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3.5.2.2 Newport Bay Watershed in to Work in Saturated Mud

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3.5.2.2 Newport Bay Watershed in to Work in Saturated Mud 3 • regIonal deScrIptIon watershed is a hydrologic region that drains to a common “Watersheds have proven to be an effective organizing unit for managing A point, as defined by topography. All land is part of a natural resources. Because no single agency or other entity alone can watershed because it all ultimately drains to a lake, river, wetland effectively manage watersheds, it is in the state’s interest to develop and or ocean. Mountain ranges and ridges of higher elevation form the support a statewide watershed program that will promote and conduct effective stewardship of natural resources in a watershed context..” natural boundaries between watersheds because on one side of the (State of California, February 2008) ridge water will flow towards one destination, and on the other side it flows towards another. Land and water provide the base materials for the primary production of energy within plants, which is the basis of an ecosystem’s food chain. The given amount of land and water within a watershed supports a given amount of biological activity. A watershed’s physical and hydrologic characteristics directly define the unique structure of the ecosystem within it. This makes a watershed the appropriate focus for natural resource management. Figure 3.1 Overview of Newport Bay/San Diego Creek watershed activities. 38 3 • Regional Description Central Orange County Integrated Regional and Coastal Water Management Plan The stakeholders in this Region share a strong history of political 3.1 Overview of the Central Orange and technical collaboration dating back to the 1970s. It has three County Watershed Basin Critical Coastal Areas (CCA), two of which are also Areas of Special Biological Significance (ASBS), and a functioning estuary designated he Central Orange County IRCWM Region (Region) as a State Ecological Reserve. There are currently four Total includes the Newport Bay Watershed and the Newport T Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) restrictions in force, with more Coast Watershed, approximately 160 square miles in total. It is anticipated. located in the middle of Orange County approximately 40 miles south of Los Angeles and 70 miles north of San Diego. The Newport Coast Watershed is included as part of the Region because the CCAs and ASBSs along that coast are also in the receiving waters of the Newport Bay Watershed. Whatever happens in the Newport Bay Watershed directly impacts these important habitats, and therefore, these watersheds are best managed in relationship to each other. The Newport Bay Watershed is bounded in the northeast by the Loma Ridge foothills and the Santa Ana Mountains. The southern edge is bounded by the San Joaquin Hills. Between the Santa Ana Mountains and the San Joaquin Hills lies the flat, alluvial Tustin Plain. The lowest area of this Plain is the historic location of the Swamp of the Frogs. Runoff originating in the northern hills now flows south through flood control channels, into the San Diego Creek Channel, through the Tustin Plain, and then into the Upper Newport Bay estuary. On the other side of the San Joaquin Hills is the Newport Coast Watershed, which consists of a series of coastal canyons draining directly to the ocean. Figure 3.2 Vicinity Map Central Orange County Integrated Regional and Coastal Water Management Plan 3 • Regional Description 39 Figure 3.3 Regional Drainages and Foothill Retarding Basins. Map of main water features: Show the Newport Bay Watershed and Newport Coast Watershed boundaries, the San Diego Creek, Peters Canyon Wash, the Santa-Delhi channel, the Newport Bay Ecological Reserve area, the CCAs, the ASBSs. 40 3 • Regional Description Central Orange County Integrated Regional and Coastal Water Management Plan Figure 3.4. Pollutant Plume leaving Newport Bay. The top row depicts the evolution of a pollutant plume exiting Newport Harbor during normal tidal flushing. The first two panels show the plume exiting the harbor during an ebb tide. Panel 3 shows the plume being drawn toward the shoreline during the flood tide. The lower row shows the plume evolution during a storm event. Central Orange County Integrated Regional and Coastal Water Management Plan 3 • Regional Description 41 Figure 3.5 Geographical Features 42 3 • Regional Description Central Orange County Integrated Regional and Coastal Water Management Plan Figure 3.6 Subwatersheds of IRCWMP Region Central Orange County Integrated Regional and Coastal Water Management Plan 3 • Regional Description 43 The upper and middle area of the Newport Bay Watershed and has major infrastructure systems for groundwater production includes a group of small subwatersheds draining to the San Diego and treatment, imported water, wastewater collection and treatment, Creek and eventually to Upper Newport Bay. The area has been and recycled water delivery, all of which provide regional benefits. divided into as many as 57 subwatersheds, including the two main The beneficial uses of surface waters are currently ecosystem subwatersheds, San Diego Creek and Peters Canyon Wash, and processes and recreation, rather than municipal or industrial uses. smaller subwatersheds, including Serrano Creek, Borrego Canyon Wash, Bee Canyon Wash, El Modena-Irvine Channel, and Sand 3.1.1 Hydrologic History Canyon Wash. Historically, Newport Bay was a part of the Santa Ana River Watershed, which is the largest watershed in Southern California. Upper Newport Bay, approximately 1,000 acres in size, is During the Pleistocene era, the Santa Ana River emptied into approximately 2 miles long. The Upper Newport Bay State Newport Bay, which at the time was a deep coastal canyon. Over Ecological Reserve is one of only a few remaining estuaries in time, the Santa Ana River filled this canyon in with sediment, Southern California and is the home to numerous species of creating the estuary conditions that exist today. About 10,000 years mammals, fish, invertebrates, and native plants, including several ago, the Santa Ana River changed course, flowing north into both endangered species (Newport Bay Naturalists and Friends, 2007). Los Alamitos Bay and the Bolsa Chica wetlands at various points in Additionally, it is an important stopover for migratory birds and is time. Ultimately, the Santa Ana River mouth moved south again, to a key nature park for the community. The lower portion of Upper just north of what had then become the present-day Newport Bay Newport Bay includes the Upper Newport Bay State Marine Park. Watershed. Lower Newport Bay, approximately 752 acres in size, consists of Newport Harbor and recreational and navigational channels. Up until 1920, there was still some relationship between Newport Federally-listed endangered and threatened species, including the Bay and the Santa Ana River along the coast. Just before the Santa brown pelican and potentially the least tern, are found in Newport Ana River reached the ocean, it formed a sand bar at the coast and Harbor. flowed south between the sand bar and land until it reached the mouth of Newport Bay, where both bodies of water then emptied Water resources within the Region include groundwater, surface into the ocean. This water from the Santa Ana River had no water, recycled water, and imported water. Water supplies come connection to the land within the bay’s watershed, but it did have from groundwater, recycled water and imported water. The area an impact on the bay itself by providing an additional source of overlies the southern end of the Orange County Groundwater Basin fresh water to the tidal influence within the bay. In 1920, the Santa 44 3 • Regional Description Central Orange County Integrated Regional and Coastal Water Management Plan Figure 3.7 Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board Jurisdiction Area Central Orange County Integrated Regional and Coastal Water Management Plan 3 • Regional Description 45 Ana River was completely separated from Newport Bay when it was With the lowered the groundwater table, the selenium-rich soil channelized to flow directly into the ocean between the cities of was now periodically dried out and then rewetted with oxygenated Newport Beach and Huntington Beach, where it enters the ocean water (rainwater or irrigation water). The selenium in the sediments today. became soluble and was transported to the drainage channels or groundwater. 3.1.2 Agriculture and Urbanization Continued development in the watershed converted the agricultural Before 1900, land in the watershed was primarily grazing land or land to urbanized uses. A major change to watershed hydrology open space. The Newport Bay Watershed was much smaller than occurred in the early 1960’s when San Diego Creek was channelized it is today. Today the largest subwatershed flowing into the Bay is and connected to Peters Canyon Wash. This resulted in a direct the San Diego Creek subwatershed. However, 150 years ago, this discharge of San Diego Creek waters through the historic marshland creek did not flow into Newport Bay. Instead, it drained into a into Upper Newport Bay. And in the 1980’s, additional drainage marshland then known as the Swamp of the Frogs, located in the measures for housing projects were implemented within the Tustin Plain in the vicinity of the former Tustin Marine Corps Air central watershed area, increasing the area where selenium-rich soil Station (Figure 3.5, Geographical Features). This swamp drained was wetted, thus releasing additional selenium into the drainage slowly into the Santa Ana River, connecting it to that watershed channels.” (USACOE, 2005). This marshland had historically acted as a sink for selenium which had been mobilized from other locations. The Furthermore, another source of soluble selenium has been emanating marsh’s wet, hydric (anoxic) soils trapped passing soluble selenium from the coastal canyons. In this case, it is hypothesized that runoff into an insoluble reduced form that remained immobilized as long from over-irrigation practices has infiltrated into the Monterey as the marsh soil remained permanently flooded and thus, anoxic.
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