DOCSLIB.ORG

Integrative Physiology 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Integrative Physiology 1 Integrative Physiology 1 Bustamante, Heidi Margarita (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/ INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY fisid_146491/) Senior Instructor; MS, University of Colorado Boulder Physiology is the field of biology that deals with function in living organisms. The academic foundation of the department is the knowledge Byrnes, William (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_100643/) of how humans and animals function at the level of genes, cells, organs Associate Professor Emeritus; PhD, University of Wisconsin–Madison and systems. Our multidisciplinary curriculum requires students to take Carey, Cynthia foundational courses in anatomy, mathematics, physics, physiology and Professor Emerita statistics. With this basic knowledge, students can undertake a flexible curriculum that includes the study of biomechanics, cell physiology, Casagrand, Janet L. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_100934/) endocrinology, immunology, exercise physiology, neurophysiology and Senior Instructor; PhD, Case Western Reserve University sleep physiology. The department also encourages student participation in research. DeSouza, Christopher A. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/ fisid_107460/) Students completing a degree in integrative physiology are expected to Professor; PhD, University of Maryland, College Park acquire the ability and skills to: Eaton, Robert • read, evaluate and synthesize information from the research literature Professor Emeritus on integrative physiology; • observe living organisms and be able to understand the physiological Ehringer, Marissa A. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_126595/) principles underlying function; Associate Professor; PhD, University of Colorado Denver • be able to interpret movement and performance data from laboratory Enoka, Roger M. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_110122/) measurements; and Professor; PhD, University of Washington • communicate the outcome of an investigation and its contribution to the body of knowledge on integrative physiology. Fleshner, Monika R. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_103304/) Professor; PhD, University of Colorado Boulder These goals are achieved by providing a curriculum that comprises required courses and elective experiences. The required courses Foley, Teresa E. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_147351/) establish the foundation of knowledge for the discipline, whereas the Senior Instructor; PhD, University of Colorado Boulder elective courses provide opportunities to extend this knowledge on selected topics. The elective courses include seminars, independent Fowler, John S. study and research projects on such topics as aging, applied Professor Emeritus biomechanics, applied exercise science, behavioral neuroendocrinology, Gleeson, Todd T. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_105480/) epidemiology, genetics of substance abuse, integrative physiology of Professor; PhD, University of California, Irvine aging, integrative vascular biology, locomotion, molecular biology of neurodegeneration, molecular neurogenetics, molecular signaling of Grabowski, Alena Marie (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/ neurological disorders, motor behavior, neuromechanics, neurophysiology fisid_149727/) of movement, reproductive endocrinology, sleep and chronobiology, sleep Associate Professor; PhD, University of Colorado Boulder and development and stress physiology. Heisler, Ruth E. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_103195/) For more information, visit the Integrative Physiology (http:// Associate Chair, Senior Instructor; MA, University of Colorado Boulder www.colorado.edu/iphy/) website. Hobbs, Steven L. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_143724/) Course code for this program is IPHY. Senior Instructor; PhD, University of Colorado Boulder Bachelor's Degree Hoeffer, Charles Albert (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/ fisid_153384/) • Integrative Physiology - Bachelor of Arts (BA) (catalog.colorado.edu/ Assistant Professor; PhD, University of Arizona undergraduate/colleges-schools/arts-sciences/programs-study/ integrative-physiology/integrative-physiology-bachelor-arts-ba/) Johnson, Thomas E. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/ fisid_104242/) Faculty Professor; PhD, University of Washington While many faculty teach both undergraduate and graduate students, LaRocca, Thomas J. some instruct students at the undergraduate level only. For more Instructor; PhD, University of Colorado Boulder information, contact the faculty member's home department. LeBourgeois, Monique Katherine (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/ Alderete, Tanya Lynn (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/ fisid_148411/) fisid_159723/) Associate Professor; PhD, University of Southern Mississippi Assistant Professor; PhD, University of Southern California Link, Christopher D. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_109073/) Anderson, Allison P. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_156275/) Associate Professor; PhD, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Assistant Professor Adjunct; PhD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2 Integrative Physiology Lowry, Christopher (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_143371/) Wright, Kenneth P. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_125586/) Associate Professor; PhD, Oregon State University Professor; PhD, Bowling Green State University Lynch, G. Robert Professor Emeritus Courses IPHY 1020 (1) Introduction to Integrative Physiology Maldonado, Tammy A. Introduces students to Integrative Physiology. Provides an overview of Instructor; PhD, University of Colorado Boulder the major and how it differs from other biology programs; how to get involved in clubs, research, and/or internship opportunities; strategies Mazzeo, Robert (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_101031/) for succeeding in IPHY courses; and career options. This is a first-year Associate Professor, Associate Chair; PhD, University of California, colloquium course specifically designed for freshman and other students Berkeley exploring their educational and career opportunities. Grading Basis: Pass/Fail McQueen, Matthew B. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/ fisid_143785/) IPHY 1111 (2) Analysis of Human Movement with Smart-Phone Professor; DSc, Harvard University Technology Learn how to measure and analyze human movement using a smart- Mood, Dale P. phone application. After being provided with some background Professor Emeritus information on human physiology, students will learn how to acquire, process, and analyze signals detected by the app. Students will be Moore, Russell (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_105756/) required to participate in a group project that they present in poster Professor; PhD, Washington State University format to their peers. Norris, David O. Requisites: Restricted to students with 0-56 credits (Freshmen or Professor Emeritus Sophomore) only. Grading Basis: Letter Grade Olsen, Gay Lynn (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_152118/) Additional Information: Arts Sci Gen Ed: Distribution-Natural Sci Lab Instructor; ND, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center IPHY 1121 (2) Using Sensor Technology to Study the Effects of Light on Opp, Mark R. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_158898/) Human Health Professor, Chair; PhD, Washington State University Introduces you the basics of photobiology, measurement of light (including a discussion of humancentric vs. radiometric units for Robichaux, Waldean quantifying light exposure), and light effects on human physiology and Professor Emeritus longterm health. You will also be taught how to program light sensors, extract raw data, process, analyze and visualize it (incl. basic statistics in Saul, Leif J. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_116130/) R). Senior Instructor; PhD, University of California, Berkeley Grading Basis: Letter Grade Schaetzel, Amanda E. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/ IPHY 1131 (2) Using model organisms to study human disease: hands-on fisid_154385/) research Instructor; PhD, University of Colorado Boulder Provides a hands-on laboratory research experience, including undertaking science scholarship, designing and performing experiments, Seals, Douglas R. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_103375/) and analysis of quantitative data. Students will also be exposed to basic Distinguished Professor; PhD, University of Wisconsin–Madison concepts in genetics and molecular biology, as well as the rationale for current experimental approaches for understanding human disease. Sherwood, David Grading Basis: Letter Grade Associate Professor Emeritus Additional Information: Arts Sci Gen Ed: Distribution-Natural Sciences Shi, Jia (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_143673/) Arts Sci Gen Ed: Distribution-Natural Sci Lab Instructor; PhD, Boston University IPHY 1181 (2) Biological Probiotic/Drug Discovery Through Hands-on Screens Stitzel, Jerry A. (https://experts.colorado.edu/display/fisid_102954/) Provides introduction to research and laboratory experience. Students Professor; PhD, Johns Hopkins University will work in teams to screen novel mycobacterial strains for use as probiotics or immunoregulatory/anti-inflammatory drugs using THP-1 Stob, Nicole R. cells, a human monocytic cell line. Topics covered include the hygiene Instructor; PhD, Colorado State University or "Old Friends" hypothesis, the human microbiome, approaches to Tan, Andrew W. screening for new probiotics of therapeutics and statistical analysis of Assistant Professor; PhD, Harvard University the data. Equivalent - Duplicate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CURRICULUM VITAE Joseph S. Takahashi Howard Hughes Medical
    CURRICULUM VITAE Joseph S. Takahashi Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Neuroscience University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., NA4.118 Dallas, Texas 75390-9111 (214) 648-1876, FAX (214) 648-1801 Email: [email protected] DATE OF BIRTH: December 16, 1951 NATIONALITY: U.S. Citizen by birth EDUCATION: 1981-1983 Pharmacology Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Sciences and Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 1979-1981 Ph.D., Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, Dr. Michael Menaker, Advisor. Summer 1977 Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California 1975-1979 Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 1970-1974 B.A. in Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 2013-present Principal Investigator, Satellite, International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, University of Tsukuba, Japan 2009-present Professor and Chair, Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center 2009-present Loyd B. Sands Distinguished Chair in Neuroscience, UT Southwestern 2009-present Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern 2009-present Professor Emeritus of Neurobiology and Physiology, and Walter and Mary Elizabeth Glass Professor Emeritus in the Life Sciences, Northwestern University
    [Show full text]
  • AM6516 Neuromechanics of Human Movement - Syllabus
    AM6516 Neuromechanics of Human Movement - Syllabus Objectives: To introduce the neural system responsible for generation of human movements. To introduce neural control of movements (principles and theories) Briefly introduce topics of motor disorders and rehabilitation approaches. Course contents: Features of movement production system: Muscles, Neurons, Neuronal pathways, Sensory receptors, Reflexes and its kinds, Spinal control mechanisms Major brain structures responsible for movement generation: Motor Cortex (including a discussion of premotor and supplementary motor areas), Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, Descending and ascending pathways Control theory approaches to motor control: Force control, generalized motor programs, muscle activation control, Merton's servo hypothesis, optimal control (including Posture based movement control) Physical approaches to motor control: Mass-Spring models, Threshold control, Equilibrium point hypothesis, Referent configurations Coordination of human movement: Approaches to studying coordination: Optimization, Dynamical systems approach, Synergies, Action-Perception interactions and coupling. Exemplary behaviors: Prehension, postural control, locomotion, Kinesthesia. Changing and Evolving behaviors: Changes to movement control due to fatigue and aging. Motor disorders (introduction only): Spinal cord injury and Spasticity, Cortical disorders (Examples: Stroke, Cerebral Palsy), Disorders of Basal Ganglia (Examples: Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease), Cerebellar disorders (Ataxia, Tremor, Timing
    [Show full text]
  • Neuromechanics of the Foot, Footwear and Orthotics Stephen Perry, Phd
    Neuromechanics of the Foot, Footwear and Orthotics Stephen Perry, PhD Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Rehabilitation Institute © Stephen D. Perry, PhD Areas of Research Foot Disorders Footwear, Orthotic Characteristics Plantar Surface Sensation Muscle Activation Balance Control Mobility © Stephen D. Perry, PhD Sensory Role Mechanical Role Central Nervous System Impingement Impingement of pathways of pathways inaccurate information decline in muscle strength Sensory Musculoskeletal damage to System receptors System deformities change in strategies available pain Inappropriate detection fatigue of pressure levels impedes transfer of forces shearing forces and reduction in sensitivity Balancing Reactions masking or potential for additional change in mechanical insulating signals postural disturbances properties (e.g. weight, shape) © Stephen D. Perry, PhD Take Home Message Structural and material alterations, such as footwear and orthotic characteristics, fit, integrity and interface (cushioning, sock‐insole, impingements) can affect both sensory and mechanical foot functions. There is also a need to identify and treat mechanical foot misalignments early with all of this taken into consideration. This research is in its early stages. © Stephen D. Perry, PhD References 1. Antonio, P.J. and S.D. Perry, 2019. Commercial pressure offloading insoles: dynamic stability and plantar pressure effects while negotiating stairs. Footwear Science. In Press. 2. Antonio, P.J., Investigating balance, plantar pressure, and foot sensitivity of individuals with diabetes during stair gait, Rehabilitation Science Institute. 2019, University of Toronto. 3. Antonio, P. J., and S. D. Perry. 2014. "Quantifying stair gait stability in young and older adults, with modifications to insole hardness." Gait Posture 40 (3):429‐34.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Enrichment and Exercise Are Better Than Social
    Environmental enrichment and exercise are better than PNAS PLUS social enrichment to reduce memory deficits in amyloid beta neurotoxicity Mariza G. Prado Limaa, Helen L. Schimidtb, Alexandre Garciaa, Letícia R. Daréa, Felipe P. Carpesb, Ivan Izquierdoc,1, and Pâmela B. Mello-Carpesa,1 aPhysiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS 97500-970, Brazil; bApplied Neuromechanics Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS 97500-970, Brazil; and cMemory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil Contributed by Ivan Izquierdo, January 24, 2018 (sent for review October 24, 2017; reviewed by Michel Baudry and Federico Bermudez-Rattoni) Recently, nongenetic animal models to study the onset and devel- the administration of Aβ protein oligomers (14, 15). However, opment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have appeared, such as the EE as used in animal research usually includes other variables intrahippocampal infusion of peptides present in Alzheimer amyloid than perception and memorization, which make it difficult to plaques [i.e., amyloid-β (Aβ)]. Nonpharmacological approaches to determine the nature of its eventually favorable effects. Animals AD treatment also have been advanced recently, which involve exposed to EE are maintained for long periods in large boxes combinations of behavioral interventions whose specific effects with other conspecifics to promote interaction and socialization are often difficult to determine. Here we isolate the neuroprotective (16). The presence of conspecifics constitutes social enrichment effects of three of these interventions—environmental enrichment (SE), which induces social interactions. Furthermore, activity — (EE), anaerobic physical exercise (AnPE), and social enrichment (SE) wheels, tunnels, and toys that are made available in the boxes β on A -induced oxidative stress and on impairments in learning and used to study EE induce intermittent physical exercise, which is memory induced by Aβ.
    [Show full text]
  • Pin Faculty Directory
    Harvard University Program in Neuroscience Faculty Directory 2019—2020 April 22, 2020 Disclaimer Please note that in the following descripons of faculty members, only students from the Program in Neuroscience are listed. You cannot assume that if no students are listed, it is a small or inacve lab. Many faculty members are very acve in other programs such as Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology, etc. If you find you are interested in the descripon of a lab’s research, you should contact the faculty member (or go to the lab’s website) to find out how big the lab is, how many graduate students are doing there thesis work there, etc. Program in Neuroscience Faculty Albers, Mark (MGH-East)) De Bivort, Benjamin (Harvard/OEB) Kaplan, Joshua (MGH/HMS/Neurobio) Rosenberg, Paul (BCH/Neurology) Andermann, Mark (BIDMC) Dettmer, Ulf (BWH) Karmacharya, Rakesh (MGH) Rotenberg, Alex (BCH/Neurology) Anderson, Matthew (BIDMC) Do, Michael (BCH—Neurobio) Khurana, Vikram (BWH) Sabatini, Bernardo (HMS/Neurobio) Anthony, Todd (BCH/Neurobio) Dong, Min (BCH) Kim, Kwang-Soo (McLean) Sahay, Amar (MGH) Arlotta, Paola (Harvard/SCRB) Drugowitsch, Jan (HMS/Neurobio) Kocsis, Bernat (BIDMC) Sahin, Mustafa (BCH/Neurobio) Assad, John (HMS/Neurobio) Dulac, Catherine (Harvard/MCB) Kreiman, Gabriel (BCH/Neurobio) Samuel, Aravi (Harvard/ Physics) Bacskai, Brian (MGH/East) Dymecki, Susan(HMS/Genetics) LaVoie, Matthew (BWH) Sanes, Joshua (Harvard/MCB) Baker, Justin (McLean) Engert, Florian (Harvard/MCB) Lee, Wei-Chung (BCH/Neurobio) Saper, Clifford
    [Show full text]
  • Neuromechanics: from Neurons to Brain
    CHAPTER TWO Neuromechanics: From Neurons to Brain Alain Goriely*, Silvia Budday†, Ellen Kuhl{,1 *Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom †Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany { Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States 1Corresponding author: e-mail address: [email protected] Contents 1. Motivation 80 2. Neuroelasticity 82 2.1 Elasticity of Single Neurons 82 2.2 Elasticity of Gray and White Matter Tissue 90 2.3 Elasticity of the Brain 93 3. Neurodevelopment 96 3.1 Growth of Single Neurons 96 3.2 Growth of Gray and White Matter Tissue 103 3.3 Growth of the Brain 106 4. Neurodamage 116 4.1 Neurodamage of Single Neurons 116 4.2 Neurodamage of Gray and White Matter Tissue 119 4.3 Neurodamage of the Brain 126 5. Open Questions and Challenges 128 Acknowledgments 131 Glossary 132 References 133 Abstract Arguably, the brain is the most complex organ in the human body, and, at the same time, the least well understood. Today, more than ever before, the human brain has become a subject of narcissistic study and fascination. The fields of neuroscience, neu- rology, neurosurgery, and neuroradiology have seen tremendous progress over the past two decades; yet, the field of neuromechanics remains underappreciated and poorly understood. Here, we show that mechanical stretch, strain, stress, and force play a critical role in modulating the structure and function of the brain. We discuss the role of neuromechanics across the scales, from individual neurons via neuronal tissue to the whole brain. We review current research highlights and discuss challenges and potential future directions.
    [Show full text]
  • ME234 – Introduction to Neuromechanics
    ME234 - Introduction to Neuromechanics ME234 – Introduction to Neuromechanics Fall 2015, Tue/Thu 10:30-11:50, Y2E2-111 Ellen Kuhl ([email protected]) Our brain is not only our softest, but also our least well-understood organ. Floating in the cerebrospinal fluid, embedded in the skull, it is almost perfectly isolated from its mechanical environment. Not surprisingly, most brain research focuses on the electrical rather than the mechanical characteristics of brain tissue. Recent studies suggest though, that the mechanical environment plays an important role in modulating brain function. Neuromechanics has traditionally focused on the extremely fast time scales associated with dynamic phenomena on the order of milliseconds. The prototype example is traumatic brain injury where extreme loading rates cause intracranial damage associated with a temporary or permanent loss of function. Neurodevelopment, on the contrary, falls into the slow time scales associated with quasi-static phenomena on the order of months. A typical example is cortical folding, where compressive forces between gray and white matter induce surface buckling. To understand the role of mechanics in neuroanatomy and neuromorphology, we begin this course by dissecting mammalian brains and correlate our observations to neurophysiology. We discuss morphological abnormalities including lissencephaly and polymicrogyria and illustrate their morphological similarities with neurological disorders including schizophrenia and autism. Then, we address the role of mechanics during brachycephaly,
    [Show full text]
  • Biotechnology School of Biotechnology G.M
    Programme Structure Post Graduate in Biotechnology School of Biotechnology G.M. University, Sambalpur Post graduate programme comprising two years, will be divided into 4 (four) semesters each of six months duration. Year Semesters First Year Semester I Semester II Second Year Semester III Semester IV The detail of title of papers, credit hours, division of marks etc of all the papers of all semesters is given below. There will be two elective groupsnamely: Discipline Specific Elective in SemII. Interdisciplinary Elective in SemIII. A student has to select one of the DSE paper in Sem II and one of the papers in Sem III as offered by the department at the beginning of the semester II and semester IIIrespectively. Each paper will be of 100 marks out of which 80 marks shall be allocated for semester examination and 20 marks for internal assessment (Mid TermExamination). There will be four lecture hours of teaching per week for eachpaper. Duration of examination of each paper shall be of threehours. Pass Percentage: The minimum marks required to pass any paper shall be 40 percent in each paper and 40 percent in aggregate of asemester. No students will be allowed to avail more than three (3) chances to pass in any paper inclusive of first attempt. Semester-1 Papers Marks Total Duration Credit Paper No Title Mid End Marks (Hrs) Hours Term Term 101 Cell & Molecular Biology 20 80 100 4 4 102 Microbiology 20 80 100 4 4 103 Biochemistry 20 80 100 4 4 104 Genetics 20 80 100 4 4 105 Lab course 100 100 4 4 Total 500 20 20 Semester-2 Papers Marks Total Duration Credit Paper Title Mid End Marks (Hrs) Hours No Term Term 201 Genetic Engineering 20 80 100 4 4 202 Instrumentation and Computer 20 80 100 4 4 Techniques 1 | P a g e 203 Biostatistics and Basics of 20 80 100 4 4 Bioinformatics 204 Developmental Biology (Plant & 20 80 100 4 4 Animal) 205 Lab course 100 100 4 4 DSEPapers* 206 A Animal Physiology 20 80 100 4 4 206 B Plant Physiology 20 80 100 4 4 206 C Bioenergetics and Metabolism 20 80 100 4 4 Total 600 24 *Discipline Specific Elective Paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Penultimate Version. Please Do Not Cite. Forthcoming in Synthese. The
    Penultimate version. Please do not cite. Forthcoming in Synthese. The Dynamical Renaissance in Neuroscience Luis H. Favela1, 2 1 Department of Philosophy, University of Central Florida 2 Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Central Florida Author Note Luis H. Favela https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-959X Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Luis H. Favela, Department of Philosophy, University of Central Florida, 4111 Pictor Lane, Suite 220, Orlando, FL 32816-1352. E-mail: [email protected] 1 The Dynamical Renaissance in Neuroscience Abstract Although there is a substantial philosophical literature on dynamical systems theory in the cognitive sciences, the same is not the case for neuroscience. This paper attempts to motivate increased discussion via a set of overlapping issues. The first aim is primarily historical and is to demonstrate that dynamical systems theory is currently experiencing a renaissance in neuroscience. Although dynamical concepts and methods are becoming increasingly popular in contemporary neuroscience, the general approach should not be viewed as something entirely new to neuroscience. Instead, it is more appropriate to view the current developments as making central again approaches that facilitated some of neuroscience’s most significant early achievements, namely, the Hodgkin-Huxley and FitzHugh-Nagumo models. The second aim is primarily critical and defends a version of the “dynamical hypothesis” in neuroscience. Whereas the original version centered on defending a noncomputational and nonrepresentational account of cognition, the version I have in mind is broader and includes both cognition and the neural systems that realize it as well. In view of that, I discuss research on motor control as a paradigmatic example demonstrating that the concepts and methods of dynamical systems theory are increasingly and successfully being applied to neural systems in contemporary neuroscience.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure and Function of Pedal Neurons Controlling Muscle Contractions in Tritonia Diomedea
    Page 1 of 16 Impulse: The Premier Undergraduate Neuroscience Journal 2012 Structure and function of pedal neurons controlling muscle contractions in Tritonia diomedea Reakweeda Zazay1,2,3, Josh B. Morrison2,4, Roger Redondo2,4, James Alan Murray1,2,4 1California State University East Bay, Hayward CA 94542; 2Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor WA 98250; 3George Washington University, Washington DC 20052; 4University of Cen- tral Arkansas, Conway AR 72035 There are 16 pairs of “identified neurons” in the pedal ganglion of any sea slug of the species Tritonia diomedea that have published behavioral functions. Many of the pedal neurons cause flexion of the ipsilateral body wall and foot when activated, but they are not thought to innervate muscle directly. The goal of this study was to examine the motor functions of brain neurons with no previously-identified functions. We described the activity of two such cells and their motor effects, and further characterized the motor effects of a previously-identified neuron (Pedal 3). We stimulated the Pedal 3 flexion neuron and characterized where and how it contracted the foot. For each neuron, we described the latency to contraction, the time to relaxation, and the dis- tance and speed of movement. These neurons may be involved in turning during crawling, and these results will help us understand how the activity of specific neurons is translated into behav- ior (neuromechanics), and determine how fast the animal can respond to sensory feedback during locomotion. The relative simplicity of this brain allows us to understand how behavior is gener- ated on a cellular basis, and to generate neural network and neuromechanical models of naviga- tion that can be applied to robotics.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamentals of Neuromechanics Series: Biosystems & Biorobotics, Vol
    F.J. Valero-Cuevas Fundamentals of Neuromechanics Series: Biosystems & Biorobotics, Vol. 8 ▶ Offers step-by-step procedures to create neuro-musculo-skeletal models, to understand function, versatility and disability, and innovative robotic designs ▶ Broadens your understanding of the complex interactions, between the nervous system and the anatomy of a limb to produce versatile function ▶ Equips readers to understand and advance in the most current theories and debates in sensorimotor neuroscience. ▶ Provides ample on-line supplementary material, exercises and computer code This book provides a conceptual and computational framework to study how the nervous 1st ed. 2015, XXIV, 194 p. 65 illus. system exploits the anatomical properties of limbs to produce mechanical function. The study of the neural control of limbs has historically emphasized the use of optimization to find solutions to the muscle redundancy problem. That is, how does the nervous system Printed book select a specific muscle coordination pattern when the many muscles of a limb allow for multiple solutions? Hardcover 69,99 € | £35.99 | $89.99 ▶ I revisit this problem from the emerging perspective of neuromechanics that emphasizes ▶ *74,89 € (D) | 76,99 € (A) | CHF 79.00 finding and implementing families of feasible solutions, instead of a single and unique optimal solution. Those families of feasible solutions emerge naturally from the eBook interactions among the feasible neural commands, anatomy of the limb, and constraints of the task. Such alternative perspective to the neural control of limb function is not only Available from your library or biologically plausible, but sheds light on the most central tenets and debates in the fields springer.com/shop ▶ of neural control, robotics, rehabilitation, and brain-body co-evolutionary adaptations.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronobiology an Internal Clock L for All Seasons
    Eommsnts” EUGENE GARFIELD ~: INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC lNFORMATION~ 3501 MARKET ST,, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 %;%%%?% Chronobiology An Internal Clock L for All Seasons. Part 1. The Development of the Science k of Biological Rhythm Number 1 January 4, 1988 The lives of virtually all plants and animals, from the simplest one-celled organisms to humans, are governed by a variety of internal biological rhythms. This essay (the first of two parts) discusses chronobiology, the study of these biological clocks. Biological periodicities may range from ultradi- an and circadian to circahmar and circasrnualcycles. Using ISI” data, we trace the development of the field from its earliest underpismirrgsin botany and zoology and identify the authors of Citation Ck.rsics”, such as Jurgen Aschoff, Erwin Burming, and Colin S. Phtendrigh. Living organisms exhibit myriad cycles. ing to the daily rise and fall of the sun. In- Annually, the leaves of deciduous trees in deed, so familiar are these rhythms that, ac- the temperate zones turn brilliant hues of cording to pharmacologists Joseph S. Tak- yellow, orange, and red as the days shorten ahashi and Martin Zatz, Laboratory of Clin- and winter approaches. Each year, anirnrds ical Science, National Institute of Mentaf go through cycles related to reproduetion; Health, Bethesda, Maryland, they did not most of those in the temperate zones also elicit systematic, scholarly investigation until experience rhythms that prepare them for the the 1700s.7 Since that time, however, the period of inactivity that comes with winter. study of these biological rhythms has Cycles that take less than a year to com- slowly coalesced into the science of chro- plete are also plentiful.
    [Show full text]