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The LW6-180 Amplifier

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The LW6-180 Amplifier The LW6-180 Amplifier This author shares with us his design of a high-quality audio amp that produces 180W mono, bridge or balanced input, and 90 + 90W stereo. BY SILVIO MANGINI designed this Class AB2 am- ’90’s tube revival, good engineer- plifier (Photo 1) around the ing practice may not be the Iunion of the 18TU output main issue, as directly heated transformer and the 6LW6 triode wizards well know. So a high-perveance beam power lot of cheap NOS horizontal tube. The main specifications output tubes that look like are reported in Table 1 against new audio output tubes, de- IEC 268 standards. signed for a no-compromise amplifier, should have low THE 6LW6 impedance (i.e., high per- The 6LW6 (and its 26V and veance) and a low amplifica- 36V variants) are among the tion factor, after Champeix2: most powerful receiving tubes = ²⁄₃ −²⁄₃ −¹⁄₃ µ+ (Photo 2). Octal predecessor of rp p Ia ( 1) the more famous 6LF6, the 6LW6 = is a 40W beam tetrode in T14-7 where rp plate resistance, size, originally intended as a horizontal- PHOTO 1: Completed amplifier. deflection amplifier that clearly surpasses p = perveance = cost × (S/d2) = f(electrode the 6550A and KT88. knowledge there is no solid-state four- geometry), Horizontal-deflection output tubes terminal equivalent). The KT88 is a = with their astounding performance were tougher 6L6, something like two in paral- Ia plate current, not extensively used in audio amplifiers, lel. But the 6LW6, 6LF6, or even the 30W because high perveance must be paid 6JE6 (the MC-3500 output tube) behave S = electrode extension = f(effective cath- for from a lower than plate-screen-volt- like tougher KT88s. ode area), and age rating. Looking at the beam-power-tube gold- In reading Schade,1 every tube ama- en age, a continuous trend to increased d = electrode distance. teur should see what a masterpiece the transconductance, while saving medium 6L6 was in tube history (and to my µ, is evident: 6L6, 6mA/V; 6550, 11 mA/V; Finally, since large cathode means high 8417, 23mA/V. This was heater power, and the cathode-heater due to good engineer- system is the primary tube-life factor, I TABLE 1 ing, the output stage believe research should be focused on SPECIFICATIONS LW6-180 IEC 268 needing to work on cathode improvement. Frequency response 10Hz/50kHz-0.5dB 20Hz/20kHz ± 0.5dB moderately low imped- Total harmonic distortion 0.16% (1kHz), 0.4%(20Hz), <0.2% (20Hz/20kHz) ances (4–5kΩ) driven MODIFIED ULTRALINEAR 0.4%(20kHz) Intermodulation distortion 0.4% (50Hz, 7kHz 4:1) <0.3% (idem) fairly by simple circuits. Operation of low-impedance beam power Output power 2 × 90W >2 × 10W Nevertheless, in the tubes at levels exceeding the screen rat- Absorbed power 300/580 VA Not specified S/N >100dB (lin) >80dB (lin) Channel imbalance <1dB (0 to −40dB) <2dB (idem) Channel separation >50dB >40dB ABOUT THE AUTHOR Silvio Mangini lives in Imperia, Italy. He built his first tube amp, a PP EL 84, in 1976. In the ’80s, while study- ing Chemistry at Genoa University, he found Langford- Smith and other books and learned to design and wind OPT. Since 1989 he has worked as production manag- er in a small food and bulk pharmaceutical company. His hobbies are tubes and mountain hiking. PHOTO 2: 40W beam power tubes. GLASS AUDIO 3/99 1 FIGURE 1: Modified ultralinear. FIUGRE 2: Operation data. TABLE 3 You can investigate the modified low a cathode load to be really different SUBSTITUTION CHART ultralinear output circuit more thor- from pentode output. oughly elsewhere; right now you Moreover, both the Luxman and McIn- ORIGINAL EQUIVALENT SUBSTITUTE only need to consider that it yields tosh reach the high drive needed from 6LW6 26LW6, 36LW6 6LF6 (1), EL519 (1,2) superior performance in all respects the output stage by positive feedback ap- 12AZ7A 12AZ7 6BZ7 (1) 7119 E182CC 12BH7 (1,2,3), 7044 (4) (distortion, susceptibility to load plied to driver; in the LW6-180, I preferred 5814A E82CC 12AU7 variation, output impedance) at the the straightforward, i.e., a B+ high enough E86C EC86 6CM4, 6AB4¹⁄₂ 12AT7 (1.5) expense of high drive requirements. to fulfill the requirement directly. 5670 2C51 6DJ8 (1,3) Finally, this amplifier has a stabilized, 5881 6L6WGB 6L6GC (4) soft-starting power supply and an origi- E90F 6661 6BH6 TABLE 4 nal input amplifier that renders frequen- EL82 6DY5 6CW5, 6BQ5 18TU SPECIFICATIONS EC81 6R4 12AU7 (1,5) cy bandwidth independent from volume (1) different basing Nominal power/impedance 100W/8Ω setting, and provides a bridging option. Turns ratio (whole primary to secondary) 16.74:1 (2) lower ratings I used special quality tubes wherever (3) minor changes in circuit parameter/performance Ultralinear ratio (cathode to whole primary) 0.43:1 (4) higher ratings Insertion loss 0.25dB possible; you can substitute these for (5) major changes Primary current (per leg) 300mA current equivalents, no particular rating Primary inductance (whole primary) 575H being necessary beyond superior quality. Leakage inductance (modified ultralinear) 1.2mH See substitution chart, Table 3. from page 16 Effective primary capacitance 150pF ings leads to loss of tube life. Both pen- OUTPUT STAGE tode and ultralinear connections can easi- Moreover, modified ultralinear configura- The output stage is the combination of ly put severe stress on the screen grid in tion allows the screen grid to be supplied output tubes and output transformer: order to obtain full output from a given with correct voltage, stabilized if neces- none of these elements alone can provide tube. This is why the plate-voltage rating sary, and act as a kind of DC control elec- anything. The 18TU is the output trans- in an ultralinear connection (supposedly trode, whereas the plate is the power former I designed and wound for this am- equal to the screen-voltage rating) is gen- electrode. plifier in 1997. The basic specifications are erally lower than in a pentode connection As you will see later, the LW6-180 (Fig. 3) listed in Table 4. The 18TU has H-class (where you can use a lower supply for is designed with a large margin below the windings, Nomex insulation, and a Terni screen grids). maximum rating of every component; the M6 grain-oriented, annealed core. The inherently low screen-voltage rat- output-tube screen grid has a full load dis- In audio output-transformer design, ing of horizontal-deflection tubes led to sipation of about 2.2W against the 7W de- the best balance between electro-magnet- some disagreeable inconveniences, such sign-maximum rating of the 6LW6 (Fig. 2). ic properties of available materials and re- as a lot of tube abuse from one side, and quired performance is a matter of art. Be- an awful thing called “enhanced mode” LW6-180 SCHEMATIC yond these, it is important to bear in mind from the other. Figure 3 is the LW6-180 schematic, and that the right path in tube-audio power- The elegant solution was pointed out Table 2 is the parts list. It has some fea- amp design is performance, output trans- by Crowhurst3 and his modified ultralin- tures in common with the Luxman former, output tubes; i.e., the transformer ear configuration: sharing the tube load A30004 and the McIntosh MC275,5 but calls for certain tube characteristics, and between plate and cathode not only pro- the former has triode output, while the not vice-versa. (By the way, this is the rea- vides a great advantage in output-trans- latter has pentode. Modest examples of son why OTL is ruled out for me: no trans- former design, but also makes it possible modified ultralinear are the Quad II6 and former, no amp.) to operate screen grids at proper voltage. the Audio Research D795, both having too A careful review of relevant literature 2 GLASS AUDIO 3/99 TABLE 2 PARTS LIST Note: R100-C100-D100 = channel L R401, R402 50k Plastic film 2 × 50k Log (sect. Aligned −1dB from R200-C200-D200 = channel R 0 to −40dB) R300-C300-D300 = power supply R403 22k Metal film ¹⁄₂W 1% R400-C400 = input amplifier R404 2.7k Metal film ¹⁄₄W 1% ¹⁄₂ RESISTORS R405 39k Metal film W 1% ¹⁄₄ NUMBER VALUE(Ω) DESCRIPTION R406 390k Metal film W 1% R407 6.8M Metal film ¹⁄₄W 5% R201 560 Metal film ¹⁄₄W 1% R408 22k Metal film ¹⁄₂W 1% R202 46.4k Metal film ¹⁄₄W 1% R409 2.2k Metal film ¹⁄₄W 1% R203 470 Metal film ¹⁄₄W 1% R410 2.7k Metal film ¹⁄₄W 1% R204 100 Metal film ¹⁄₄W 1% R411 390k Metal film ¹⁄₄W 1% R205 9.9k Metal film 18k & 22k ¹⁄₂W 1% in parallel R412 39k Metal film ¹⁄₂W 1% R206 2.48k Metal film 3.9k & 6.8k ¹⁄₄W 1% in parallel R207 47 Metal film ¹⁄₄W 1% CAPACITORS R208 44k Metal oxide 2 × 22k 3W 5% NUMBER VALUE DESCRIPTION R209 1M Metal film ¹⁄₄W 1% C201 100µF Electrolytic 250V 20% R210 19.5k Metal film 2 × 39k ¹⁄₂W 1% parallel C202 470pF Silver mica 500V 1% R211 10k Helitrim 20 turns ¹⁄₂W C203 201pF Silver mica 500V 1% R212 54k Metal film 2 × 27k ¹⁄₂W 1% C204 360pF Silver mica 500V 1% R213 66k Metal film 2 × 33k ¹⁄₂W 1% C205 0.47µF Polyester 630V 10% R214, R215 3.3M Metal film ¹⁄₂W 5% C206, C207 0.044µF Polypropylene 630V 10%, 2 × 0.022 in parallel R216, R217 330k Metal film ¹⁄₂W 1% C208 33pF Silver mica 500V 2% R218 3.3k Metal oxide 1W 5% C209 100µF Electrolytic 100V 20% R219 22k Metal film ¹⁄₂W 1% C210, C211 0.22µF Polypropylene 1000V 10% R220, R221 60k Metal oxide 27k & 33k 3W 5% in series C212, C213 10µF Polyester 250V 10% R222, R223 820k Metal film ¹⁄₂W 1% C214 0.1µF Polyester 630V 10% R224, R225 20k Helitrim 20 turns ¹⁄₂W C301 0.01µF Polypropylene 1500V 10% R226, R227 22k Metal oxide 3W 5% C302 100µF Electrolytic 100V 20% R228, R229 12k Metal oxide 3W 5% C303–C312 0.01µF Polypropylene 1000V 10% R230, R231 1.2k
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