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THE EFFECT OF CHLORIDE AND SULFATE ON THE MINERALOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF SYNTHETICALLY PRECIPITATED COPPER SOLIDS Thesis Submitted to The School of Engineering of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering By Lisa Nicole Melton Dayton, OH December, 2013 i THE EFFECT OF CHLORIDE AND SULFATE ON THE MINERALOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF SYNTHETICALLY PRECIPITATED COPPER SOLIDS Name: Melton, Lisa Nicole APPROVED BY: __________________________________ ______________________________ Denise Taylor, Ph.D., P.E. Kenya Crosson, Ph.D. Advisory Committee Chairman Committee Member Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering Mechanics Engineering and Engineering Mechanics ________________________________ Darren Lytle, Ph.D., P.E. Committee Member Acting Branch Chief (TTEB) & Environmental Engineer U.S. Environmental Protection Agency _________________________________ _____________________________ John G. Weber, Ph.D. Tony E. Saliba, Ph.D. Associate Dean Dean, School of Engineering School of Engineering & Wilke Distinguished Professor ii ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF CHLORIDE AND SULFATE ON THE MINERALOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF SYNTHETICALLY PRECIPITATED COPPER SOLIDS Name: Melton, Lisa Nicole University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. Denise Taylor Since the implementation of the Lead and Copper Rule in 1991, multiple studies have been completed to explain, predict and mitigate the problems of copper corrosion. Water chemistry is a leading factor in initiating corrosion and a number of parameters have been postulated to be responsible, including pH, alkalinity, chloride and sulfate. The purpose of this research is to identify aqueous conditions that support the formation of copper corrosion by-products found in distribution systems. Specifically, this work attempted to understand: 1) the role of aggressive ions, chloride and sulfate, in the formation synthetically precipitated particles; 2) the effect of aging on solubility and morphology; 3) evaluate morphology associated with solids. Precipitation experiments were conducted at pH seven and nine, with varied dissolved inorganic carbon (10, 50 mg C/L), and ratios of chloride and sulfate at 1:1, 5:1 and 1:5. Copper was added as cupric perchlorate solution at a concentration of 15 mg/L. Analysis of solubility, mineralogy, and morphological changes were conducted over three months using induced coupled argon plasma spectrometry, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. iii This research generally supports results previously reported in literature: high pH conditions over a range of DIC levels favor the formation of tenorite (CuO). High DIC, neutral pH water favors formation of malachite [Cu2(CO3)(OH)2] and experience higher solubility levels. The effect of chloride and sulfate was most evident at low pH, low DIC conditions where connellite [Cu19SO4Cl4(OH)32*3H2O], langite [Cu4(OH)6SO4H2O] and an unidentified mineral were formed. The effect of aging was evident through x-ray diffraction as particles transitioned from amorphous to slightly crystalline. This transition was most evident within 28 days of precipitation, which also correlated to a reduction in solubility. Microscopy analysis provided confirmation on the morphology habits associated with tenorite, malachite, connellite and langite. In additional tenorite and malachite were compared to scale from distribution systems and were comparable in surface features, size and habit. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my committee members, Dr. Denise Taylor, Dr. Darren Lytle and Dr. Kenya Crosson for their support, time, insight and direction. I would not have been able to complete this without their guidance and patience. I express my appreciation to Christy Muhlen, Colin White and Alyssa O’Donnell for their assistance in the lab and data collection for this research. I am deeply appreciative to Dr. Joe Saliba and Mace Cofield for their support and continued encouragement in the pursuit of graduate studies. I am particularly grateful to Hazen and Sawyer for affording the time to complete this process and my many co-workers who offered valuable insight and assistance. I dedicate this work to my mother, Beatrice Antoinette Melton and my sister Dr. Michelle Melton. Without their love, strength and reassurance, I would not have been able to achieve all that I have. Thank you for encouraging me to start and complete the journey. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS ......................................................................................xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 4 2.1 SIGNIFICANCE ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 DOMESTIC PLUMBING AND CONSUMER IMPACTS ......................................................... 5 2.3 REGULATORY MONITORING ............................................................................................ 5 2.4 COPPER CORROSION, PASSIVATION AND IMMUNITY ..................................................... 6 2.5 COPPER CORROSION SOLIDS ........................................................................................... 8 2.6 FORMS OF COPPER CORROSION .................................................................................... 10 2.7 FACTORS AFFECTING COPPER CORROSION ................................................................... 12 2.8 CORROSION MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................... 13 2.9 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3: IMPACT OF WATER CHEMISTRY ON SYNTHETICALLY PRECIPITATED COPPER PARTICLES ........................................................................................................................ 15 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 16 3.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 18 3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 20 vi 3.4 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 28 CHAPTER 4: CHARACTERIZATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF SYNTHETICALLY PRECIPITATED COPPER PARTICLES ........................................................................................................................ 30 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 30 4.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 31 4.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 33 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 36 4.4 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 54 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 56 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX A .................................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B .................................................................................................................................... 64 APPENDIX C .................................................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX D .................................................................................................................................... 74 APPENDIX E .................................................................................................................................
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