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Discovering Two Almost Dead Languages in Bolivia: Jorá And Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu Swintha Danielsen (University of Leipzig) Noé Gasparini (Université de Lyon/DDL) Rencontres Jeunes Chercheurs Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris, June 11-12, 2015 Roadmap Bolivia Jorá Guarasu Studying nearly extinct languages Influences of contact Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 Figure 1: South America Bolivian languages Apolista Joaquiniano Saraveca Araona Kallawaya Siriono Aymara Kinikinao Toba qom Ayoreo/Zamuco Kitemoka Tacana Baure Leko Tapieté Bésɨro Machineri Toromona Canichana Maropa / Reyesano Tsimane Cavineña Mojeño Ignaciano Uru Cayubaba Mojeño Trinitario Wichí Chacobo Mojeño Javiesano Yaminahua Chapakura Mojeño Loretano Yuqui Chané Moré / Iténez Yurakaré Chipaya Mosetén Zamuco Ese ejja Movima Spanish Napeka Gorgotoqui Pacahuara Guarani, Bolivian Eastern/ Chiriguano Paikoneka Guarasu / Pauserna Paunaka Guarayo Plautdietsch Itonama Puquina Jorá Quechua Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 Official Bolivian languages Apolista Joaquiniano Saraveca Araona Kallawaya Siriono Aymara Kinikinao Toba qom Ayoreo/Zamuco Kitemoka Tacana Baure Leko Tapieté Bésɨro Machineri Toromona Canichana Maropa/ Reyesano Tsimane Cavineña Mojeño Ignaciano Uru Cayubaba Mojeño Trinitario Wichí Chacobo Mojeño Javiesano Yaminahua Chapakura Mojeño Loretano Yuki Chané Moré / Iténez Yurakaré Chipaya Mosetén Zamuco Ese ejja Movima Spanish Napeka Gorgotoqui Pacahuara Guarani Bolivian Eastern/ Chiriguano Paikoneka Guarasu / Pauserna Paunaka Guarayo Plautdietsch Itonama Puquina Jorá Quechua Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 Focus on Apolista Joaquiniano Saraveca Araona Kallawaya Siriono Aymara Kinikinao Toba qom Ayoreo/Zamuco Kitemoka Tacana Baure Leko Tapieté Bésɨro Machineri Toromona Canichana Maropa/ Reyesano Tsimane Cavineña Mojeño Ignaciano Uru Cayubaba Mojeño Trinitario Wichí Chacobo Mojeño Javiesano Yaminahua Chapakura Mojeño Loretano Yuki Chané Moré / Iténez Yurakaré Chipaya Mosetén Zamuco Ese ejja Movima Spanish Napeka Gorgotoqui Pacahuara Guarani Bolivian Eastern/ Chiriguano Paikoneka Guarasu / Pauserna Paunaka Guarayo Plautdietsch Itonama Puquina Jorá Quechua Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 in contact with Apolista Joaquiniano Saraveca Araona Kallawaya Siriono Aymara Kinikinao Toba qom Ayoreo/Zamuco Kitemoka Tacana Baure Leko Tapieté Bésɨro Machineri Toromona Canichana Maropa/ Reyesano Tsimane Cavineña Mojeño Ignaciano Uru Cayubaba Mojeño Trinitario Wichí Chacobo Mojeño Javiesano Yaminahua Chapakura Mojeño Loretano Yuki Chané Moré / Iténez Yurakaré Chipaya Mosetén Zamuco Ese ejja Movima Spanish Napeka Gorgotoqui Pacahuara Guarani Bolivian Eastern/ Chiriguano Paikoneka Guarasu / Pauserna Paunaka Guarayo Plautdietsch Itonama Puquina Jorá Quechua Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 Language families in Bolivia Arawakan Quechua Aymara Tacanan Chapacuran Tupí-Guaraní Guaycuruan Uru-Chipaya Macro-Jê Zamucoan Moseténan Matacoan + 6 isolates Panoan Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 Figure 2: Ecoregions and localisation of Jorá and Guarasu Figure 3: Tupí-Guaraní languages in Bolivia Jorá ISO 639-3 code: jor Alternative names: Hora, Yorá Number of speakers? 3 possible rememberers (former speakers) Nowadays: speak Spanish […] They caught them when they were children. This woman, M., they gave her to the old man, C. and they named her after his brother Ojopi. This was now her surname, this is why she was now M. Ojopi. This savage woman, she was all alone then; all of her group died. […] They killed them, they were fierce, these savages. Citation from a Baure speaker in an interview about the last Jorá in Baures Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 The Jorá case: history Little known group in Beni, Bolivia, near Baures Genocide in 1940s; surviving Jorá sold as slaves Wanda Hanke, an Austrian anthropologist, observed their situation in 1940s and fought for their rights Some surviving Jorá were captured and lived in Baures, surrounded by Spanish speakers or Baure speakers. They are still perceived as different, captured ‚savages‛, ‚wild indians‛ Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 The Jorá case: situation Because of the sensitive history of the Jorá people having been captured while their parents were killed, it is not possible to work with them on their language They either do not (want to) remember the language, and we did not feel comfortable to recall their memories therefore, we did not collect any first-hand data from the Jorá at all, in spite of various meetings (Danielsen) Instead, we collected second-hand information from Baure people who lived with the captives in the 1940s and 1950s Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 The Jorá corpus Hanke’s wordlist (1959) Additional words collected by Belgian anthropologist Béghin (published in 1980) Danielsen’s data (few phrases, words) collected from Baure people Altogether 165 items (see also Danielsen & Gasparini forthcoming) The corpus is limited but large enough to give us evidence for the position of Jorá within the Tupí-Guaraní languages of Bolivia Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 Guarasu Guarasu: ISO 639-3 code: psm Alternative names: Pauserna, Guarasuñe’e (Guarasu language), Guarasu(g)’we (Guarasu people) number of speakers: 4 or 5 (3 of them in Brazil), possible some 5-10 more semi-speakers or rememberers, more speakers dispersed in Brazil Nowadays: speak Spanish or Portuguese ‚Don José Frey is one of the last descendants of the Guarasug’we. He was born in 1945 and he remembers that his father walked ‘empeloto’, that means naked, he hunted with arrow and bow, he had 3 wives and was the ‘captain’ of the group.‛ (Muñoz 2006: 18) Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 The Guarasu case: discovery Settled near the Río Guaporé Since 1940s, the Guarasu people mostly moved to workers’ settlements (rubber, hearts of palms and wood exploitation) In 1960s, a German anthropologist, Jürgen Riester , called his ethnography of the Guarasu a ‚chronicle of their last days‛ (Riester 1972) Today Guarasu is generally alleged to be extinct (see Ethnologue) 2006: survey in the relevant Bolivian villages by Becerra V. (2006) ◦ 10 people ethnically Guarasu ◦ Presumably 4 speakers left Danielsen could confirm the claim: 5 last speakers, 3 in Brazil Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 The Guarasu case: projects Gwarayu and the Intermediate Zone of Amazonia and Chaco, Bolivia documentation project (funded by ELDP) for documentation of Guarasu and Guarayu ELF project for ethnobiological dictionary of Guarasu December 2014: Meeting the political representative of Guarasu January 2015: Contacting the remote Guarasu Unsuccessful expedition ◦ Politicization of a recently formed Guarasuwe political group ◦ Fighting for a separated indigenous lands In Bolivia: One language = One territory But what if we prove no one speaks Guarasu? Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 The Guarasu case: issues Linguists not welcome! ‚You don’t know me, we are wild and when I get angry, I take out my arrow… I have many skulls in my backyard.‛ (free citation of Sara Durán, captain of the Guarasuwe in Porvenir, 2015) In one filmed interview, a Guarasu speaker stopped when we mentioned the language No possibility to collaborate with the lasts Guarasu speakers Various levels of sensitivity: historical suppression, personal experience, current politicization of ethnic identity Other speakers live on Brazilian territory. A permit is needed to interview them. Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 The Guarasu corpus Guarasu data consist, for the moment, only of available literature: ◦ Snethlage (1935), von Horn (1955), Firestone (1963), and Riester (1972) Guarasu dictionary (to be printed Dec. 2015) may be welcome by Guarasu politician (and speakers?) 1165 entries compiled in Toolbox 528 entries of plants’ and animals’ names (Lena Sell is creating a comparative database with Guarayu) Swintha Danielsen & Noé Gasparini – Discovering two nearly extinct languages in Bolivia: Jorá and Guarasu – June 11, 2015 Ethical discussion Under these circumstances interviewing these people is uncomfortable ◦ Jorá people should not have to recall horrible
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