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PR Firms Are Becoming More Powerful, but Good Journalism Still
Close Academic rigour, journalistic flair Subscribe Fourth estate follies Trawling through the dustbins of the UK media PR firms are becoming more powerful, but good journalism still prevails October 19, 2016 4.00pm BST Author John Jewell Director of Undergraduate Studies, School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies, Cardiff University Mission accomplished: putting a positive spin on Iraq. White House Recent articles about the public relations firm Bell Pottinger are a stark reminder of the power and pervasiveness of PR in today’s fragmented media landscape. The Sunday Times and the Bureau of Investigative Journalism revealed that Bell Pottinger was hired by the Pentagon in Washington to coordinate a covert propaganda campaign to boost America’s profile in Iraq following the “end” of hostilities in 2003. And, earlier this year, South Africa’s Business Day newspaper revealed that the firm had been retained by the scandal-hit billionaire Gupta family to burnish its image after a string of stories accusing it of “state capture” – allegedly using its influence with the president, Jacob Zuma, to advance the family’s business interests. Bell Pottinger’s former chairman Lord Tim Bell confirmed to the Sunday Times that the firm had been paid US$540m for five contracts with the US government between 2007 and 2011. He said the firm reported to the Pentagon, the CIA and the National Security Council while working on the account. The investigation, “Fake News and False Flags” relied on interviews with a former Bell Pottinger employee, Martin Wells, who claimed that the PR company created short TV reports in the style of Arabic news networks for broadast in Iraq. -
Section 3.7 Development of Uk Strategy and Options, 1
SECTION 3.7 DEVELOPMENT OF UK STRATEGY AND OPTIONS, 1 FEBRUARY TO 7 MARCH 2003 Contents Introduction and key findings ....................................................................................... 179 1 to 13 February 2003 .................................................................................................. 181 Parliamentary debates on Iraq, 3 February 2003 .................................................. 181 3 and 4 February 2003 .......................................................................................... 185 Secretary Powell’s presentation to the Security Council, 5 February 2003 ........... 188 Cabinet, 6 February 2003 ...................................................................................... 196 Meetings with Dr Blix and Dr ElBaradei, 6 February 2003 .................................... 199 President Bush’s statement, 6 February 2003 ....................................................... 204 Mr Blair’s interview on Newsnight, 6 February 2003 ............................................. 205 The UK’s position, 7 February 2003 ................................................................ 208 Mr Annan’s speech, 8 February 2003 .................................................................... 209 The impact of military action on the terrorist threat to the UK ................................ 211 JIC Assessments, 10 and 19 February 2003 .................................................. 212 UK consideration of the timing and tactics for a second resolution ...................... -
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Facts, Truth, and Post-Truth: Access to Cognitively and Socially Just Information Rachel Fischer, University of Pretoria, South Africa Erin Klazar, University of Pretoria, South Africa Abstract This article addresses facts, truth, post-truth, and the impact on access to cognitively and socially just information. It is predominantly situated within the post-truth context where information is manipulated to such an extent that it becomes disinformation, disguised as truth. The article consists of four main sections: the first section will provide an introduction and overview of key concepts intrinsic to understanding the concerns at hand. The next section is a case study of the role the PR firm, Bell Pottinger, played in South Africa and Iraq and the cognitive and social injustices visible in the corresponding events. The selection of these countries provides an opportunity to demonstrate the effect of post-truth and whistleblowing in relation to the challenges experienced in the Global South. The third section, on Cambridge Analytica and Digitality, is a discussion of the infamous Cambridge Analytica and its interferences in political campaigns in Trinidad and Tobago and the U.S. These discussions lead to the final section as an antidote to post-truth influences, which reflects on the way forward. This section makes recommendations for South African and international initiatives based on UNESCO’s intergovernmental programme known as the Information for All Programme (IFAP). Keywords: cognitive justice; disinformation; fake news; post-truth era/politics; social justice Publication Type: research article Introduction his article will focus on the role of information in the fairness with which economic, political, and social benefits and burdens are distributed in society. -
Land and Ubuntu As Competing Narratives in Rural South Africa: a Practical Theological Perspective
Land and Ubuntu as competing narratives in rural South Africa: a practical theological perspective by Hermanus Nicolaas Holtzhausen A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR In Practical Theology In the Faculty of Theology, University of Pretoria, South Africa Supervisor: Prof J.C. Műller August 2017 Declaration I, Hermanus Nicolaas Holtzhausen, declare that LAND AND UBUNTU AS COMPETING NARRATIVES IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICA: A PRACTICAL THEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE, which I hereby submit for the degree Philosophiae Doctor at the University of Pretoria, is my own work and has not been previously submitted by me for a degree at this or any other university. All the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Signed at Wolmaransstad on 30 August 2017 ........................................................................ i Acknowledgements Allow me to acknowledge the following people and institutions that enabled this work: My wife, Catherine, for her patience and tenacity in being married to someone who loves the land. May this work set some of the land’s questions to rest. My children, Nicolaas and Pippa, who lived with this work in our house like a third child, understanding that I had to close a door or stay home, when we could have had fun together. My late sister and forebears, buried at Strydpoort, who were known for their compassionate focus on social justice. My family and neighbours at Strydpoort. I hope we can co-create stories with positive outcomes for us all after this work. Professor Julian Műller, who supported and encouraged me with immeasurable patience and clarity. -
The Report of the Iraq Inquiry: Executive Summary
Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons dated 6 July 2016 for The Report of the Iraq Inquiry Executive Summary Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 6 July 2016 HC 264 46561_00b Viking_Executive Summary Title Page.indd 1 23/06/2016 14:22 © Crown copyright 2016 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected]. Where we have identifi ed any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at [email protected] Print ISBN 9781474133319 Web ISBN 9781474133326 ID 23051602 46561 07/16 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fi bre content minimum Printed in the UK by the Williams Lea Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Offi ce 46561_00b Viking_Executive Summary Title Page.indd 2 23/06/2016 14:22 46561_00c Viking_Executive Summary.indd 1 23/06/2016 15:04 46561_00c Viking_Executive Summary.indd 2 23/06/2016 14:17 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4 Pre‑conflict strategy and planning .................................................................................... 5 The UK decision to support US military action ................................................................. 6 UK policy before 9/11 ................................................................................................ -
Introduction Chapter 1
Notes Introduction 1. For The Economistt perpetuating the Patent Office myth, see April 13, 1991, page 83. 2. See Sass. 3. Book publication in 1906. 4.Swirski (2006). 5. For more on eliterary critiques and nobrow artertainment, see Swirski (2005). 6. Carlin, et al., online. 7. Reagan’s first inaugural, January 20, 1981. 8. For background and analysis, see Hess; also excellent study by Lamb. 9. This and following quote in Conason, 78. 10. BBC News, “Obama: Mitt Romney wrong.” 11. NYC cabbies in Bryson and McKay, 24; on regulated economy, Goldin and Libecap; on welfare for Big Business, Schlosser, 72, 102. 12. For an informed critique from the perspective of a Wall Street trader, see Taleb; for a frontal assault on the neoliberal programs of economic austerity and political repression, see Klein; Collins and Yeskel; documentary Walmart. 13. In Kohut, 28. 14. Orwell, 318. 15. Storey, 5; McCabe, 6; Altschull, 424. 16. Kelly, 19. 17. “From falsehood, anything follows.” 18. Calder; also Swirski (2010), Introduction. 19. In The Economist, February 19, 2011: 79. 20. Prominently Gianos; Giglio. 21. The Economistt (2011). 22. For more examples, see Swirski (2010); Tavakoli-Far. My thanks to Alice Tse for her help with the images. Chapter 1 1. In Powers, 137; parts of this research are based on Swirski (2009). 2. Haynes, 19. 168 NOTES 3. In Moyers, 279. 4. Ruderman, 10. 5. In Krassner, 276–77. 6. Green, 57; bottom of paragraph, Ruderman, 179. 7. In Zagorin, 28; next quote 30; Shakespeare did not spare the Trojan War in Troilus and Cressida. -
Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence
Russia • Military / Security Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, No. 5 PRINGLE At its peak, the KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti) was the largest HISTORICAL secret police and espionage organization in the world. It became so influential DICTIONARY OF in Soviet politics that several of its directors moved on to become premiers of the Soviet Union. In fact, Russian president Vladimir V. Putin is a former head of the KGB. The GRU (Glavnoe Razvedvitelnoe Upravleniye) is the principal intelligence unit of the Russian armed forces, having been established in 1920 by Leon Trotsky during the Russian civil war. It was the first subordinate to the KGB, and although the KGB broke up with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the GRU remains intact, cohesive, highly efficient, and with far greater resources than its civilian counterparts. & The KGB and GRU are just two of the many Russian and Soviet intelli- gence agencies covered in Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence. Through a list of acronyms and abbreviations, a chronology, an introductory HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF essay, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries, a clear picture of this subject is presented. Entries also cover Russian and Soviet leaders, leading intelligence and security officers, the Lenin and Stalin purges, the gulag, and noted espionage cases. INTELLIGENCE Robert W. Pringle is a former foreign service officer and intelligence analyst RUSSIAN with a lifelong interest in Russian security. He has served as a diplomat and intelligence professional in Africa, the former Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe. For orders and information please contact the publisher && SOVIET Scarecrow Press, Inc. -
Coming SPECIAL ISSUE III Editors ARİF YILDIRIM MARGARITA KEFALAKI
Journal of Media Cri�ques Vol.4 No.14 2018 COMinG SPECIAL ISSUE III Editors ARİF YILDIRIM MARGARITA KEFALAKI P-ISSN: 2056 9785 E-ISSN: 2056 9793 doi: 10.17349/jmc118200 Journal of Media Critiques Vol.4 No.14, 2018 Communication Institute of Greece (COMinG) SPECIAL ISSUE 4 EDITORS Arif YILDIRIM Margarita KEFALAKI P-ISSN: 2056-9785 E-ISSN: 2056 9793 © Journal of Media Critiques, Vol.4 No.14, 2018 COMinG SPECIAL ISSUE 4 doi: 10.17349/jmc118200 Vol.4 No.14, 2018 Journal of Media Critiques www.mediacritiques.net email: [email protected] Editor-in-Chief Dr.Arif Yıldırım EDITORS of COMING SPECIAL ISSUE 4 ASST.PROF. DR. ARİF YILDIRIM, is an Assistant Professor, working as Head of the Departments of Journalism, Canakkale 18 Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey holding a PhD in Informatics with the thesis subject as "Data Security Approach in Information Technology and Cryptography: DNA Algorithm". Yildirim established a faculty, two undergraduate departments, and one graduate department. Additionally, worked as Vice Director of Institute of Social Sciences and the editor-in-chief of Journal of Social Sciences in Gaziantep University. He is founder Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Cyber Security, Privacy and eCrime (www.jcspe.org). Dr.Yildirim teaches lectures as "Neurohacking with Social Media", "Social Media Journalism and Hacktivism", "Activism, Digital Activism and Hacktivism" and "Community Media and ICTs for Development and Social Transformation". His research focuses on social media, cryptography with genetics, neurohacking with social media, marketing, activism, digital activism, hacktivism, civil disobedience, privacy, P2P, online behavior and identity. DR. MARGARITA KEFALAKI, is the founder and current President of the Communication Institute of Greece (COMinG). -
Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber
Rampton, S and Stauber, J. (2006). Weapons of mass deception: The uses of propaganda in Bush’s war on Iraq. New York: Penguin Books. (65 – 112). Chapter 3 True Lies At a press briefing two weeks following the terrorist attacks of September 11, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld had an exchange with a reporter that deserves to be quoted in some detail. In the context of the "war on terrorism," a reporter asked, "Will there be any circumstances, as you prosecute this campaign, in which anyone in the Department of Defense will be authorized to lie to the news media in order to increase the chances of success of a military operation or gain some other advantage over your adversaries?" Rumsfeld replied: Of course, this conjures up Winston Churchill's famous phrase when he said—don't quote me on this, OK. I don't want to be quoted on this, so don't quote me—he said, sometimes the truth is so precious it must be accompanied by a bodyguard of lies, talking about the invasion date and the invasion location, and indeed, they engaged not just in not talking about the date of the Normandy invasion or the location, whether it was to be Normandy Beach or just north off of Belgium, they actually engaged in a plan to confuse the Germans as to where it would happen. And they had a fake army under General Patton, and one thing and another. That is a piece of history. And I bring it up just for the sake of background. -
Active Measures: the Secret History of Disinformation & Political
Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation & Political Warfare | Thomas Rid Philosophers have only interpreted the world. The point, May 25th, 2020 however, is to change it. — Karl Marx INTRODUCTION Thomas Rid is Professor of Strategic Studies at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies. Rid’s latest book, Active Measures, a startling history of disinformation, was published in late April 2020 with Farrar, Straus and Giroux (also in Russian, Japanese, Polish). His most recent book, Rise of the Machines (2016), tells the sweeping story of how cybernetics, a late- 1940s theory of machines, came to incite anarchy and war (also in Chinese, Russian, German, Japanese, Turkish). His 2015 article “Attributing Cyber Attacks” was designed to explain, guide, and improve the identification of network breaches (Journal of Strategic Studies 2015). In 2013 he published the widely-read book Cyber War Will Not Take Place. Rid’s Ph.D. thesis, “War and Media Operations: The US Military and the Press from Vietnam to Iraq,” was the first academic analysis of the role of embedded media in the 2003 Iraq War, providing a concise history of US military public affairs management since Vietnam. Rid testified on information security in front of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence as well as in the German Bundestag and the UK Parliament. From 2011 to 2016, Rid was a professor in the Department of War Studies at King’s College London. Between 2003 and 2010, he worked at major think tanks in Berlin, Paris, Jerusalem, and Washington, DC. Rid holds a PhD from Humboldt University in Berlin. -
The Soviet Union and the British General Strike of 1926 Alastair Kocho-Williams University of the West of England, Bristol [email protected]
The Soviet Union and the British General Strike of 1926 Alastair Kocho-Williams University of the West of England, Bristol [email protected] This paper addresses the Soviet analysis and response to the British General Strike of 1926 in the light of newly available documents. The recently discovered and published stenograms of Politburo meetings provide new information concerning Soviet politics and the political process. Previously, scholars have had only Soviet official documents and protocols of Politburo meetings, which only detail participants with a brief summary of decisions (vypuski) along with who received these summaries.1 From the protocols, and other sources, scholars were aware that verbatim stenograms existed, some of which were published and distributed to Central Committee members and other party leaders with instructions for them to be returned after they had been read.2 Amongst the ‘lost Politburo stenograms’ is the record of a lengthy, heated, discussion of the ‘lessons of the British General Strike’ on 3 June 1926.3 It is this that the current paper is chiefly concerned with, detailing the Soviet stance towards the General Strike, inconsistency in the Soviet analysis, the extent to which Soviet internal politics was linked to foreign policy, how as senior figures disagreed factions developed around divisions in policy, and the way in which the handling of the international situation formed a strand of the opposition to Stalin and the Politburo majority in 1926.4 The British General Strike ran from 4-12 May 1926. Although it drew British industry to a halt, and hadn’t been planned much in advance, there had been ample warning of a coming labour dispute, of which the British and Soviet Governments were well aware, although the Soviets had concluded that major action was unlikely I am grateful to Paul Gregory and Alexander Vatlin for their assistance in the writing of this paper. -
How to Sthart a Can Chapter
The Campus Antiwar Network (CAN ) is an independent, democratic, grassroots network of campus- and school-based antiwar committees. The points of unity of CAN are: 1. We stand opposed to all US wars of aggression 2. We stand opposed to the Campus occupation of Iraq 3. We support the right of the Iraqi people to self- determination 4. We demand the immediate withdrawal of all troops from Iraq 5. We demand that the US government pay reparations to the Iraqi people 6. We stand opposed to the oppression of the Palestinian people and Antiwar the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip 7. We stand opposed to racist scapegoating and all attacks on civil liberties 8. We demand money for education, jobs and healthcare, not war and occupation! Network 22. "Weapons Dossier Claim Absurd," BBC News, May 30, 2003. 23.Ciar Byrne, "BBC chiefs stress need to attribute war sources," The Guardian, March 28, 2003. 24. James Cox and Peter Eisler, "U.S. gears up to unmask illegal arms," USA Today, April 8, 2003. 25. Goldberg, "Why don't we care about the WMD?" 26. "Timeline: Iraq," The Guardian. 27. Mike Allen, "Bush: we found' Banned Weapons," Washington Post, May 31, 2003. Weapons 28. CIA, "Iraqi Mobile Biological Warfare Agent Production Plants," released May 28, 2003. 29. "Insufficient Evidence," ABCnews.com, May 21, 2003. 30. Peter Beaumont, Antony Barnett and Gaby Hinsliff, "Iraq mobile labs nothing to do with germ warfare, report finds," The Observer, June 15, 2003. 31. Greg Miller, "2 suspect labs could have produced hydrogen," L.A.