in this publication are those of the authors where he was professor of sociology Ford II social sciences professor at and not the American Sociological Association. prior to coming to UCLA, and Harvard University, “Rob Mare was at UCLA, Mare was legendary in a brilliant scholar who made major mentoring young scholars. In the contributions to demography,

22 Spring 2021 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Announcements stratification, and methodology. attracted many undergraduates to focused broadly on population welcomed his broad smile, hearty His work on the multi-generational his courses, and the quality of his change, distribution, and inequality— laugh, and touching irreverence. transmission of inequality, for teaching is the reason why many especially differences by race and Wilson has left indelible and example, was pathbreaking in my of them pursued sociology as a ethnicity. Much of his work examined wide-ranging marks on all of us view. Rob’s keen insights were major and, later, as a career. His the antecedents and implications who knew him. One of his graduate essential to the Los Angeles Family commitment to teaching attracted a of labor market opportunities, students, Mario Sims (University of and Neighborhood Survey wave of long list of PhD students, whom he socioeconomic attainment, Alabama-Birmingham), expresses data collection and our analysis of mentored with great care and who residential segregation, migration, gratitude for the lessons he learned persistence and change in spatial loved him in return. and school desegregation. from Wilson—lessons that extend inequality over two decades in McGee was among the founders of Throughout his life and career, beyond the research questions they greater Los Angeles.” what were previously the American Wilson remained faithful to the examined together. Sims saw Wilson Mare is survived by Judith Seltzer, Sociological Association’s Section principles of service, equity, and as a role model and observed him recently retired professor of sociology on Undergraduate Education and humaneness. His commitment in the roles of a husband and father. at UCLA, his spouse and colleague ASA’s Teaching Services Program. to service appears in the awards Wilson displayed unfailingly an since their graduate studies at the He starred in a groundbreaking for bravery—the Silver Star and abiding love for family. He shared University of Michigan. Contributions instructional videotape “Handling Purple Heart, among others—that with us his pride in his daughters, in Robert Mare’s honor may be made Hordes: Teaching Large Classes,” he earned during the Vietnam Rachel and Chareese, and highlighted to the Los Angeles Regional Food which was produced by Purdue and War. That same dedication and the wisdom and caring nature of his Bank or other local food banks. widely distributed by ASA. Because determination to work on behalf of wife, Marion—or Ms. Brown, as he of McGee’s leadership in these Yu Xie, Princeton University; Jennie others prompted him to serve as called her. initiatives, colleges and universities E. Brand, University of California, chair of the Afro-American studies Ann Bagchi (Rutgers University all over the country invited McGee as Los Angeles; Michael Hout, New and sociology departments at the School of Nursing) drew strategies an external reviewer and an advisor York University; and Robert Hauser, University of Wisconsin. Significantly, from her graduate days with on both graduate and undergraduate American Philosophical Society and he introduced the “Blacks in Cities” Wilson that enabled her to face the teaching. He also played a major University of Wisconsin-Madison course that connected the units challenges she experienced when role in designing Purdue’s state-of- to one another and to the role serious health problems confronted the-art Class of 1950 Lecture Hall, Reece J. McGee scholarship could play in unveiling her family. She had witnessed the which opened in 1990. His teaching- 1928-2020 the perils of discrimination and bravery Wilson exhibited when he related accomplishments enhanced Reece J. McGee, emeritus professor inequity. experienced persistent debilitating the national stature of the whole of sociology, Purdue University, and Wilson’s concerns about barriers pain. Nor was Bagchi alone in department. a pioneer in the field of teaching to opportunity affected the roles seeing Wilson persevere in the face sociology, died on January 20, 2021, McGee received many awards for he played, and also how he played of serious health problems. Marta at the age of 91 in West Lafayette, IN. his contributions to sociology and them. Charles Camic (Northwestern Tienda (Princeton University) marvels McGee was born October 19, 1929, in teaching in general. These included University), his co-editor for the at the fact that he had called her from St. Paul, MN. He attended Macalester recognition in Who’s Who in American American Sociological Review, recalls his hospital bed to discuss a project College before receiving his Education (1963) and Who’s Who in Wilson as one who was never snarky that they were undertaking jointly. America (1988), the Hans Mauksch or dismissive but always respectful bachelor’s, master’s, and PhD degrees Such persistence and determination Award from the ASA Section on of other scholars; never intellectually from the University of Minnesota convey Wilson’s courageousness. Undergraduate Education (now the sectarian or doctrinaire but open- in 1952, 1953, and 1956. He taught It is that courage and spirit which Section on Teaching and Learning in minded, curious, and flexible; never at Humboldt State University, Charles Hirschman (University of Sociology) (1982), the presidency of self-serving but always looking out the University of Texas at Austin, Washington) highlights. Hirschman, Macalester College, and finally, North Central Sociological Association for the interests of others. (1990-91), and—most meaningful whose connection with Franklin Purdue University’s department of Craig Werner (University of spanned almost 50 years, lauds sociology and anthropology. He was of all—the ASA Distinguished Wisconsin-Madison) counts himself Contributions to Teaching Award what he drew from Wilson about department head at Purdue from among the many who benefitted research and professionalism. But 1987 to 1992 and retired in 1995. (1994). In 1995, Purdue’s School of from the interest in others that Liberal Arts granted him its Award he cherishes especially what Wilson The cornerstone of McGee’s Wilson communicated. Werner for Educational Excellence, and a signaled about courage: “Not false sociological legacy was his wonders about the directions his year later, Purdue University Board courage that leads many to express collaboration with Theodore Caplow career might have taken, had Wilson of Trustees created the Reece McGee their pet theories or opinions, on the state of higher education not reached out to him and to other Distinguished Professorship. In but the quiet courage to carry on in the 1950s. Their 1958 book, The scholars recruited to build the Afro- 1999, McGee was in the first class of every day with a sense of purpose, Academic Marketplace, challenged the American studies department. Wilson professors to be honored in Purdue’s responsibility, and optimism.” We prevailing image of higher education did so by quelling the arrogance “Book of Great Teachers.” can learn from Wilson’s life that as a peaceful community dedicated of newly minted faculty members, Donations in McGee’s memory can well-being can depend on more to teaching and in which teaching modeling expectations for behavior, than what is communicated in a ability was the main criterion in be made to the sociology department and displaying thoughtfulness, online or by mail to: Purdue classroom, through a syllabus, or decisions relating to recruitment, graciousness, and helpfulness. even pathbreaking research. promotion, and tenure. Instead, it Foundation, 403 W. Wood St., West Similarly, Michael Thornton, who Judy Seltzer (University of California- showed that higher education was a Lafayette, IN, 47907-2007. Please taught sociology in Afro-American fiercely competitive world in which make checks payable to Purdue studies, remembers the strong Los Angeles) has captured succinctly scholars vied for jobs and rewards Foundation and indicate your desire support, advice, and encouragement what made Wilson so endearing: that were more closely tied to to have your donation directed to the he, as a young professor, received “Franklin Wilson was a mensch.” He research grants and publications than sociology department in memory of from Wilson. We, Freida and Cora, was unquestionably sensible, mature, to teaching. Reece McGee. participated in the forging of the and responsible. We will always Department and hence can attest to treasure these qualities and strive The Academic Marketplace became James D. Davidson, Purdue University to sustain them. We find comfort in one of the most widely read, the countless ways in which Wilson Franklin Delano Wilson mattered. the promise of James Elliott (Rice frequently cited, and influential University), another former student, 1942-2020 Nor did Franklin’s retirement spell books of its time. McGee conducted that through his own life and career, research on the keys to teaching Franklin Delano Wilson, William H. the end of his engagement with Wilson’s wit, wisdom, and tenacious large classes, developed a course on Sewell-Bascom professor emeritus, others. He visited the offices of spirit will live on. Let this be our teaching sociology for all graduate the University of Wisconsin-Madison, younger colleagues, shared meals determination as well. students, and reached out to students died on December 22, 2020. Over his with them at his favorite haunts, and and colleagues who sought his lengthy academic career, he made offered his support and consultation. Cora B. Marrett, Freida High W. advice on issues related to teaching. numerous contributions to sociology They grasped the standards of Tesfagiorgis, and Christine R. Schwartz, His reputation as a great teacher and demography. His research excellence he embraced and University of Wisconsin-Madison footnotes Spring 2021 23