Color TV, Conversion and Power Tubes
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Cathode-Ray Tube Displays for Medical Imaging
DIGITAL IMAGING BASICS Cathode-Ray Tube Displays for Medical Imaging Peter A. Keller This paper will discuss the principles of cathode-ray crease the velocity of the electron beam for tube displays in medical imaging and the parameters increased light output from the screen; essential to the selection of displays for specific 4. a focusing section to bring the electron requirements. A discussion of cathode-ray tube fun- beam to a sharp focus at the screen; damentals and medical requirements is included. 9 1990bu W.B. Saunders Company. 5. a deflection system to position the electron beam to a desired location on the screen or KEY WORDS: displays, cathode ray tube, medical scan the beam in a repetitive pattern; and irnaging, high resolution. 6. a phosphor screen to convert the invisible electron beam to visible light. he cathode-ray tube (CRT) is the heart of The assembly of electrodes or elements mounted T almost every medical display and its single within the neck of the CRT is commonly known most costly component. Brightness, resolution, as the "electron gun" (Fig 2). This is a good color, contrast, life, cost, and viewer comfort are analogy, because it is the function of the electron gun to "shoot" a beam of electrons toward the all strongly influenced by the selection of a screen or target. The velocity of the electron particular CRT by the display designer. These beam is a function of the overall accelerating factors are especially important for displays used voltage applied to the tube. For a CRT operating for medical diagnosis in which patient safety and at an accelerating voltage of 20,000 V, the comfort hinge on the ability of the display to electron velocity at the screen is about present easily readable, high-resolution images 250,000,000 mph, or about 37% of the velocity of accurately and rapidly. -
Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1
Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1 Vacuum Tubes or Thermionic Valves come in many forms including the Diode, Triode, Tetrode, Pentode, Heptode and many more. These tubes have been manufactured by the millions in years gone by and even today the basic technology finds applications in today's electronics scene. It was the vacuum tube that first opened the way to what we know as electronics today, enabling first rectifiers and then active devices to be made and used. Although Vacuum Tube technology may appear to be dated in the highly semiconductor orientated electronics industry, many Vacuum Tubes are still used today in applications ranging from vintage wireless sets to high power radio transmitters. Until recently the most widely used thermionic device was the Cathode Ray Tube that was still manufactured by the million for use in television sets, computer monitors, oscilloscopes and a variety of other electronic equipment. Concept of thermionic emission Thermionic basics The simplest form of vacuum tube is the Diode. It is ideal to use this as the first building block for explanations of the technology. It consists of two electrodes - a Cathode and an Anode held within an evacuated glass bulb, connections being made to them through the glass envelope. If a Cathode is heated, it is found that electrons from the Cathode become increasingly active and as the temperature increases they can actually leave the Cathode and enter the surrounding space. When an electron leaves the Cathode it leaves behind a positive charge, equal but opposite to that of the electron. In fact there are many millions of electrons leaving the Cathode. -
Commissioning of the Mice Rf System* A
5th International Particle Accelerator Conference IPAC2014, Dresden, Germany JACoW Publishing ISBN: 978-3-95450-132-8 doi:10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME020 COMMISSIONING OF THE MICE RF SYSTEM* A. Moss, A. Wheelhouse, T. Stanley, C. White, STFC, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, UK K. Ronald, C.G. Whyte, A.J. Dick, D.C. Speirs, SUPA, Dept.of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK S. Alsari, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, UK on behalf of the MICE Collaboration Abstract feature adjustable sections to change the response of the cavity to both input line and resistive load. On the output The Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE) is of the amplifier, the cavity length and hence its resonant being constructed at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in frequency can be adjusted, whilst a stub tuner is located in the UK. The muon beam will be cooled using multiple the output coax section to alter the coupling factor into hydrogen absorbers then reaccelerated using an RF cavity the output coax so that the amplifier may be used to drive system operating at 201MHz. This paper describes recent a range of different load conditions. For use in the MICE progress in commissioning the amplifier systems at their system the 4616 operates in long pulse mode using grid design operation conditions, installation and operation as pulsed operation and can provide up to 250kW RF output part of the MICE project. power. INTRODUCTION 4616 Power Supply The muon ionisation cooling experiment is a The power supply for the tetrode amplifier consists of a demonstration of practical cooling for future muon TDK-Lambda 500A capacitor charger power supply acceleration schemes. -
The National Valve Museum
The National Valve Museum Updates August 2016 Added one article:- Focusing Cathode-Rays Added one timeline feature:- October 1966 – Captain H J Round Obituary. Added 108 vintage adverts:- adv-1007 Hivac XFW40 adv-1008 English Electric CRT T901A adv-1009 Osram Audio Output Valves adv-1010 Brimar 12AT7 adv-1011 Mullard 61SV adv-1012 Ediswan Photo-multiplier advert adv-1013 Mazda Brand Advert adv-1014 GEC Brand Advert adv-1015 Hivac Difference Diode Advert adv-1016 Osram Band III TV Valves Advert adv-1017 Ediswan Aluminized TV Tubes Advert adv-1018 Mullard PL81 Advert adv-1019 Ediswan 12E1 Advert adv-1020 Mullard QV06-20 Advert adv-1021 Ediswan Photo-multiplier advert adv-1022 Hivac Flat Sub-miniature Range Advert adv-1023 EMI RK6112 Klystron Advert adv-1024 GEC Rectangular TV Tubes Advert adv-1025 Ediswan Aluminised Television CRT's Advert adv-1026 Mullard EF80 Advert adv-1027 Mullard Valves for VHF Advert adv-1028 Brimar Brand Advert adv-1029 Hivac XR4 Advert adv-1030 Ediswan Glass-Metal Seals Advert adv-1031 Hivac XE2 Advert. adv-1032 Commercial Mullard 5-10 Amplifier Advert adv-1033 English Electric Image Orthicon Advert adv-1034 Thomson-CSF CRTs Advert adv-1035 Brimar M14-100 CRT Advert adv-1036 English Electric 0A2WA Advert adv-1037 English Electric RF Heating Valves Advert adv-1038 GEC New KT88 Advert adv-1039 Brimar D18-130 Advert adv-1040 English Electric CRTs Advert adv-1041 Ferranti Handbooks Advert adv-1042 Mullard Directly-heated Miniatures Advert adv-1043 STC 5A/170K Advert adv-1044 Ferranti Ceramic Valves Advert adv-1045 Westinghouse -
TECHNIQUE for TUBE DATA
Web: http://www.pearl-hifi.com 86008, 2106 33 Ave. SW, Calgary, AB; CAN T2T 1Z6 E-mail: [email protected] Ph: +.1.403.244.4434 Fx: +.1.403.245.4456 Inc. Perkins Electro-Acoustic Research Lab, Inc. ❦ Engineering and Intuition Serving the Soul of Music Please note that the links in the PEARL logotype above are “live” and can be used to direct your web browser to our site or to open an e-mail message window addressed to ourselves. To view our item listings on eBay, click here. To see the feedback we have left for our customers, click here. This document has been prepared as a public service . Any and all trademarks and logotypes used herein are the property of their owners. It is our intent to provide this document in accordance with the stipulations with respect to “fair use” as delineated in Copyrights - Chapter 1: Subject Matter and Scope of Copyright; Sec. 107. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use. Public access to copy of this document is provided on the website of Cornell Law School at http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.html and is here reproduced below: Sec. 107. - Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, includ- ing such use by reproduction in copies or phono records or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for class- room use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. -
Optomized Electron Stream Web Pages
Web: http://www.pearl-hifi.com 86008, 2106 33 Ave. SW, Calgary, AB; CAN T2T 1Z6 E-mail: [email protected] Ph: +.1.403.244.4434 Fx: +.1.403.244.7134 Precision Electro-Acoustic Research Laboratory ❦ Hand-Builders of Fine Music-Reproduction Equipment Please note that the links in the PEARL logotype above are “live” and can be used to direct your web browser to our site or to open an e-mail message window addressed to ourselves. To view our item listings on eBay, click here. To see the feedback we have left for our customers, click here. This document has been prepared as a public service . Any and all trademarks and logotypes used herein are the property of their owners. It is our intent to provide this document in accordance with the stipulations with respect to “fair use” as delineated in Copyrights - Chapter 1: Subject Matter and Scope of Copyright; Sec. 107. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use. Public access to copy of this document is provided on the website of Cornell Law School ( http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.html ) and is here reproduced below:: Sec. 107. - Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, includ- ing such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for class- room use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: 1 - the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; 2 - the nature of the copyrighted work; 3 - the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copy righted work as a whole; and 4 - the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copy- righted work. -
Popular Electronics Build a Subwoofer Let Your Home Theater Roar and Rumble
PRIMESTAR. THE DBS ALTERNATIVE Popular Electronics Build A Subwoofer Let your home theater roar and rumble The Truth About Speaker Cables What's really inside those expensive audiophile cables? Designing Speaker Crossovers Create your own great -sounding speakers d SBk'BDCCH.xux.xx 5-DIGIT 60506 Random -at Image k6O506C+HM997GA006M FEB96 P73 Make 3 -D images that pop o ROBERT RAHM RESP of your computer's screen 116 997 GRAND AUE AURORA IL 60506 -2513 $3.50: U.S. $3.95 CAN. FrJEL1t;Aricarí www.americanradiohistory.comAmericanRadioHistory.Com MIXED-MODE POWER Design & Verify Faster with Electronics Workbench® More Power s Simulate bigger and more Electronic complex circuits. Faster. On average, Electronics Analog, Digital & e nch Workbench Version 4 is o rb more than 5 times faster l compbner Mixed Circuits in a lab than Version 3. Electronics Workbench" The electronics Version 4 is a fully integrated schematic capture, simulator and graphical waveform More Parts generator. It is simple to Multiple parts bins mix analog and digital parts contain over twice the in any combination. components of Version 3. Design and Verify Circuits... Fast! More Models Electronics Workbench s Over 350 real world analog simple, direct interface and digital models are helps you build circuits included free with in a fraction of the time. Electronics Workbench. Try `what if' scenarios and And, if you need more, an fine tune your designs additional 2,0(X) models painlessly. are available. Electronics Workbench delivers the power you need to design and verify analog, digital and true mixed mode circuits. Over 20,000 customers have already put Electronics Workbench to the test. -
New Color Patterning Techniques for OLED Displays
New Color Patterning Techniques for OLED Displays by Yoshitaka Kajiyama A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2015 ©Yoshitaka Kajiyama 2015 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) are light emitting devices consisting of a stack of organic semiconductors sandwiched by electrodes. Since the first report of a high-efficiency device by Tang and Van Slyke in 1987, OLEDs have attracted considerable attention, particularly for use in flat panel displays. OLEDs provide these products improved power consumption, contrast, response speed, viewing angle, and compatibility with flexible displays. The performance of OLEDs has improved considerably, especially in terms of stability and efficiency, so they can now meet the requirements for some display products. However, the commercialization of OLED displays remains limited and is hampered primarily by manufacturing issues. These issues include low manufacturing yield, high fabrication cost, and low display quality. Manufacturing issues are largely attributed to difficulties with the color patterning process, the fabrication process by which arrays of red, green and blue (RGB) OLEDs can be made side-by-side on one substrate in order to obtain a full-color display. Currently, RGB color patterning is done by sequential vacuum deposition of red, green and blue materials through a pre-patterned shadow mask, which is typically made of a thin metal sheet. -
SCREEN GRIDS in AUDIO and RF MODULATOR POWER TUBES
SCREEN GRIDS in AUDIO and RF MODULATOR POWER TUBES Readers - please note this page is presented for your education, information and guidance only. This paper refers only to the characteristics and performance of push-pull tube audio amplifiers without trans-stage or loop negative feedback. For reasons detailed elsewhere in my website I have no interest whatsoever in either single-ended amplifiers or trans- stage negative feedback. For full ratings and applications of specific tube types in which you are interested please refer to the manufacturer's catalogue. Please note that no warranty is expressed or implied - see footnote notice. The whole or part thereof of this paper and/or the designs and design concepts expressed therein may be reproduced for personal use - but not for commercial gain or reward without the express written permission of the author. © Copyright: Dennis R. Grimwoood - All rights reserved. Copyright in all quoted works remains with their original owner, author and publisher, as applicable. 1. INTRODUCTION Traditionally, the design of audio amplifiers has followed fairly clear and well established design principles. Some of those principles relate to the way in which Screen Grids are used to control current flow in audio amplifier tubes, particularly power tubes. Examination of professionally designed commercial circuits spanning more than 60 years' audio technology shows us there has been very little innovation in the way in which Screen Grids are used - ie little variation in, or departure from, conventional, traditional Screen-Grid application design concepts. It is understandable why this is so, because innovative engineering was not encouraged in the consumption driven expanding global marketplaces of the 1940's through 1970's. -
A Comparative Study on Shadow Compensation of Color Aerial Images in Invariant Color Models Victor J
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 44, NO. 6, JUNE 2006 1661 A Comparative Study on Shadow Compensation of Color Aerial Images in Invariant Color Models Victor J. D. Tsai Abstract—In urban color aerial images, shadows cast by a normalized hue, saturation, and intensity (HSI) color space. cultural features may cause false color tone, loss of feature in- Susuki et al. [11] presented a method that applies separation formation, shape distortion of objects, and failure of conjugate of spatial frequency components and probabilistic shadow image matching within the shadow area. This paper presents an automatic property-based approach for the detection and com- segmentation in the red, green, and blue (RGB) space and pensation of shadow regions with shape information preserved in compensations of intensity and saturation values to improve complex urban color aerial images for solving problems caused by the visibility of features in shadowed regions while retaining cast shadows in digital image mapping. The technique is applied nonshadowed regions and the natural tint of shadowed regions. in several invariant color spaces that decouple luminance and Recently, Huang et al. [12] presented an imaging model of chromaticity, including HSI, HSV, HCV, YIQ, and YC C models. Experimental results from de-shadowing color aerial images of a shadows based on Phong illumination model [13] and em- complex building and a highway segment in these color models are ployed thresholding on the hue, blue, and green-blue difference evaluated in terms of visual comparisons and shadow detection components sequentially to detect shadowed areas, which were accuracy assessments. The results show the effectiveness of the then compensated by applying the Retinex technique to both proposed approach in revealing details under shadows and the shadowed and nonshadowed areas separately. -
Characterization of Color CRT Display Systems for Monochrome Applications
Characterization of Color CRT Display Systems for Monochrome Applications G. Spekowius Soft-copy presentation of medical images is becoming presented frequently on color CRT display systems. more and more important as medical imaging is Particularly, if general-purpose workstations or strongly moving toward digital technology, and health care facilities are converting to filmless hospital and PCs are used for medical viewing, color monitors radiological information management. Although most are more or less standard. These common computer medical images are monochrome, frequently they are graphic displays ate applied without any further displayed on color CRTs, particularly if general- modification. This is in contrast to the medical purpose workstations or PCs are used for medical monochrome monitors, which normally are devel- viewing. In the present report, general measurement oped especially to fulfill the high image quality and modeling procedures for the characterization of color CRT monitors for monochrome presentation are requirements of medical imaging. Because the total introduced. The contributions from the three color number of medical displays is small in comparison channels (red, green, and blue) are weighted accord- to consumer applications, there is little incentive ing to the spectral sensitivity of the human eye for for the consumer display industry to develop spe- photopic viewing. The luminance behavior and the cial color CRTs for medical imaging. Hence, the resolution capabilities of color CRT monitors are ana- lyzed with the help of photometer and charge-coupled limitations of the consumer monitor CRT also device (CCD) camera measurements. For the evalua- apply to medical usage and might limit the image tion of spatial resolution, a two-dimensional Fourier quality for some applications. -
Prepared by Dr.P.Sumathi
COMPUTER GRAPHICS 18BIT53C UNIT I: Overview of Graphics System – Display Devices – CRT – Random Scan and Raster Scan Monitors – Techniques for Producing Colour Display – Beam – Penetration and Shadow – Mask Methods – DVST – Plasma – Panel Displays – Hardcopy Devices – Printers and Plotters – Display Processors – Output Primitives – DDA and Bresenham’s line drawing algorithms – Antialiasing lines – Bresenham’s Circle Algorithm – Character Generation. UNIT II: Two-dimensional Transformations – Scaling, Translation and Rotation – Matrix Representations – Composite Transformations – Reflection – Shearing – Other Transformations. Windowing and Clipping – Concepts – Cohen and Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm – Midpoint Subdivision. UNIT III: Three dimensional Concept- Three-Dimensional object representations – polygon surfaces – polygon tables- plane equations - Three-Dimensional geometric transformations – translation – rotation – scaling – other transformations. UNIT IV: Three-Dimensional viewing – viewing pipeline - Display Techniques – Parallel Projection – Perspective Projection – Hidden-Surface and Hidden-Line removal – Back face removal – Depth Buffer Method – Scan Line Method – BSP Tree Methods – Depth-Sorting Method – Area-subdivision Method – Octree Methods – Comparison of Hidden-Surface Methods. UNIT V: Colour models and colour applications – properties of light – standard primaries and the chromaticity diagram – xyz colour model – CIE chromaticity diagram – RGB colour model – YIQ, CMY, HSV colour models, conversion between HSV and RGB models, HLS colour model, colour selection and applications. TEXT BOOK 1. Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker, “Computer Graphics”, Prentice Hall of India, 2001. Prepared by Dr.P.Sumathi 1 COMPUTER GRAPHICS Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures on computer screens with the help of programming. It involves computations, creation, and manipulation of data. In other words, we can say that computer graphics is a rendering tool for the generation and manipulation of images.