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Towards Productive Landscapes E T F R N N I s s u e N o . 5 6 , November 2014 ew s 56 Towards productive landscapes European TropicAl ForesT REsearch NetwoRk EuropEan Tropical ForEsT ResEarch Network ETFRN NEws Towards productive landscapes issuE no. 56, novEmbEr 2014 ETFRN 56.indb 1 14-10-27 1:42 PM This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the swedish international Development cooperation agency (sida), the Government of the netherlands, the German Federal ministry for Economic cooperation and Development (bmZ), un-rEDD (through Ecoagriculture partners), the Food and agriculture organization of the united nations (Fao), the world agroforestry centre (icraF) and the center for international Forestry research (ciFor). The views expressed herein are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of ETFrn, Tropenbos international or the other participating organizations. published by: Tropenbos international, wageningen, the netherlands copyright: © 2014 ETFrn and Tropenbos international, wageningen, the netherlands Texts may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes, citing the source. citation: chavez-Tafur, Jorge and roderick J. Zagt (eds.). (2014). Towards Productive Landscapes. Tropenbos international, wageningen, the netherlands. xx + 224 pp. Editors: Jorge chavez-Tafur and roderick J. Zagt Final editing and layout: Patricia halladay Graphic Design isbn: 978-90-5113-124-6 issn: 1876-5866 cover photo: a productive landscape in kenya at the border of the aberdares national park. meine van noordwijk printed by: Digigrafi, veenendaal, the netherlands available from: ETFrn c/o Tropenbos international p.o. box 232, 6700 aE wageningen, the netherlands tel. +31 317 702020 e-mail [email protected] web www.etfrn.org This publication is printed on Fsc®-certified paper. Contents preface v synthesis vi Roderick J. Zagt and Jorge Chavez-Tafur section 1. Landscape concepts 1 1.1 Sharing or sparing? 3 Koen Kusters 1.2 Productive landscapes: what role for forests, trees and agroforestry? 9 Meine van Noordwijk and Terry C.H. Sunderland section 2. Global landscape initiatives 17 2.1 Fao’s Forest and landscape restoration mechanism 19 Douglas McGuire 2.2 Governance solutions from the international model Forest network 26 Virginie-Mai Ho, Brian Bonnell, C.G. Kushalappa, Christa Mooney, Gabriel Sarasin, Johan Svensson and Richard Verbisky 2.3 Community-based approaches to landscape management 35 Diana Salvemini and Nick Remple section 3. The landscape approach: from theory to practice 43 3.1 Financing emissions reductions in oromia, Ethiopia 45 André Rodrigues de Aquino and Robert J. Griffin 3.2 Empowering local stakeholders for planning, indonesia 51 Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, Dony Indiarto, Alfa Nugraha and Meine van Noordwijk 3.3 A landscape approach to climate-smart agriculture in Ghana 58 Martin R.A. Noponen, Christian D.B. Mensah, Götz Schroth and Jeffrey Hayward 3.4 Sustainable rural landscape management in central mexico 66 Lucía Madrid and Paulina Deschamps 3.5 Productive landscapes through leasehold forestry in nepal 74 Kenichi Shono, Simmathiri Appanah, Patrick B. Durst, Yurdi Yasmi, Govinda Kafley, Jim Hancock and Brett Shapiro 3.6 Turning degraded land into productive landscapes, Ethiopian highlands 82 Georg Deichert, Friederike Krämer and Alexander Schöning 3.7 Conservation of agrobiodiversity in landscape mosaics, nepal 88 Dunja Mijatovic and Sajal Sthapit 3.8 Fostering stakeholder commitment in western Flores, indonesia 94 Adi Widyanto, Agus Budi Utomo, Thomas Walsh and Hilda Lionata section 4. Forests and trees in multi-functional landscapes 101 4.1 Analog forestry: creating productive landscapes 103 Adam Kabir Dickinson 4.2 The new Generation plantations platform 110 Luis Neves Silva 4.3 Participatory forest management in the caribbean 116 Nicole Leotaud and Claus Eckelmann 4.4 Returning pasture and cropland to forest in brazil 124 Sofia R. Hirakuri and Gabriel Penno Saraiva 4.5 Landscapes and the voluntary carbon market, west sumatra 132 Paul Burgers, Haris Iskandar, Bubung Angkawijaya, Rizki Pandu Permana and Ai Farida 4.6 Commercial bamboo plantations as a tool for restoring landscapes 139 EcoPlanet Bamboo 4.7 Modernization of wood energy in northern madagascar 146 Hannes Etter, Steve Sepp, Klaus Ackermann, Daniel Plugge and Mark Schauer 4.8 Landscape effects of supply chains 153 Katie Minderhoud 4.9 Increasing local capacities in rural panama 160 Jacob L. Slusser, Alicia Calle and Eva Garen 4.10 Ecological restoration in the atlantic rainforest, brazil 167 Pollyana Born and Fernando Campos section 5. Cross-cutting issues 173 5.1 Incentive-based mechanisms in landscapes, peru 175 Kedar Mankad 5.2 Making existing financing work in brazil 183 Jinke van Dam and André Brasser 5.3 Certified timber production and landscape governance 190 Markus Grulke, Till Pistorius, Patricia del Valle Pérez, Eduard Merger and Irene Calo Vidal 5.4 Environmental governance in the colombian amazon 197 Carlos A. Rodriguez, Maria Clara van der Hammen, Uldarico Matapí, Rodrigo Yucuna and Catalina Vargas Tovar 5.5 High conservation values in the landscape, west kalimantan 205 Edi Purwanto, Kasuma Wijaya, Kresno Dwi Santosa and Eko Manjela 5.6 Planning for social justice 212 Gamma Galudra, Sébastien de Royer, Putra Agung and Ujjwal Pradhan Preface The landscape approach has increasingly been promoted as a new perspective on addressing global challenges at a local level. in the face of increasing and competing claims to the land and the exhaustion of natural resources, planners, scientists and policymakers have come to realize the limitations of sectoral approaches. integrated, landscape-level considerations have begun to supersede those restricted to specific components such as water, forestry, agricultural or development policies and programmes. numerous international initiatives and organizations embrace the landscape approach in pursuit of productive landscapes that provide a wide range of products and ecosystem services and fulfill the social, economic and environmental requirements of present and future generations at the local, national and global level. ambitious plans that apply the landscape approach include the restoration of 150 million hectares of degraded lands by 2020 (the bonn challenge). Given this interest, and the potential impacts of such initiatives, it is important to learn from the many practical experiences in applying integrated landscape management throughout the world. we need to better understand what these experiences achieve for sustainable and fair development. we must develop adaptive approaches to achieve change in complex, multi-stakeholder settings. productive, “triple-win” landscapes are good for food, people and ecosystems – but are there really no trade-offs between these goals? what does it mean for family farmers or small-scale foresters? where do forests and trees fit in? such a context makes this issue of ETFRN News a timely one. it brings together 29 papers by practitioners from all over the world who highlight the successes and challenges of applying landscape approaches. They provide food for thought and, we hope, a source of inspiration for those with an interest in productive landscapes. This issue of ETFRN News results from a partnership between Tropenbos international (TBI) and the centre for learning on sustainable agriculture (ILEIA), part of the agricultures network dedicated to landscapes that is supported by the swedish international Develop- ment cooperation agency (sida). Together, TBI and ILEIA aim to develop an integrated perspective on agriculture and forest approaches to improve the livelihoods of rural communities and build multifunctional landscapes. This is achieved through activities and publications. This ETFRN News is published in association with a special issue of ILEIA’s Farming Matters, “Farmers in their landscapes,” and with the agricultures network’s regional magazines for latin america, west africa, india and china. we thank the authors for their contributions and the editorial team for compiling these into an interesting volume. Thanks to meine van noordwijk (ICRAF), cora van oosten (cDi), Douglas mcGuire (FAO), ragna John (GiZ) and shintia Dian arwida (CIFOR) for their advice and encouragement. herman savenije, nick pasiecznik, marieke wit, Juanita Franco and hans vellema provided support at various stages. sida, the Government of the netherlands, the German Federal ministry for Economic cooperation and Development (BMZ) through GiZ, UN-rEDD through Ecoagriculture partners, the Food and agriculture organization of the united nations (FAO), the world agroforestry centre (ICRAF) and the center for inter- national Forestry research (CIFOR) are warmly acknowledged for their financial support. rené boot Edith van walsum Director, Tropenbos international Director, The centre for learning on sustainable chair, ETFrn agriculture (ilEia) v ETFRN NEws 56: NovEmbER 2014 Towards productive landscapes — a synthesis RoDERICK J. Zagt and JoRGE Chavez-TAFUR Credit: Jacob L. Slusser in many parts of the tropics, landscapes are subject to unprecedented changes. populations are growing, roads, dams and cities are being built, the climate is changing, and the demand for resources is increasing. a diversity of local, regional and global stake- holders claim a share of land and resources. landscapes must fulfil an increasing number of functions to satisfy a broader range of stakeholders holding divergent interests. in many cases, this leads to conflict and
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