Politics Becomes More Complicated in Ways That Will Exacerbate Gridlock
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European Bulletin of Himalayan Research 27: 67-125 (2004)
Realities and Images of Nepal’s Maoists after the Attack on Beni1 Kiyoko Ogura 1. The background to Maoist military attacks on district head- quarters “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun” – Mao Tse-Tung’s slogan grabs the reader’s attention at the top of its website.2 As the slogan indicates, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) has been giving priority to strengthening and expanding its armed front since they started the People’s War on 13 February 1996. When they launched the People’s War by attacking some police posts in remote areas, they held only home-made guns and khukuris in their hands. Today they are equipped with more modern weapons such as AK-47s, 81-mm mortars, and LMGs (Light Machine Guns) purchased from abroad or looted from the security forces. The Maoists now are not merely strengthening their military actions, such as ambushing and raiding the security forces, but also murdering their political “enemies” and abducting civilians, using their guns to force them to participate in their political programmes. 1.1. The initial stages of the People’s War The Maoists developed their army step by step from 1996. The following paragraph outlines how they developed their army during the initial period of three years on the basis of an interview with a Central Committee member of the CPN (Maoist), who was in charge of Rolpa, Rukum, and Jajarkot districts (the Maoists’ base area since the beginning). It was given to Li Onesto, an American journalist from the Revolutionary Worker, in 1999 (Onesto 1999b). -
The North Kalimantan Communist Party and the People's Republic Of
The Developing Economies, XLIII-4 (December 2005): 489–513 THE NORTH KALIMANTAN COMMUNIST PARTY AND THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FUJIO HARA First version received January 2005; final version accepted July 2005 In this article, the author offers a detailed analysis of the history of the North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP), a political organization whose foundation date itself has been thus far ambiguous, relying mainly on the party’s own documents. The relation- ships between the Brunei Uprising and the armed struggle in Sarawak are also referred to. Though the Brunei Uprising of 1962 waged by the Partai Rakyat Brunei (People’s Party of Brunei) was soon followed by armed struggle in Sarawak, their relations have so far not been adequately analyzed. The author also examines the decisive roles played by Wen Ming Chyuan, Chairman of the NKCP, and the People’s Republic of China, which supported the NKCP for the entire period following its inauguration. INTRODUCTION PRELIMINARY study of the North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP, here- after referred to as “the Party”), an illegal leftist political party based in A Sarawak, was published by this author in 2000 (Hara 2000). However, the study did not rely on the official documents of the Party itself, but instead relied mainly on information provided by third parties such as the Renmin ribao of China and the Zhen xian bao, the newspaper that was the weekly organ of the now defunct Barisan Sosialis of Singapore. Though these were closely connected with the NKCP, many problems still remained unresolved. In this study the author attempts to construct a more precise party history relying mainly on the party’s own information and docu- ments provided by former members during the author’s visit to Sibu in August 2001.1 –––––––––––––––––––––––––– This paper is an outcome of research funded by the Pache Research Subsidy I-A of Nanzan University for the academic year 2000. -
Dharmendra Bastola
INSIDE THIS ISSUE INTERVIEW 10 We are going to hold Third Centralized Programme Ram Bahadur Th apa 'Badal' OPINION14 4 COVER STORY Policies of Diplomacy Changing form of Struggle 23 SPEECH and Politics for New Form of Resistance Conspiracy 27 DOCUMENT Our Prime Concern Dharmendra Bastola 'Kanchan' Peace and Constitution PERSPECTIVE19 34 CULTURE People's Movement and its Preparation for Cultural Aspect Hira Mani Dukhi new Shake-up 36 VIEW The Origin and Concept of Maheshwar Dahal Human Rights Dr. K. B. Rokaya MEDIA 30 39 STRUGGLE Achievement of 3rd People's Nepali Media Movement Approaching Deependra Rokaya Waiting for Change 41 MEMOIR Govinda Acharya Being Arrested ! Manoj Gharti Magar 16-31 May, 2010 1 Patriotic-progressive front independence. Th ough there is still diff erence in should be made social and economic status, there are some com- During the period of general mass mon interests among the Nepalese people. We are strike, hundred thousands of the common living in the same country and we are suff ering people actively participated in continu- fr om the same common problems. Nepalese ous strike. By seeing the militant type of people can fi ght collectively against their common formation and chain of command, few enemies. For that, the fr ont of patriotic-progres- people assumed that they all were well sive should be made on time. trained warriors. However, they were Himal Rai common people except the volunteers Panchthar fr om Young Communist League (YCL). Th ey were in the formation because they had come in a new place and the busy ‘Emperor’s new clothes’ city where there they had to follow some Th e so called intellengentia and journalists certain norms and the values that is made of Nepal have distorted chairman Prachanda’s by the team for their security and for its view. -
It's Time for Election
THEVol - I, No - 5, march 1-15, 2008 Rs. 10 /- REDwww.krishnasenonline.org STARNepal’s National Magazine It’s time for election Finally, the nation seems to have slogans of the CA and establishment moved into the election to the Constitu- of democratic republic to confound the ent Assembly (CA) slated for April 10. people and weaken the Maoists. More- The competition will be mainly among over the government ignored to imple- the revolutionary, reformist and reac- ment many issues of Comprehensive tionary forces. The revolutionary has to Peace Accord. For this reason, CPN-Mao- contest against both the reformist and ist quitted the interim government and the reactionary forces which are about conducted street struggle. These steps to come together to maintain their hold made the people understand the reality and prevent any changes in the country. and obviously the support of the people The revolutionary has the responsibility heightened in favour of the Maoist. - After four month long struggle, the alise achievements of the decade-long 23-point agreement was made among People’sto fulfill publicWar (PW) aspirations and 19-day and instutionPeople’s the six parties to address the demands of Movement. the champion of the CA, the Maoist. The Webs of conspiracies were knitted last agreement built the ground for the for two years to avert the CA election election and a new date for the election and check revolutionaries from secur- was set. ing victory. The election scheduled for Again ‘Madheshi leaders’ close to mid-June last year was aborted because the Indian ruling class, were levered to the political situation of CPN-Maoist was stage a communal and regional protests. -
Nepal, Country Information
Nepal, Country Information NEPAL ASSESSMENT APRIL 2003 Country Information and Policy Unit I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II. GEOGRAPHY III. ECONOMY IV. HISTORY V. STATE STRUCTURES VI. HUMAN RIGHTS VIA. HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES VIB. HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS VIC. HUMAN RIGHTS - OTHER ISSUES ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS ANNEX B: POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS ANNEX C: PROMINENT PEOPLE ANNEX D: GLOSSARY ANNEX E: REFERENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. The document does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum / human rights determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum / human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum-seeker producing countries in the United Kingdom. file:///V|/vll/country/uk_cntry_assess/apr2003/0403_Nepal.htm[10/21/2014 9:56:28 AM] Nepal, Country Information 2. GEOGRAPHY Geography 2.1. The Kingdom of Nepal is a high Himalayan country, flat and fertile in the south (Terai region). -
The Malayan Communist Party's Struggle for Hearts and Minds In
No. 116 ‘Voice of the Malayan Revolution’: The Communist Party of Malaya’s Struggle for Hearts and Minds in the ‘Second Malayan Emergency’ (1969-1975) Ong Wei Chong Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Singapore 13 October 2006 With Compliments This Working Paper series presents papers in a preliminary form and serves to stimulate comment and discussion. The views expressed are entirely the author’s own and not that of the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies The Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS) was established in July 1996 as an autonomous research institute within the Nanyang Technological University. Its objectives are to: • Conduct research on security, strategic and international issues. • Provide general and graduate education in strategic studies, international relations, defence management and defence technology. • Promote joint and exchange programmes with similar regional and international institutions; and organise seminars/conferences on topics salient to the strategic and policy communities of the Asia-Pacific. Constituents of IDSS include the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR), the Centre of Excellence for National Security (CENS) and the Asian Programme for Negotiation and Conflict Management (APNCM). Research Through its Working Paper Series, IDSS Commentaries and other publications, the Institute seeks to share its research findings with the strategic studies and defence policy communities. The Institute’s researchers are also encouraged to publish their writings in refereed journals. The focus of research is on issues relating to the security and stability of the Asia-Pacific region and their implications for Singapore and other countries in the region. The Institute has also established the S. -
Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections 2008 Elections Parliamentary of Chronicle Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections Volume 42
Couverture_Ang:Mise en page 1 22.04.09 17:27 Page1 Print ISSN: 1994-0963 Electronic ISSN: 1994-098X INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION CHRONICLE OF PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 2008 CHRONICLE OF PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS VOLUME 42 Published annually in English and French since 1967, the Chronicle of Parliamen tary Elections reports on all national legislative elections held throughout the world during a given year. It includes information on the electoral system, the background and outcome of each election as well as statistics on the results, distribution of votes and distribution of seats according to political group, sex and age. The information contained in the Chronicle can also be found in the IPU’s database on national parliaments, PARLINE. PARLINE is accessible on the IPU web site (http://www.ipu.org) and is continually updated. Inter-Parliamentary Union VOLUME 42 5, chemin du Pommier Case postale 330 CH-1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Geneva – Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 919 41 50 Fax: +41 22 919 41 60 2008 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ipu.org 2008 Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections VOLUME 42 1 January - 31 December 2008 © Inter-Parliamentary Union 2009 Print ISSN: 1994-0963 Electronic ISSN: 1994-098X Photo credits Front cover: Photo AFP/Pascal Pavani Back cover: Photo AFP/Tugela Ridley Inter-Parliamentary Union Office of the Permanent Observer of 5, chemin du Pommier the IPU to the United Nations Case postale 330 220 East 42nd Street CH-1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Suite 3002 Geneva — Switzerland New York, N.Y. 10017 USA Tel.: + 41 22 919 -
A Study of Contemporary Nepalese Muslim Political Discourse
Politics of ‘Inclusiveness’: A Study of Contemporary Nepalese Muslim Political Discourse Nazima Parveen Visiting Scholar, CNAS University of Kathmandu, Nepal Abstract The project traces how different communities of Nepal have been conceptualized as a nation. It offers a definition of their intrinsic relationship with different forms of Nepali state. The project examines the idea of inclusiveness—an idea which has recently gained popularity after the rise of the Maoist democratic regime. Inclusiveness has been regarded as a point of reference in looking at various political/administrative discourses which define Nepal as a singular entity and provide legitimate conceptual spaces to minorities. Beyond the conventional mainstream/minority discourse binary, the project traces the genealogy of the concept of minority. It examines issues and concerns related to Muslims that pose a challenge to the formation of the erstwhile Hindu kingdom of Nepal, as well as the newly established democratic republican state. This Muslim-centric approach is also linked with the policy discourse on preferential treatment, a demand rife with significant political overtones in the post-1990 transition period. For instance, Muslims did not only contest Parliamentary elections in 1991 but also demanded that they be given 10% reservation in educational institutions and government services. In this sense, administrative policies specifically designed for the welfare and development of society might contradict those policies and programs dealing with the specific issues -
History of Asian Communism 315 1 Are the Specialists Who Examine the Spread of Communism in a Wider Geographical 2 and Historical Context Than the Modern Nation State
1 14 Towards a geo- history of Asian 2 3 Communism 4 5 The case of early Sino-Vietnamese 6 revolutionary overlaps 7 8 9 Christopher E. Goscha 10 11 12 Introduction 13 14 The anti-Communist “Red Scares” in the United States and parts of Asia 15 obsessed with Chinese Communist “expansionism”, the Vietnam War and its 16 radicalisation of intellectual and political circles, and especially the violent melt- 17 down of Asian Communism in the late 1970s have never made it easy to study 18 Asian Communism in cool- headed ways. During the height of the Cold War, 19 only anti- Communists and defenders of the “domino theory” spoke of the 20 “spread” or “expansion” of Chinese and Vietnamese Communism into East and 21 Southeast Asia. Anti- Communist states in Southeast Asia often transformed 22 long- standing Chinese communities into “Fifth Columns” working secretly for 23 Beijing. The “Overseas Chinese” were often equated with “Communists” by 24 Indonesian offcials, while the Thais adopted remarkably similar policies towards 25 the “overseas Vietnamese” concentrated in northeast Thailand. If the Sino- 26 Vietnamese Communist alliance in the early 1950s convinced many Western 27 leaders that the Asian dominos would fall to the Chinese communists, the violent 28 fall- out between Vietnamese and Chinese Communists in 1979 saw Chinese and 29 Vietnamese Communist allies break, violently, over the control of former French 30 Indochina and purge their longstanding interactions from the offcial historical 31 record. He or she who writes on Asian Communism in transnational ways must 32 still tread very carefully because offcial and not so offcial historiographies of 33 the Cold War in Asia remain mined. -
Constitution, Institutions and a Model for Economic Development in Nepal
Munich Personal RePEc Archive Constitution, Institutions and A Model for Economic Development in Nepal Bhattarai, Keshab Business School, University of Hull, HU6 7RX, Hull 1 January 2015 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93261/ MPRA Paper No. 93261, posted 12 Apr 2019 04:33 UTC Constitution, Institutions and A Model for Economic Development in Nepal Keshab Bhattarai University of Hull Business School, UK Abstract Nepal made signi…cant progress in removing monarchy and terrors of Maoists in the last decade. It however lacks a stable solution for speedier economic growth and development as the major political parties are still struggling to institutionalize the new political framework set up by the new constitution of Nepal that was promulgated by the Constitution Assembly of Nepal (CAN-II ) for the federal democratic republic of Nepal on 20 September 2015. Nepalese economy crippled by the terrible earthquake of April 2015 got further para- lyzed by the undeclared blockade from India that was afraid of separatist move- ments in southern Nepal. NC led government managed to conduct free and fair elections of central, provincial and local governments by the end of 2017 in which the NCP, a new allaince of communist CPN-UML and CPN-Maoist parties was able to secure the absolute majority based on radical manifesto promises relegating the NC to a weak opposition. The NCP government has however failed totally to implement its promises in practice bringing inclusive programmes suitable to multi-ethnic, multi-climatic and multi-cultural and multi-linguistic economy and society. Corruption has spread further from the top to the bottom. -
Malaysian Perceptions of China Ibrahim Abu Bakar Head of Islamic Religion and the Malay Custom the Idea to Form the Federation of Malaysia in His Respective State
HAOL, Núm. 7 (Primavera, 2005), 93-105 ISSN 1696-2060 MALAYSIAN PERCEPTIONS OF CHINA Ibrahim Abu Bakar National University of Malaysia, Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 27 Febrero 2005 / Revisado: 20 Marzo 2005 / Aceptado: 09 Mayo 2005 / Publicado: 15 Junio 2005 Resumen: Malaysia consisting of Malaya, Politically and historically Malaysia was Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore gained her created on 16 September 1963 after Malaya, independence from the British on 16 September Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak had agreed to 1963. Malaya gained her independence from form the Federation of Malaysia. Singapore, the British on 31 August 1957. In 1965 Sabah and Sarawak gained their independence Singapore was independent from Malaysia. from the British Government through the Malaysia is a parliamentary democratic and Federation of Malaysia. However, Singapore capitalistic nation. Moreover, Malaysia is a withdrew from the Federation of Malaysia in multi-religious and multiracial nation. Malaysia 1965 and since then Singapore has been an has been populated by the Malays, Chinese, independent nation in the southern part of Indians and others. The Malays are Muslims Malaysian Peninsula. and Islam is the religion of the Federation of Malaysia. Malaysia has a very long history with Malaya is the English name for the Malay name China but China never colonizad certain areas Tanah Melayu (the Malay land) or in Malaysia and then the British colonized the Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (the Malay whole Malaysia. Malaysian perceptions of peninsula). Malaya gained her independence China are influenced by many internal and from the British Government on 31 August external factors such as the politico-ideologies, 1957 after the Malayans demanded the economic development as well as the national, independence of Malaya. -
Chinese Grassroots Experience of the Emergency and New Villages in British Colonial Malaya
Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies , Volume 3, 2009 南方华华华裔研究华裔研究杂杂杂志杂志志志, 第第第三三三卷卷卷, 2009 ‘Like a Concentration Camp, lah ’: Chinese Grassroots Experience of the Emergency and New Villages in British Colonial Malaya ©2009 TAN Teng-Phee 1 Introduction 2 Ethnically, the Chinese had formed a significant part of the population of the Straits Settlements and the Malay States from at least the mid-nineteenth century, when the expanding mining industry imported tens of thousands of workers. In the twentieth century, the new rubber industry also employed many Chinese workers. The Depression of the 1930s, however, led to widespread unemployment and resulted in about 150,000 rubber tappers and tin miners becoming squatters in the rural areas of colonial Malaya. The outbreak of the Second World War exacerbated the situation, pushing a further 400,000 people towards the jungle fringe as they attempted to escape starvation and political persecution by the Japanese authorities. 3 Taking advantage of these circumstances, the Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) built up connections with these squatter communities, which in turn supplied the MPAJA with money, food and information in return for its “protection”. After the post-war outbreak of armed struggle, the Communists rebuilt their rural network through mobilizing a mass movement, known locally as Min Yuen . The squatters in rural areas soon came to be perceived by the British colonial authorities as a dangerous threat. To counter the growing insurgency, on 16 June 1948, the British colonial government in Malaya declared “a state of Emergency” after the murder of three European plantation managers at Sugai Siput in Perak state.