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XV Latin-American Symposium on Chronobiology 1 SPECIALXV Latin-American ISSUE Symposium on Chronobiology XV Latin-American Symposium on Chronobiology Ana Silva 1* The XV Latin-American Symposium on Chronobiology (LASC 2019) (www.lasc2019. 2* Pablo Torterolo org) was held in Uruguay, for the first time, from October 7 to 11, 2019, at the Convention Center of the Hotel Mirador in Colonia del Sacramento. It was coordinated by an Organizing 1 Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad Committee with members selected from a group of Uruguayan researchers related to the de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, disciplines of Sleep and Chronobiology, and chaired by Dr. Ana Silva and Dr. Pablo Torterolo. Montevideo, Uruguay. 2 Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, The Organizing Committee was supported by a Scientific Advisory Group composed of Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de prestigious researchers from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and USA. Medicina, Universidad de la República, LASC 2019 was a big success that brought together 198 participants from five Latin Montevideo, Uruguay. American countries, as well as from USA, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, and Israel, with an excellent relationship between senior researchers and students (1-1.4). The scientific program, available in LASC 2019 website, included four plenary conferences by leading researchers, on topics of disciplines of high impact and importance. Roberto Amici (Bologna University, Italy) presented: “Torpor and sleep: what’s the link”; Horacio de la Iglesia (University of Washington-USA): “Sleep: lost and not found”; Gina Poe (University of California- Los Angeles, USA): “Sleep features that optimize adaptive memory reorganization”, and Noga Kronfeld-Schor (Tel Aviv University, Israel): “Chronobiology of interspecific interactions in a changing world”. LASC 2019 also included eight symposia, five workshops, two poster sessions, and an opening session dedicated to the presentation of works by Latin-American young researchers. There were 63 speakers and 103 posters presented in two sessions. LASC 2019 closed with an outreach final session dedicated to the communication and transfer of chronobiological knowledge to the society (Title of the Round Table: “El reloj en la Sociedad”). Four speakers chaired by Dr. Diego Golombek (Universidad de Quilmes, Argentina) from Argentina (Andrea Pattini, Universidad de Mendoza, and Juliana Leone, Universidad de Quilmes), Brazil (Claudia Moreno, Universidade de Sao Paulo), and Chile (John Ewer, Universidad de Valparaíso) presented examples of the endorsement of social policies based on chronobiological evidence in Latin America. Before and in parallel with the LASC 2019, the first Latin American School of Chronobiology and Sleep was organized by Dr. Adriana Migliaro, Dr. Alicia Costa and Dr. Luciana Benedetto from the Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. This School, conceived as a satellite event to LASC 2019, was an initiative aimed to promote future Latin American chronobiologists to interact among them, and with US and European consolidated scientists. It consisted of two main modules. The first one was held in Montevideo and consisted of foreign and local faculty lectures as well as hands-on training. The second one Corresponding author: took place in Colonia del Sacramento, in simultaneous to LASC 2019; it included a data Ana Silva analysis workshop, data blitz sessions and the “meet the experts” dinner. The School was E-mail: [email protected] kindly supported by the International Brain Research Organization (IBRO). Pablo Torterolo E-mail: [email protected] Organizing LASC 2019, and the associated School of Chronobiology and Sleep was an enormous challenge for the Uruguayan chronobiology community that had an enormous impact in the consolidation of regional and international collaborations. DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200005 XV Latin American Symposium on Chronobiology 2019 XV Latin-American Symposium on Chronobiology 2 We could not envisage a better corollary to LASC 2019 than the Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay. The selected works not edition of this Special Edition of the Sleep Science Journal, only involve studies on a wide variety of models systems in which we highlight the best poster presentations, whose including traditional rodents, native animals, and humans, but authors were invited to write and submit a report (original or also encompass the great diversity of topics and approaches short review of the research topic). A jury of experts appointed that belong to Chronobiology. Taken together, they emerge as a among LASC 2019 participants evaluated all the posters and good picture of the diverse cutting-edge contributions of Latin selected the presentations of young scientists from Argentina, America Chronobiology. XV Latin American Symposium on Chronobiology 2019 3 SPECIALCircadian modulation ISSUE of motivation-related behavior Circadian modulation of motivation-related behavior Julieta Acosta * ABSTRACT Diego A. Golombek Patricia V. Agostino Most living organisms have a circadian timing system adapted to optimize the daily rhythm of exposure to the environment. This circadian system modulates several behavioral and physiological processes, including the response to natural and non-natural rewards. Food is the most potent Department of Science and Technology, natural reward across species. Food-seeking is known to be mediated by dopaminergic and National University of Quilmes/CONICET, serotonergic transmission in cortico-limbic pathways. In the present review, we revise the evidence Buenos Aires, Argentina. that documents a circadian modulation of reward-related behaviors, with special emphasis in natural rewards. Elucidating the effect of circadian rhythms on motivation behavior may contribute to improve treatment related to psychiatric disorders or drugs of abuse. Keywords: Circadian System; Motivation; Food Reward; Dopamine; Serotonin; Nucleus Accumbens Corresponding author: Julieta Acosta E-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200006 XV Latin American Symposium on Chronobiology 2019 Circadian modulation of motivation-related behavior 4 INTRODUCTION In addition to this primary loop, another negative feedback loop The circadian clock is an endogenous timing system contributes to clock precision and robustness. In the second that drives rhythmicity with a period close to 24-h in almost loop, the protein REV-ERBα moves to the nucleus to repress all living organisms. Some physiological and behavioral functions bmal1 expression; inversely, RORα can stimulate its transcription, regulated by the circadian system include the sleep-wake cycle, both binding to RORE (Retinoic acid-related Orphan receptor body temperature, hormone release, and gene expression. For Response Element) sites on the bmal1 promoter15, 16. These instance, nearly half of all mammalian genes are rhythmically oscillations of negative and positive elements generate circadian expressed in one or more tissues1. Circadian rhythms continue rhythmicity, which regulates the circadian output pathway by to operate in constant environmental conditions (i.e., free-run), driving downstream clock-controlled gene (CCG) expression. indicating the endogenous nature of circadian rhythms In both SCN cells and non-SCN oscillators cells, the (reviewed in2). Within the brain, many reward-related areas transcriptional/ translational feedback loops involve essentially express circadian clock genes3. the same core clock components, although some variations are Motivation is a complex behavior that pushes us to present. For example, in some brain areas - including the forebrain perform actions to achieve goals4. Rewards are recognized to act and the mesolimbic system - the neuronal PAS domain protein 2 as hedonic incentives, causing neural representations that elicit (NPAS2) acts as a functional substitute for CLOCK17, 18. motivation and goal pursuit. Appropriate responses to natural The current view of the circadian system implies a rewards (such as food or sex) were evolutionarily important hierarchical multi-oscillator network of circadian clocks19. This for survival, reproduction, and fitness. At the anatomical level, network involves a master oscillator synchronized by light (the reward-related behavior emerges from the dynamic activity of SCN), additional central oscillators synchronized by non-photic neural networks involving several brain structures, such as the signals (such as food and certain drugs, see below), and peripheral nucleus accumbens (NAc), the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the oscillators (in diverse organs and tissues). Additionally, different hippocampus (Hipp), the amygdala (AMG), and the thalamus5. regions within the brain (referred as secondary oscillators) In addition, it is well known that dopaminergic and serotonergic express rhythmically the core clock genes, and are also capable pathways play an important role in mediating reward processing6. of sustaining rhythms when they are isolated from the organism Several components of both monoaminergic systems are and grown in vitro20, 21. It has been proposed that outside-SCN modulated in a circadian fashion. brain clocks are useful for timing behavioral and physiological In recent years, consistent evidence on circadian tasks to underlie specific activities during the 24-h, such as regulation of motivation and reward behaviors has emerged sleep, vigilance, learning, motivation, vision, or olfaction22. In as a consequence of its relevance in psychiatric disorders this sense, understanding the role of circadian
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