2 Types of Light Emission
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Article Soot Photometer Using Supervised Machine Learning
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3885–3906, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3885-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Classification of iron oxide aerosols by a single particle soot photometer using supervised machine learning Kara D. Lamb1,2 1Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA 2NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA Correspondence: Kara D. Lamb ([email protected]) Received: 15 March 2019 – Discussion started: 22 March 2019 Revised: 20 June 2019 – Accepted: 21 June 2019 – Published: 15 July 2019 Abstract. Single particle soot photometers (SP2) use laser- each class are compared with the true class for those particles induced incandescence to detect aerosols on a single particle to estimate generalization performance. While the specific basis. SP2s that have been modified to provide greater spec- class approach performed well for rBC and Fe3O4 (≥ 99 % tral contrast between their narrow and broad-band incandes- of these aerosols are correctly identified), its classification of cent detectors have previously been used to characterize both other aerosol types is significantly worse (only 47 %–66 % refractory black carbon (rBC) and light-absorbing metallic of other particles are correctly identified). Using the broader aerosols, including iron oxides (FeOx). However, single par- class approach, we find a classification accuracy of 99 % for ticles cannot be unambiguously identified from their incan- FeOx samples measured in the laboratory. The method al- descent peak height (a function of particle mass) and color lows for classification of FeOx as anthropogenic or dust-like ratio (a measure of blackbody temperature) alone. -
Chemiluminescence Western Blotting Technical Guide and Protocols
TECH TIP Chemiluminescent substrates Chemiluminescence western blotting technical guide and protocols Introduction Types and considerations of chemiluminescence Western blotting is a powerful and commonly used tool western blotting to identify and quantify a specific protein in a complex HRP is the most popular enzyme used in western mixture. As originally conceived by Towbin et al., the blotting and will be discussed throughout this document technique enables indirect detection of protein samples as our example. The most suitable western blotting immobilized on a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene fluoride substrates for HRP are luminol-based, and they produce (PVDF) membrane. In a conventional western blot, a chemiluminescent signal. Chemiluminescence is a protein samples are first resolved by sodium dodecyl chemical reaction that produces energy released in the sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) form of light. In the presence of HRP and a peroxide buffer, and then electrophoretically transferred to the membrane. luminol oxidizes and forms an excited-state product that Following a blocking step, the membrane is probed emits light as it decays to the ground state. Light emission with a primary antibody (polyclonal or monoclonal) occurs only during the enzyme–substrate reaction and, that was raised against the antigen in question. After a therefore, once the substrate in proximity to the enzyme is subsequent washing step, the membrane is incubated with exhausted, signal output ceases. In contrast, colorimetric a secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme that is substrates, such as diaminobenzidine (DAB), produce reactive toward the primary antibody. An enzyme such as precipitate that remains visible on the membrane even alkaline phosphatase (AP) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after the reaction has terminated. -
LED Retrofit Headlamp Light Sources Ensure Legal Access to the German Automotive Market
LED Retrofit Headlamp Light Sources Ensure legal access to the German automotive market Your challenges Before September 2020, the Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt hazards. Other advantages include: (Federal Motor Transport Authority) did not permit the ■ Near-daylight luminescence for improved visibility replacement of vehicle headlamps with LED retrofit ■ Quicker response time to 100% light light sources for driving beams and passing beams in ■ Highly resistant to vibration and shock Germany, as the appropriate homologation guidelines did ■ Longer lifetime not exist. Consequently, vehicle owners could not modify ■ Higher efficiency (lm/W), fewer CO2 emissions and their old halogen lamps with LEDs and manufacturers more environmentally friendly were unable to sell LED retrofits for vehicles registered on German public roads. Why is retrofitted LED headlamp light source testing and compliance important? The advantages of headlamps equipped with All external light sources on a vehicle, such as headlights or LED retrofit brake lights, are considered “technical lighting equipment” According to a study by the Allgemeiner Deutscher and must be type approved. Any subsequent modifications Automobil-Club (ADAC), retrofitting car headlights with to the type-approved lighting equipment will have an impact LEDs offers a road traffic safety gain. This is because on the type approval of the entire vehicle, and result in the retrofitted LED headlights are more durable, have a longer loss of the operating licence for public roads. beam range and their white light improves contrast. It is therefore essential that any LED updates made to Overall, LEDs have been proven to increase driver safety headlamps are installed correctly, do not disadvantage through improved visibility and earlier detection of road other road users and meet current safety requirements. -
Introduction 1
1 1 Introduction . ex arte calcinati, et illuminato aeri [ . properly calcinated, and illuminated seu solis radiis, seu fl ammae either by sunlight or fl ames, they conceive fulgoribus expositi, lucem inde sine light from themselves without heat; . ] calore concipiunt in sese; . Licetus, 1640 (about the Bologna stone) 1.1 What Is Luminescence? The word luminescence, which comes from the Latin (lumen = light) was fi rst introduced as luminescenz by the physicist and science historian Eilhardt Wiede- mann in 1888, to describe “ all those phenomena of light which are not solely conditioned by the rise in temperature,” as opposed to incandescence. Lumines- cence is often considered as cold light whereas incandescence is hot light. Luminescence is more precisely defi ned as follows: spontaneous emission of radia- tion from an electronically excited species or from a vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment. 1) The various types of lumines- cence are classifi ed according to the mode of excitation (see Table 1.1 ). Luminescent compounds can be of very different kinds: • Organic compounds : aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, anthracene, phenan- threne, pyrene, perylene, porphyrins, phtalocyanins, etc.) and derivatives, dyes (fl uorescein, rhodamines, coumarins, oxazines), polyenes, diphenylpolyenes, some amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine), etc. + 3 + 3 + • Inorganic compounds : uranyl ion (UO 2 ), lanthanide ions (e.g., Eu , Tb ), doped glasses (e.g., with Nd, Mn, Ce, Sn, Cu, Ag), crystals (ZnS, CdS, ZnSe, CdSe, 3 + GaS, GaP, Al 2 O3 /Cr (ruby)), semiconductor nanocrystals (e.g., CdSe), metal clusters, carbon nanotubes and some fullerenes, etc. 1) Braslavsky , S. et al . ( 2007 ) Glossary of terms used in photochemistry , Pure Appl. -
Design and Fabrication of Evacuated Tube Solar Thermal Collector for Domestic Hot Water
JOURNAL OF COLLEGE OF EDUCATION….. 2016…….NO.3 Design and Fabrication of evacuated tube solar thermal collector for domestic hot water Dr. Alaa H. Shneishil Al-Mustansiriyah University, College of Education, Physics Department ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to design and fabricate solar water heating system by Investment defective materials in Iraq for domestic sector applications in order to encourage national industry. Defective neon light tube with length 120 Cm and diameter 3 Cm has been used as an outer pipe. Copper pipe with length 125 Cm and diameter 1 Cm is placed inside the glass tube and close the space between them by circular shell that is used as an inner absorber material after painting it by black non brightness coating. The space between the outer glass tube and the inner copper pipe is evacuated by using small compressor. The evacuated tubes are connected from the upper side with insulated storage tank and from lower side with circulation pump. The evacuated tubes are placed in the focal line of reflective surfaces. The efficiency of the fabricated solar collector has been measured and compared with uninsulated storage tank which put in the same conditions. These measurements are done with and without reflective surfaces. The results indicated that the temperature of water in the evacuated tube with reflective surfaces reach to 59.5 °C while in the evacuated tube without reflective surfaces reaches to 44.3 °C. The temperature of water in the evacuated tube without circulation pump reach to maximum value which about 85.3 oC. This value is greater than that of the case with circulation pump. -
United States District Court Eastern District of Michigan Southern Division
2:07-cv-13150-GCS-SDP Doc # 38 Filed 08/12/08 Pg 1 of 37 Pg ID 1255 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN SOUTHERN DIVISION ALTAIR ENGINEERING, INC., Plaintiff, Case No. 07-CV-13150 HON. GEORGE CARAM STEEH vs. LEDdynamics, Inc., Defendant. ___________________________________/ ORDER RESOLVING CLAIM CONSTRUCTION DISPUTE Plaintiff Altair Engineering, Inc. (Altair) has filed suit against defendant LEDdynamics, Inc. (LEDdynamics) for patent infringement arising out of the sale of fluorescent tube replacement lights. Now before the Court are the parties competing briefs regarding claim construction. Both sides have filed lengthy opening briefs, response briefs, and voluminous exhibits. The Court has carefully considered all of the papers filed. Oral argument was heard on July 31, 2008. For the reasons set forth below, the Court adopts the claim construction argued by LEDdynamics. I. INTRODUCTION Altair is the owner by assignment of United States Patent No. 7,049,761 (‘761 patent). The ‘761 patent issued on May 23, 2006. (Doc. 23, Exhibit A). It covers light- emitting diodes (LEDs) based fluorescent tube replacement lights. According to Altair, the invention seeks to replace and improve upon traditional fluorescent light tubes which have as their shortcomings a short life expectancy, a tendency to fail if subjected to vibration, the consumption of high amounts of power to operate, and general 2:07-cv-13150-GCS-SDP Doc # 38 Filed 08/12/08 Pg 2 of 37 Pg ID 1256 unreliability. LEDdynamics, on the other hand, alleges that the invention was intended to mount fluorescent tubes in a conventional fluorescent fixture or socket, not necessarily to produce the same lighting effect. -
Electronic Text Book Unit 5
5 Light and Optics Chapter 14 Introduction to Chapter 14 Light We live in a world where light and color play a pivotal role in the very survival of life on this planet. Plants use sunlight to make sugar. Our ability to see helps us gather food. These processes and many others hinge on the unique properties of and light. This chapter will introduce you to some of light’s unique characteristics. Investigations for Chapter 14 Color 14.1 Introduction to Light How can you make light and how can you study it? In this Investigation you will look through a diffraction grating at a light source to see all the different colors that make up light. This leads us to the question “What makes different colors?” The different colors of light will be explained in terms of the energy of electrons falling from higher energy to lower energy inside atoms. Different atoms have different energy levels and produce different colors. 14.2 Color What happens when you mix different colors of light? All of the colors of light that you see are really a combination of three primary colors: red, blue and green. In this Investigation, you will discover how to make all colors of light by mixing the three primary colors. You will also use a tool called a spectrometer to analyze light. This instrument allows you to break light into its “fingerprint” wavelengths. 237 Chapter 14: Light and Color Learning Goals By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: ! Describe the atomic origin of light. -
New Lighting—New Leds
New Lighting—New LEDs Aspects on light‐emitting diodes from social and material science perspectives Editors Mats Bladh & Mikael Syväjärvi Published by Linköping University Electronic Press, 2010 ISBN: 978‐91‐7393‐270‐7 URL: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva‐60807 © The Authors Contents Foreword ...................................................................................... 5 Authors ........................................................................................ 7 Introduction: A Paradigmatic Shift? Mats Bladh & Mikael Syväjärvi ................................................................................. 9 Materials and Growth Technologies for Efficient LEDs Mikael Syväjärvi, Satoshi Kamiyama, Rositza Yakimova & Isamu Akasaki ............... 16 Light Excitation and Extraction in LEDs Satoshi Kamiyama, Motoaki Iwaya, Isamu Akasaki, Mikael Syväjärvi & Rositza Yakimova ...................................................................................................... 27 ‘No Blue’ White LED Haiyan Ou, Dennis Corell, Carsten Dam‐Hansen, Paul‐Michael Petersen & Dan Friis .................................................................................................................... 35 User Responses to Energy Efficient Light Sources in Home Environments Monica Säter ............................................................................................................. 43 Prospects for LED from a Historical Perspective Mats Bladh ............................................................................................................... -
Commons House
Commons House Community Features Mailboxes in the lobby (students still have CPO boxes) encourage unintentional bumps when residents pick up mail. Glass doors allow residents to look inside to see what's going on. Community room is for most meetings and programs - for meetings of the entire community, the Folk Center across the street has low rental fees and we felt we didn't need to duplicate a space of that size with a commercial kitchen. The "kid room" allows children to have their own area during meetings or when parents are doing laundry. Laundry room has washers for residents of original apartments and dryers for use by all residents. Newer apartments have washers but not dryers to make using dryers a choice not an automatic assumption. Examples of re-use Barn siding on outside is from an actual barn. Wood for ceilings came from a house. Carpet in kid room and office is from recycled fibers. Energy-saving features Air conditioning in office only - community room has cross-ventilation Compact fluorescent bulbs throughout Ceiling fans in meeting room and kid room Medite I1 cabinets made with formaldehyde-free particleboard Richlite countertops made with cellulose fiber and resin Solar light tube in meeting area Concrete floor for thermal mass Solar panel on south roof for radiant floor heating - to be used for heating hot water in summer Double-paned windows with low-e glazing Dual-flush toilet Front-loading washers use less water and electricity than top-loading washers Moisture-sensors in dryers can reduce drying time - no need to guess how long it will take clothes to dry Kid-friendly blinds without cords Low window in kid room so the littlest children can see out Gas stove provides cleaner, but still nonrenewable fuel) BEREA COLLEGE ECOVILLAGE Design Features Bathroom floor Forbo linoleum Forbo linoleum is made from linseed oils, pigments, pine rosin, and pine flour with a natural jute backmg. -
2. Making Fires Burn Or Go out 1: Introduction to the Fire Triangle
2. Making Fires Burn or Go Out 1: Introduction to the Fire Triangle Lesson Overview: In this activity, students describe and organize what they already know Subjects: Science, Mathematics, Writing, about fire so it fits into the conceptual model of Speaking and Listening, Health and the Fire Triangle. They examine the geometric Safety stability of a triangle and how that property Duration: one half-hour session applies to fire. Group size: Whole class. Students work in groups of 2-3. Lesson Goal: Increase students’ understanding of Setting: Indoors how fires burn and why they go out. Vocabulary: Fire Triangle, fuel, heat, ignition, oxygen, model Objectives: • Students can construct a triangle out of toothpicks and gumdrops, and can label its legs with the three components of the Fire Triangle. • Students can demonstrate that removing one side of the triangle makes it collapse. • Students can identify the component(s) of the Fire Triangle that are removed in various scenarios, and explain how this makes the fire go out. Standards: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th CCSS Writing 2, 7, 8 2, 7, 8 2, 7, 10 2,7, 9, 10 2,7, 9, 10 Speaking/Listening 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 3, 4, Language 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 MP.4, MP.4, MP.4, MP.4, Math MP.5 MP.5, MP.5 MP.5 MP.4, MP.5 Matter and Its PS1.A, NGSS Interactions PS1.B PS1.B From Molecules to Organisms: Structure/Processes LS1.C Engineering Design ETS1.B ETS1.B EEEGL Strand 1 A, B, C, E, F, G A, B, C, E, F, G Teacher Background: This activity explores the chemistry of combustion as described by a conceptual model called the Fire Triangle. -
Energy Efficiency Lighting Hearing Committee On
S. HRG. 110–195 ENERGY EFFICIENCY LIGHTING HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION TO RECEIVE TESTIMONY ON THE STATUS OF ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHT- ING TECHNOLOGIES AND ON S. 2017, THE ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHT- ING FOR A BRIGHTER TOMORROW ACT SEPTEMBER 12, 2007 ( Printed for the use of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 39–385 PDF WASHINGTON : 2007 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 11:58 Feb 20, 2008 Jkt 040443 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 G:\DOCS\39385.XXX SENERGY2 PsN: MONICA COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES JEFF BINGAMAN, New Mexico, Chairman DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico BYRON L. DORGAN, North Dakota LARRY E. CRAIG, Idaho RON WYDEN, Oregon LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska TIM JOHNSON, South Dakota RICHARD BURR, North Carolina MARY L. LANDRIEU, Louisiana JIM DEMINT, South Carolina MARIA CANTWELL, Washington BOB CORKER, Tennessee KEN SALAZAR, Colorado JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama BLANCHE L. LINCOLN, Arkansas GORDON H. SMITH, Oregon BERNARD SANDERS, Vermont JIM BUNNING, Kentucky JON TESTER, Montana MEL MARTINEZ, Florida ROBERT M. SIMON, Staff Director SAM E. FOWLER, Chief Counsel FRANK MACCHIAROLA, Republican Staff Director JUDITH K. PENSABENE, Republican Chief Counsel (II) VerDate 0ct 09 2002 11:58 Feb 20, 2008 Jkt 040443 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 G:\DOCS\39385.XXX SENERGY2 PsN: MONICA C O N T E N T S STATEMENTS Page Bingaman, Hon. -
Chem 257 Lecture for Exp. 8, 2004 1. Exp. 7 Report: to Be Handed in This Week, Along With: • Relevant Notebook Pages • Vial
Chem 257 Lecture for Exp. 8, 2004 1. Exp. 7 Report: To be handed in this week, along with: • Relevant notebook pages • Vial containing triphenyl carbinol labeled with your notebook code, i.e., JST-I-38a 2. Exp. 8 Quiz. Be prepared for Quiz. 3. Required Reading. Lab Manual 8.1-10. 4. Relevant Material in Wade (5th): Ultraviolet spectroscopy 15-13 (p 666-672), 16-15 p(711-713), 18-5E (p 785-6). Friedel Crafts Alkylation: 17-11 (p 746-748) & p 980. Exp. 8. Fluorescence and Chemiluminescence. Purpose of the experiment: 1. Synthetic Organic Chemistry • Acquaint you with Friedel-Crafts acylation chemistry 2. Physical Organic Chemistry • Introduce you to photophysics • Acquaint you with chemiluminescent reactions 1 Photochemical Terms and Principles. Useful to consider a ground and excited state energy diagram for an organic molecule. Energy Level Diagram ISC S = singlet S T = triplet 1 A = Absorption F = Fluorescence T IC 1 P = Phosphorescence A ISC = Intersystem crossing E F P IC = Internal Conversion ISC Absorption of a photon Emmission of a photon Vibrational energy loss So Singlet State (S) • Spin paired. • Ground state usually a singlet (So). • First excited singlet state = S1 So S1 • Nth excited singlet state = S n ground excited Triplet State (T) • Spin unpaired. • Lowest triplet state is usually an excited state (T1). • Nth excited triplet state = Tn T T Exceptions: 0 1 • Oxygen is a ground state Ground excited triplet! (O2) 2 Selection rules. • Spin allowed transitions do not involve a change in spin state (Sn → Sm, Tn → Tm). • Thus ground singlet states are most easily excited to their first excited singlet states (So → S1).