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TECHNIQUE for TUBE DATA

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TECHNIQUE for TUBE DATA Web: http://www.pearl-hifi.com 86008, 2106 33 Ave. SW, Calgary, AB; CAN T2T 1Z6 E-mail: [email protected] Ph: +.1.403.244.4434 Fx: +.1.403.245.4456 Inc. Perkins Electro-Acoustic Research Lab, Inc. ❦ Engineering and Intuition Serving the Soul of Music Please note that the links in the PEARL logotype above are “live” and can be used to direct your web browser to our site or to open an e-mail message window addressed to ourselves. To view our item listings on eBay, click here. To see the feedback we have left for our customers, click here. This document has been prepared as a public service . Any and all trademarks and logotypes used herein are the property of their owners. It is our intent to provide this document in accordance with the stipulations with respect to “fair use” as delineated in Copyrights - Chapter 1: Subject Matter and Scope of Copyright; Sec. 107. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use. Public access to copy of this document is provided on the website of Cornell Law School at http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.html and is here reproduced below: Sec. 107. - Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, includ- ing such use by reproduction in copies or phono records or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for class- room use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: 1 - the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; 2 - the nature of the copyrighted work; 3 - the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copy- righted work as a whole; and 4 - the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copy- righted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors ♦ PDF Cover Page ♦ ♦ Verso Filler Page ♦ TECHNIQUE for TUBE DATA A versatile and �imple method of taking tube dlaraderiliti(�sr as a trace on the �(Teen of a cathode ray oscillo�cope is described. Advantages of this method are the small amount of equipment required and the �peed ami accuracy with which desired results can be obtained By C. C. STREET l'rlll'I,I,,",''', H. I. HE time �pent in takinK the T characteristics of vacuum tubes is something which is dreaded by most laboratory technicians, In any case the usual point-by-point deter­ minations are tedious, and errors in meter readings cannot be checked easily until the characteristic curves are drawn when it is often impossible or inconvenient to make a check reading, In some tube applications, Suitable connectlona lor determlnln9 the plate characteriatlca the characteristics of a particular of a tetrode are indicated In the aboye achematlc dla9ram tube must be known more accurately �han one can rely on the published data, and in other caSes it is desir­ desired electrode voltages or circuit could be worked out 8S the need for able that the transfer characteristics impedances required to produce the them arises, The purpose for which of the same electrode, or Q.etween desired characteristic can be selected, this method '. was first worked out two, different electrodes, have some To eliminate this laborious and was to determine the operating con­ specijled shape, as determined by the time consuming procedure, the ditions resulting in a linear charac­ volta�s appl� �. �he� or the im­ method outlined here was developed teristic between the plate voltage pedan���: i� their c;ir:cuits, Under and has been found to be of consid­ and the plate current in the IG6 the �.".ventional. pl;ocedure a char­ erable utility within its limitations, double triode, but the method has �J,t,ic of pres<;�t'2ed, form and With this method it is possible to since been used in many other meas­ ��.I, within the 1iR\\tations of the obtain the characteristic curves of urements, It may be pointed out tube in question, can be obtained the tube in question as the trace on here that the determination of the only by lIuccessi.ve approximations, the screen of a cathode-ray tube, most suitable electrode impedances that is, by taking point by point This method differs from certain may be as important, in 80me appli­ readings, plotting the. reaults, alter­ other methods of tracing the charac­ cations, as the determination of the ing some circuit constant or elec­ teristic curves on the screen of a static characteristics, and thh! trode voltage, and obtaining other cathode-ray tube in that it gives the method lends itself admirably to such characteristic data in this time-con­ instantaneous conductance relation­ work, suming manner, A family of curves IIhip of the �ame electrode, or be­ The principle of thi� method has is finally obtained from which the tween two electrodes 80 long as the electrodes for which the character­ istic is being determined can be con­ nected so a� to have a common junc­ .tion, For example, with this method the plate-voltage plate-current char­ acteristics of a triode, or the IIcreen­ vultage plate-current characteristic of a pentode can be repruduced a� a curve on the ollcillollcope fur given values uf t.he control grid biall all U paramete r, By inllcl'tillJ{ the plutc voltage immediately uiljacent to the plate, the gride-voltage plate-cu rrent Photograph of a trace on an oscilloscope, ('hlu'actt!I'illticlI clLn be ohtahH!d (01' Relation between screen grid voltage and plate Typical plate characteristics 0 a IG8 tube with current for a 6J7 with control grid at -2V, \'llriOUII vuhwlI of thtl plutt! voltage control grid at +4 volts, HII the pUJ"Umch'I', Other pOllllihilitit�1I ita orlgm in the fact that if r=­ rl'Cluin!d do not produce too much ployed to operate the deftection cir­ AI( t) and x=BI( I.), where A. and B distortion, a timc varying voltage cuits. This is done by applying the are constanta or BCale factors, then of any wave IIhape can be used in voltage drop across a non-reactive 11=Ax/B. By comparing this with tracinJ( the characteristics. resistance in the circuit measuring the standard equation for a straight An electrical circuit which is in current to the appropriate deftecting line, 1/=11Ix+b, it is evident that the conformity with thill hallie t.reatment plates. In the diagram shown, the equation we have developed is of the IIlld which IIhoWII onc appJieation of resistor, R,., is provided for this pur­ form of a straight line in which lh(! fUlulnmeritll1 ilrincipal outlined pose. To obtain the usual static m=A/B and b=O. Moreover, it i� is IIhown ill the diaJ(ram. This cir­ characteristics of a tube, this re­ apparent that the time function, in­ cuit is shown connected for the sistor should have all small a resist­ dicated by 1ft) above, has disap­ mealmrement of the plate character­ ance as possible. In this case the peared from the expression relating isticlI of a beam tetrode, although voltage drop across R,. will be rather x and 1/. other arrangementa are possible. small, and the amplifier, B, will be Fundamentally, the circuit consists required to have high gain and high of the tube whose characterilltics are output with low distortion. The ex­ ...... _ ••• 1. .f elre.1t O,.,etl•• to be determined, the appropriate act value for the resistance of R. Physically, this means that if we quiescent operating electrode volt­ will depend upon the tube under apply a time varying voltage to a ages and suitable meters for measurement, but in general this linear resistance and measure the determining these voltages, a time resistance should be of the order of voltage across this resistance and varying voltage, E" covering the tens of ohm!! rather than thousands the current through it, and apply magnitude of voltages over which of ohms. On the other hand, if the the8e electrical quantities appro­ tube operation i8 desired and prefer­ dynamic characteristics are required, priately to the vertical and hori­ ably whose peak amplitude is meas­ R,. may have much higher resistance zontal deflecting plates of a cathode­ ured, two variable gain amplifiers, -equal to the external load resist­ .ray tube, the resulting plot will be and the cathode-ray oscilloscope and ance COl' example . ' a straight line with slope A/B. ita aSllociated power 8upply circuita. To extend the reasoning to elec­ All of this equipment is usually Co••• ctloDI for Olclllo.eopo tron tubes or other non-linear con­ available in even the smalle8t of ducting devices, a8sume that the communications laboratories, which Since the tube characteristics are applied varying voltage, E., is given is a decided advantage of this usually plotted with voltage as the by method. In place of the variable independent ordinate and currents E. = E sin wt as the dependent variable, the cath­ • gain amplifier A and the beat fre­ ode-ray tube was connected so that and that the resulting electrode cur - quency osclllator as indicated in the rent is given by diagram, a transformer and voltage the horizontal displacement of the divider or autotransformer operat­ beam represented voltage varia­ i = If E.
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