Ephemeris Napocensis

EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS

XXII 2012 ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ART CLUJ-NAPOCA

EDITORIAL BOARD Editor: Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu Members: Sorin Cociş, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu, Ioan Stanciu

ADVISORY BOARD Alexandru Avram (Le Mans, France); Mihai Bărbulescu (Rome, Italy); Alexander Bursche (Warsaw, Poland); Falko Daim (Mainz, Germany); Andreas Lippert (Vienna, Austria); Bernd Päffgen (Munich, Germany); Marius Porumb (Cluj-Napoca, Romania); Alexander Rubel (Iași, Romania); Peter Scherrer (Graz, Austria); Alexandru Vulpe (Bucharest, Romania).

Responsible of the volume: Ioan Stanciu

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EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS

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EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS

XXII 2012

EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE

SOMMAIRE – CONTENTS – INHALT

STUDIES

FLORIN GOGÂLTAN Ritual Aspects of the Bronze Age Tell-Settlements in the Carpathian Basin. A Methodological Approach ...... 7 ALEXANDRA GĂVAN Metallurgy and Bronze Age Tell-Settlements from Western Romania (I) ...... 57 DÁVID PETRUŢ Everyday Life in the Research Concerning the Roman Army in the Western European Part of the Empire and the Province of Dacia...... 91 CORIOLAN HORAŢIU OPREANU From “στρατόπεδον” to Colonia Dacica Sarmizegetusa. A File of the Problem. . . . .113 CĂLIN COSMA Ethnische und politische Gegebenheiten im Westen und Nordwesten Rumäniens im 8.–10. Jh. n.Chr...... 137

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND EPIGRAPHICAL NOTES

AUREL RUSTOIU Commentaria Archaeologica et Historica (I) ...... 159 VITALIE BÂRCĂ Some Remarks on Metal Cups with Zoomorphic Handles in the Sarmatian Environment...... 185 FLORIN FODOREAN “Spa” Vignettes in Tabula Peutingeriana. Travelling Ad Aquas: thermal Water Resources in Roman Dacia...... 211 DAN AUGUSTIN DEAC Note on Apis Bull Representations in Roman Dacia ...... 223 SILVIA MUSTAŢĂ, SORIN COCIŞ, VALENTIN VOIŞIAN Instrumentum Balnei from Roman Napoca. Two Iron Vessels Discovered on the Site from Victor Deleu Street...... 235 IOAN STANCIU About the Use of the So-Called Clay “Breadcakes” in the Milieu of the Early Slav Settlements (6th–7th Centuries)...... 253 DAN BĂCUEŢ-CRIŞAN Contributions to the Study of Elites and Power Centers in Transylvania during the second Half of the 9th – first Half of the 10th Centuries. Proposal of Identification Criteria Based on archaeological Discoveries...... 279 ADRIANA ISAC, ERWIN GÁLL, SZILÁRD GÁL A 12th Century Cemetery Fragment from Gilău (Cluj County) (Germ.: Julmarkt; Hung.: Gyalu)...... 301 ADRIAN ANDREI RUSU Stove Tiles with the Royal Coat of Arms of King Matthias I Corvinus...... 313

REVIEWS

IULIAN MOGA, Culte solare şi lunare în Asia Mică în timpul Principatului/Solar and Lunar Cults in Asia Minor in the Age of the Principate, Editura Universităţii “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Iaşi (Iaşi 2011), 752 p. (Szabó Csaba) ...... 327 DAN GH. TEODOR, Un centru meşteşugăresc din evul mediu timpuriu. Cercetările arheologice de la Lozna-Botoşani/An Artisan centre from the Early Middle Ages. The archaeological research from Lozna-Botoşani, Bibliotheca Archaeologica Moldaviae XV, Academia Română – Filiala Iaşi, Institutul de Arheologie, Editura Istros (Brăila 2011), 200 p. (including 118 figures), abstract and list of figures in French (Ioan Stanciu)...... 331 CĂLIN COSMA, Funerary Pottery in Transylvania of the 7th–10th Centuries, Series Ethnic and Cultural Interferences in the 1st Millenium B.C. to the 1st Millenium AD. 18, Romanian Academy – Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj‑Napoca, Mega Publishing House (Cluj-Napoca 2011), 183 p., 49 plates (Aurel Dragotă)...... 339

RESEARCH PROJECTS

Crossing the Boundaries. Remodeling Cultural Identities at the End of Antiquity in Central and Eastern Europe. A Case Study (Coriolan H. Oprean, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu) ...... 343

Warriors and military retainers in Transylvania of the 7th–9th centuries (Călin Cosma). . . . . 349

Seeing the Unseen. Landscape Archaeology on the Northern Frontier of the Roman Empire at Porolissvm (Romania) (Coriolan H. Oprean, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu)...... 352

Abbreviations that can not be found in Bericht der Römisch-Germanische Kommission. . . 363

Guidelines for “Ephemeris Napocensis” ...... 366 “SPA” VIGNETTES IN TABULA PEUTINGERIANA. TRAVELLING AD AQUAS: THERMAL WATER RESOURCES IN ROMAN DACIA1

Florin Fodorean2

Abstract: Tabula Peutingeriana is the most famous “map” of the Roman world. It represents the main Roman roads, the name of the cities with vignettes, representations of temples, and also edifices type “spa”. Our paper will start with some considerations regarding the thermal water resources in the Roman world. Then, we will present the main characteristics of the settlements represented with “spa” vignettes. Among them, three are in Roman Dacia. The most famous is the settlement from Germisara (today Geoagiu-Băi, Hunedoara County). This settlement was constantly visited in the Roman times, mainly because of the quality of the thermal waters, and due to its position, in the centre of the province. Marcus Statius Priscus, governor of Dacia Superior in 157 and 158 AD, is mentioned here in two votive monuments for the gods and the protectors of the thermal water. The next governor of Dacia Superior (in 161 AD), Publius Furius Saturninus, is also mentioned at Germisara in two votive inscriptions. This important character is mentioned in Dacia in 7 inscriptions. The thermal place was also visited by decuriones and quaestores from Sarmizegetusa and Apulum, augustales from Sarmizegetusa, soldiers from the auxiliary troops, a representative of a collegium Galatarum and another of a collegium aurariarum. The other two settlements were Ad Aquas (Călan) and Ad Mediam (Băile Herculane). So, we will explore the Roman Dacia and the Empire trying to understand, perceive and describe, archaeologically and epigraphically, the resources of these thermal settlements. Keywords: spa vignettes, tourism, Roman Dacia, Ad Aquas, Germisara, Ad Mediam

1. Into the Roman world. Natural resources: thermal waters It is hard today for us to understand, in an era in which we make online reservations, fly by plain, ‘see’ using Google earth places we have never been, or schedule our time carefully, how other civilizations developed their perception concerning free time and the possibility to benefit of natural resources. But we would be surprised to see that, besides our technological means, Roman world was conscious about these things, too. The passion of the Romans for waters is famous3. It was transformed in exquisite, outstanding works of art. These were the aqueducts. Hundreds were built all over the Roman Empire. They were extremely sophisticated

1 This article was written during my research stay in Germany, at the University of Erfurt. I received the support of the Fritz Thyssen Stiftung, which provided me a post-doctoral scholarship in 2011, therefore I express my gratitude for Thyssen Foundation. I also want to thank prof. dr. Kai Brodersen, my supervisor in Germany, for all his constant help and support during my stay in Erfurt. 2 Assistant professor, Ph. D, Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj‑Napoca, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Department of Ancient History and Archaeology, Avram Iancu street, no. 11, Cluj‑Napoca; e-mail: [email protected]. 3 BLACKMAN/TREVOR 2001; DEMAN 2005; LANDELS 2000; TREVOR 2002. Ephemeris Napocensis, XXII, 2012, p. 211–221 212 Florin Fodorean constructions, built to remarkably fine tolerances, and of a technological standard that had a gradient (for example, at the Pont du Gard) of only 34 cm per km, descending only 17 m verti- cally in its entire length of 50 km (31 miles). If this would not been enough, the Romans also were conscious about the advantages offered by the thermal waters. Using these hot springs, they built baths in Britannia (Bath and Buxton), in Gallia (Aix and Vichy), in Germania (Wiesbaden, Aachen), or in Pannonia Inferior (Aquincum)4. Some of these locations rapidly became important centers for recreational and social activities in Roman communities. Libraries, lecture halls, gymnasiums, and formal gardens became part of some bath complexes. In addition, the Romans used the hot thermal waters to relieve their suffering from diseases. The Roman bath included a far more complex ritual than a simple immersion. ‘Were the baths, then, and their concomitant aqueducts, a luxury?’ This question of Trevor5 finds its answer easily: it depends what we understand today as ‘luxury’ and what Romans did understood. In an advance civilization like the Roman Empire was, bath was not considered a luxury.

2. Tabula Peutingeriana. Spa vignettes or thermal symbols Tabula Peutingeriana is the most representative piece of cartography of the Roman era. The map kept today in the National Library of Wien is a copy of another map created during late Roman era. The original can be dated in the fifth century AD. A long discussion developed within the historiography concerning the date of the original, with no concluding results even nowadays. Dozens of attempts were made. The original is a ‘compilation tardive’6, was dated in the late third, fourth, fifth century AD, created in the third century and then completed with other data in the fourth and fifth centuries AD7, around 250 AD8, after 260 AD9, during Diocletian’s Tetrarchy (c. 300 AD)10, in 365–366 AD11, in between 402 and 452 AD12, in 435 AD13, ‘the fourth to fifth centuries’14 or, according to an attempting/speculative, but, unfortunately, not sufficient argued hypothesis, in the early nine century AD15. These attempts were based on the content of the map, the presence of certain cities and settlements (Rome, Constantinople, Antiochia16 – personified vignettes; Ravenna, Aquileia, Nicaea, Nicomedia, Tessalonicae, Ancyra? – vignettes type ‘cities surrounded by walls’), the mentioning of landscape details (silva Vosagus: 2A2–3, silva Marciana: 2a4–3a1), the mentioning/non-mentioning of certain roads, the representation/non-representation of vignettes type ‘double-tower’, the signification of special vignettes/draws (Ad Sanctum Petrum, temple of Apollo in Antiochia). Suppositions about the author, place of production, method of creation, dimensions, purpose, role, sources used were also emitted. Dacia is represented in the segments VI and VII17. Five settlements are represented with double-tower vignettes: Tivisco, Sarmategte, Apula, Napoca and Porolisso. Ad Aquas is represented with a special vignette, corresponding to spas or thermal constructions. The other settlements, villages or mansiones are marked only with their names and the distance between them.

4 YEGÜL 2010. 5 TREVOR 2002, 6. 6 CHEVALLIER 1997, 53–56. 7 LEVI A./LEVI M. 1967. 8 VON HAGEN 1978, 14. 9 MANNI 1949, 30–31. 10 TALBERT 2010, 136, 153. 11 MILLER 1888; BOSIO 1983, agree with this date. 12 WEBER 1999 (see http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/articles/WeberPeutingeriana.html#Web9). 13 WEBER 1989, 113–17. 14 SALWAY 2005, 131. 15 ALBU 2005, 136–148; ALBU 2008, 111–19. 16 LEYLEK 1993, 203–206. 17 I prefer to use Weber’s system, who counted the 11 existing segments. “Spa” Vignettes in Tabula Peutingeriana. Travelling Ad Aquas 213

According to Talbert’s database18, there are 9 settlements with the name Ad Aquas (or deriving from it). These are: 1. Ad Aquas (segment grid 3C5 – IV 5 at Miller; with vignette); 2. Adaquas (segment grid 4B3 – V 3/4 at Miller; no vignette); 3. Adaquas (segment grid 5C1 – VI 1 at Miller; vignette); 4. Adaquas (segment grid 5C3 – VI 3 at Miller; vignette)19; 5. Ad aquas (segment grid 6A4 – VII 4 at Miller, no vignette); 6. Adaquas (segment grid 6A5 – VII 5 at Miller, vignette). This is the only settlement of this type mentioned in Dacia; 7. Adaquas Albulas (segment grid 4B5 – V 5 at Miller, no vignette); 8. Ad Aquas casaris (segment grid 3C4 – IV 4 at Miller; vignette); 9. Ad aquas Herculis (segment grid 3C1 – IV 1 at Miller, vignette). These vignette usually depicts the same draw, a building drawn ‘à vol d’oiseaux’, quadrangular, with two front towers and a wall, and an inner yard. So, Tabula represents in Dacia with vignette only a thermal settlement: Adaquas, today Călan, Hunedoara County. But in the former province Dacia other two important settlements with thermal baths functioned: Germisara (Geoagiu Băi, Hunedoara County) and Băile Herculane (Fig. 1). So, a question arises: why these last two settlements mentioned do not appear in the famous Roman map with their specific vignettes? The answer is simple. Tabula is a selective map. The cartographer was forced by his support (a parchment roll of 7 m length and 34 cm high) to select the information, as a cartographer today, depending on the scale, reduces and selects the main cartographic elements of a map, according to the well known principle of cartographic generalization. In the following, we will present data based on antique sources and archaeological researches, which will provide information about the importance of these thermal settlements.

Fig. 1. Thermal settlements in Roman Dacia.

18 See: http://www.cambridge.org/us/talbert; http://peutinger.atlantides.org/map-a, also http://omnesviae.org. 19 One should notice the interesting way or mentioning the distance from this Adaquas to the next settlement, Tacapae: aB AQVIS TACAPA MILIA XVI. See: http://www.cambridge.org/us/talbert/talbertdatabase/TPPlace226. html. This kind of indication is the basic formula found in the inscriptions from the milestones. 214 Florin Fodorean

3. Germisara – the ‘five stars’ thermal accommodation in Roman Dacia The area between Geoagiu Valley, in the East, the village of Geoagiu in the South and the locality Geoagiu-Băi was named in the Roman era Germisara20. The toponym is of Dacian origin. Archaeologically and topographically, the Roman city and the Roman fortress were extended on the territory of the current village of Geoagiu, in the East, and Cigmău in the West. So, we can distinguish two points situated on the northern, right bank of Mureş, close to the main military road that connected Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa with Apulum. One of these, which took advantage of the thermal waters, had a civilian character. This place is situated North of Geoagiu. The other, which developed a little later, had a military character and included the Roman fortress from Cigmău and the civilian settlement (vicus militaris). We can say that under the name of Germisara three areas have functioned in the Roman era: 1. the Roman camp from Cigmău, situated on the “Turiac” plateau, at “Pogradie” point; 2. the civilian settlement (vicus militaris), placed between Cigmău and Geoagiu; 3. the thermal settlement, approximately positioned 5 km North of the Roman fortress21 (Fig. 2). Tabula Peutingeriana places Germigera along the imperial Roman road Sarmizegetusa – Apulum, between Petris (Uroiu) and Blandiana (Vinţu de Jos), at IX m(illia) p(assuum) away from both of these settlements. Between the military fortress from Cigmău and the thermal settlement a Roman road was identified and investigated in 2002–200322. As I noticed above, Germisara is not represented in Tabula with the specific vignette for thermal buildings. Instead, Ad Aquas (today Călan, Hunedoara County) is depicted with the specific vignette. The expla- nation relies on the fact that Germisara was famous as thermal settlement in Roman Dacia, but its position, north to the main road Sarmizegetusa – Apulum, determined the mapmaker, using the same principle of selecting the information, not to represent it with vignette. The remains of the Roman spa are visible today. They are situated west of the current thermal complex. The Romans were extremely pragmatic. This is the reason why here they literally excavated the travertine promontory and created an outstanding, open air, system of basins, on a circular surface of circa 90–95 m. During time, beside this, numerous other artifacts were discovered: 1. a temple dedicated to Nymphae23; 2. statues representing the divinities of health protection (Aescupalius and Hygia, Hercules); 3. seven gold votive plates found in the nimphaeum24; 4. a marble statue representing Diana; 5. small finds, mainly coins. Beside these, we are aware of the importance of this place if we analyze the Roman inscriptions found here. These are published in IDR III/3, no. 230–247 (votive inscriptions). Some of them were raised by very important persons involved in the administration of Dacia Superior. Marcus Statius Priscus25, governor of Dacia Superior in 157–158 AD, is mentioned at Germisara in two votive monuments for the gods and the protectors of the thermal waters26. He began his career as an equestrian officer, receiving a decoration from Hadrian during the Jewish rebellion. He then served as procurator in Southern Gaul before being made a senator and commanding two legions in succession. Priscus was in charge of Dacia as a governor between 157 and 158 AD. He held the consulship in 159. After this, he governed Moesia Superior in 160–161 and became governor of Roman Britain immediately afterwards, serving until perhaps as late as the mid 160s. 20 See, for a short presentation, IDR III/3, 211–13. 21 PESCARU A./PESCARU E. 2001, 439–52; WOLLMANN 1968, 109–20. 22 FODOREAN/URSUŢ 2001, 203–20; FODOREAN 2006, 257–65. 23 On the cult of Nymphae in Roman Dacia: GHINESCU 1998, 123–44. 24 PESCARU 1988–1991, 664–66. 25 On this character: URLOIU 2010, 65–66. 26 IDR III/3, 240, 241. RUSU 1988–1991, 653–56; RUSU/PESCARU 1995, 33. “Spa” Vignettes in Tabula Peutingeriana. Travelling Ad Aquas 215

Fig. 2. Geoagiu Publius Furius Saturninus27 was also the governor of Dacia Superior in 160 He may have visited the thermal settlement, since two inscriptions with his name mentioned were found here28. In IDR III/3, 232 Saturninus dedicates this votive altar to the health gods, obviously after a pleasant voyage here at Germisara, and an efficient thermal treatment, as one who entirely benefited of the healing powers of the thermal waters. Beside these two important persons, governors of Dacia Superior, monuments mention other people who visited this place and dedicated inscriptions. One of these monuments is IDR III/3, no. 23329. This votive altar, raised for the health of the three emperors (Septimius Severus, Aurelius Antoninus – Caracalla and Septimius Geta) was placed here from the order of the governor of the three Dacian provinces, Lucius Octavius Iulianus around 200–201 AD. The person desig- nated to fulfill this order was the commander of the auxiliary unit of cavalryAla Asturum. Aurelius Crhestus, a Roman citizen with Roman gentilicium (Aurelius) and a Greek cognomen, also dedicated an inscription for the health gods30. The members of the collegium Galatarum (citizens who came in Dacia from Asia Minor) dedicate an inscription pro salute imperatoris to Hercules Invictus31. The members ofcollegium Aurariarum, with their representing 27 PISO 1972, 463–471. 28 IDR III/3, 232; IDR III/3, 236. 29 Votive altar, fragmentary kept (broken in the right side), the camp of inscription is deteriorated in the center by a ‘circle’ shape, obviously a modern intervention made by a person who wanted to use the monument for a purpose. Its dimensions are: 100 × 52 × 46, with letters of 4 cm height. The monument was discovered in a point situated north of Geoagiu Băi, on the left side of the Geoagiu valley. It was kept for a while in the medieval castle Kuun, where it was identified and copied by A. Fodor. Text:Fortuna [e]/pro salute/aug(ustorum) n(ostrorum) (trium]/L(ucius) Octavius I[u]/lianus co(n)s(ularis) II[I]/Dac(iarum) fieri iussit/instante … L Ge– (?)/M A N T [p]rae[f(ecto) a]lae/Astu[rum_ _ _ _] B. Translation: ‘To (the goddess) Fortuna, for the health of our three augusti, Lucius Octavius Iulianus, consular of the three Dacia, ordered for this (monument), it took care for (this monument) Aelius Geminus (?), praefectus alae Asturum _ _ _ _’. 30 IDR III/3, 231. 31 IDR III/3, 234. 216 Florin Fodorean person, Lucius Calpurnius, dedicate another inscription to Jupiter, also pro salute imperatoris32. An officer (centurio) from legio V Macedonica dedicates an altar to Jupiter33. All these examples show that Germisara was intensively visited. Maybe the most interesting example to sustain what we already highlighted above is the inscription IDR III/3, 243. This is a votive altar identified by the middle of the XVIth century in Orăştie, where the text was copied by M. Singler. The dedicant, a signifer from the military trooped garrisoned in Cigmău, close to Germisara, raises the monument because he escape the danger of death maybe after he benefited of the qualities of the thermal waters. The inscription dated from 186 AD.

4. Ad Aquas (Călan) This settlement is represented in Tabula Peutingeriana with vignette. Călan is positioned on the left bank of the Strei River, at the altitude of 230 m. The thermal water resources are positioned circa 2 kilometers north of the current city (Fig. 3). During Roman times, the same point was positioned exactly along the main imperial road of the province. The settlement had the status of pagus, as the inscriptions prove (pagus Aquensis). Archaeologically, today we can still visit the Roman basin, directly cut in the rock34. It encloses a total perimeter of circa 94 m (length of 14.2 m, width of 7.2 m and a depth of 4 m). The water source is still active today. The water of these sources has an average temperature of 23°–24°. Epigraphically, we know that this settlement was also intensively visited in the Roman era. Six inscriptions are published in IDR III/3 (no. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Among those who came here, we mention Quintus Decius Vindex, financial procurator of Dacia Superior. He erected a monument for Fortunae Augustae35. Another important character who visited Ad Aquae was Caius Iulius Marcianus, decurion in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and also member in the admin- istrative staff ofpagus Aquensis.

5. Ad Mediam – Băile Herculane The third point on the map of Roman Dacia with thermal waters is Băile Herculane36. During Roman times it was also intensively visited. The name of the settlement also appears in the work of the Anonymous of Ravenna (Medilas). The Roman ruins were discovered during the 18th century (Fig. 4). During the Habsburgic and Austro-Hungarian Empire the name of the settlement was Herkulesbad/Herkulesfürdő. The discoveries consist of water pipes, basins, public and private buildings, sanctuaries, altars with inscriptions dedicated to the gods of the health, statues of divinities and votive reliefs, funerary inscriptions, reliefs and funerary monuments, sarcophagi, stamped tiles of several military troops (legio VII Claudia, XIII Gemina, IV Flavia Felix), coins. Roman Ad Mediam was a totally different settlement, separated from the military fortress from today’s Mehadia, where cohors III Delmatarum was garrisoned. Only from 1817 the settlement received an official name. In 1736 begins the reconstruction and the modernization of the ‘baths’. Most of the new buildings carry the imprint of an impressive Austrian Baroque style. The thermal settlement is visited by important people: emperor Josef II, Emperor Francis I, emperor Franz Josef. In 1852, Herculane was considered the most beautiful thermal settlement of Europe. Numerous inscriptions are dedicated to Hercules, which was the protector of the thermal waters37. 32 IDR III/3, 235. 33 IDR III/3, 237. 34 RUSU/PESCARU 1996, 23–24. 35 IDR III/3, 7. 36 BOZU/MICLI 2005, 123–42. 37 19 inscriptions published in IDR III/1 (no. 54 to 68). “Spa” Vignettes in Tabula Peutingeriana. Travelling Ad Aquas 217

One of the most interesting inscriptions found in Băile Herculane is a votive altar of marble, 73 × 37 × 30 cm. The base and the upper part have an elegant, symmetric shape. This monument stood a while actually built in the wall of the bridge over the Cerna River, within the thermal settlement38. This is an outstanding example with direct reference to the healing

38 IDR III/1, no. 55. 218 Florin Fodorean powers of the thermal waters from Băile Herculane. After a long infirmitas, a husband raises here an altar for the gods of health, specifically mentioning the she was cured ‘through the power of the thermal waters’. That Băile Herculane was intensively visited during Roman times is no longer a new fact. This is proved by the inscriptions39. Numerous soldiers are mentioned. For example, IDR III/1, 54, is a votive altar, of marble, discovered in the XVIIIth century in Băile Herculane and during the same century transported at Viena. Now is kept in the Nationalbibliothek. The dedicant Marcus Aurelius Veteranus was praefectus in the legion XIII Gemina from Apulum. He came here to benefit of the qualities of the thermal waters. Another interesting inscription is a votive altar, discovered in 173640. As recognition at the end of their long journey from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa to Rome, the delegates, who formed the provincial embassy of Dacia, erected at Băile Herculane this altar. They travelled to Rome to participate to the ceremony of instal- lation of Marcus Sedatius Severianus in his consulship. Before that, he was the legatus legionis of the legion V Macedonica at Troesmis. After his mission in Apulum ended, when he return to Rome (in 153 AD) the Dacian delegates go to Rome. Returning back in the province, they erected this monument as an expression of gratitude because they returned safe home.

Fig. 4. Băile Herculane.

39 Numerous monuments are dedicated for Hercules: IDR III/1, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68. 40 IDR III/1, 56: Text: Dis et Numinib(us)/Aquarum/Ulp(ius) Secundinus/Marius Valens/Pomponius Haemus/Iul(ius) Carus Val(erius) Valens/legati Romam ad/consulatum Seve/riani c(larissimi) v(iri) missi incolu/ mes reversi ex voto/E A. Translation: ‘To the gods and to the holy powers of waters, Ulpius Secundinus, Marius Valens, Pomponius Haemus, Iulius Carus, Valerius Valens, delegates send to Rome to the consulship of Severianus, clarissimus vir, returned (home, in Dacia), safe, released the vow freely, as is deserved’. “Spa” Vignettes in Tabula Peutingeriana. Travelling Ad Aquas 219

6. Concluding remarks. The thermal settlements and the road system Germisara, Ad Aquas and Ad Mediam represent three important Roman thermal settlements from Dacia. It is obvious, from what I presented above, that all three were intensively visited. These points of attractions offered for the inhabitants the opportunity, the chance for healing, but they also were perceived as touristic settlements. These ‘resorts’ offered what the Romans borrowed from Greeks: the concept of leisure as a state of mind. They all were connected to the road infrastructure of roads. Germisara was positioned 7 kilometers north of the main roads of Dacia and connected with another road, well preserved even nowadays. Ad Mediam was positioned 5 kilometers east of the road which connected Dierna (today Orşova, Mehedinţi County). The toponym itself indicates a settlement positioned close to the middle part of this road. Ad Aquas (Călan, Hunedoara County) was located along the main road of Roman Dacia, which connected the Danube line with the northern parts of Dacia, via Lederata – Tibiscum – Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa – Apulum – Potaissa – Napoca – Porolissum. This road was the ‘highway’ of Roman Dacia. It was built during the two military camapaigns of Trajan in Dacia and finished immediately after the conquest. A Roman milestone discovered at Aiton (between Potaissa – today Turda, Cluj County, and Napoca, today Cluj‑Napoca, Cluj County) dated in 108 AD, during Trajan, demonstrates that the Romans succeeded to built this road up to the northern parts of the province. Using the infrastructure, and all the facilities created, including a rapid colonization of the new province (Eutropius, Breviarum ab urbe condita, 8, 6: Traianus victa Dacia ex toto urbe Romano infinitas copias hominum transtulerat ad agros et urbes colendas), people of all social statuses (soldiers, functionaries of the states) started to travel, to communicate, to benefit of all the advantages of the new province. The society of Roman Dacia (as well as of the whole Roman Empire) became very dynamic. These three thermal settlements were very attractive, as the archaeological finds and inscriptions inform us. Communication, as an essential element for any civilization, was done ‘physically’ by infrastructure, which provided opportunities for goods and people to travel and organize a territory. Communication also meant the possibility for people to travel, to interact, to exchange information. My examples, together with others already known from other provinces, are strong evidences to contradict with solid arguments the old concepts spread in the historiography, according to which the Roman Empire was a space of static communities. On the contrary, we discover, step by step, the huge resources of the Roman Empire and how people interacted with themselves and with the landscape.

ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

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