DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of Chloride and Sulfate on the Mineralogy and Morphology Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effect of Chloride and Sulfate on the Mineralogy and Morphology Of THE EFFECT OF CHLORIDE AND SULFATE ON THE MINERALOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF SYNTHETICALLY PRECIPITATED COPPER SOLIDS Thesis Submitted to The School of Engineering of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering By Lisa Nicole Melton Dayton, OH December, 2013 i THE EFFECT OF CHLORIDE AND SULFATE ON THE MINERALOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF SYNTHETICALLY PRECIPITATED COPPER SOLIDS Name: Melton, Lisa Nicole APPROVED BY: __________________________________ ______________________________ Denise Taylor, Ph.D., P.E. Kenya Crosson, Ph.D. Advisory Committee Chairman Committee Member Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering Mechanics Engineering and Engineering Mechanics ________________________________ Darren Lytle, Ph.D., P.E. Committee Member Acting Branch Chief (TTEB) & Environmental Engineer U.S. Environmental Protection Agency _________________________________ _____________________________ John G. Weber, Ph.D. Tony E. Saliba, Ph.D. Associate Dean Dean, School of Engineering School of Engineering & Wilke Distinguished Professor ii ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF CHLORIDE AND SULFATE ON THE MINERALOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF SYNTHETICALLY PRECIPITATED COPPER SOLIDS Name: Melton, Lisa Nicole University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. Denise Taylor Since the implementation of the Lead and Copper Rule in 1991, multiple studies have been completed to explain, predict and mitigate the problems of copper corrosion. Water chemistry is a leading factor in initiating corrosion and a number of parameters have been postulated to be responsible, including pH, alkalinity, chloride and sulfate. The purpose of this research is to identify aqueous conditions that support the formation of copper corrosion by-products found in distribution systems. Specifically, this work attempted to understand: 1) the role of aggressive ions, chloride and sulfate, in the formation synthetically precipitated particles; 2) the effect of aging on solubility and morphology; 3) evaluate morphology associated with solids. Precipitation experiments were conducted at pH seven and nine, with varied dissolved inorganic carbon (10, 50 mg C/L), and ratios of chloride and sulfate at 1:1, 5:1 and 1:5. Copper was added as cupric perchlorate solution at a concentration of 15 mg/L. Analysis of solubility, mineralogy, and morphological changes were conducted over three months using induced coupled argon plasma spectrometry, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. iii This research generally supports results previously reported in literature: high pH conditions over a range of DIC levels favor the formation of tenorite (CuO). High DIC, neutral pH water favors formation of malachite [Cu2(CO3)(OH)2] and experience higher solubility levels. The effect of chloride and sulfate was most evident at low pH, low DIC conditions where connellite [Cu19SO4Cl4(OH)32*3H2O], langite [Cu4(OH)6SO4H2O] and an unidentified mineral were formed. The effect of aging was evident through x-ray diffraction as particles transitioned from amorphous to slightly crystalline. This transition was most evident within 28 days of precipitation, which also correlated to a reduction in solubility. Microscopy analysis provided confirmation on the morphology habits associated with tenorite, malachite, connellite and langite. In additional tenorite and malachite were compared to scale from distribution systems and were comparable in surface features, size and habit. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my committee members, Dr. Denise Taylor, Dr. Darren Lytle and Dr. Kenya Crosson for their support, time, insight and direction. I would not have been able to complete this without their guidance and patience. I express my appreciation to Christy Muhlen, Colin White and Alyssa O’Donnell for their assistance in the lab and data collection for this research. I am deeply appreciative to Dr. Joe Saliba and Mace Cofield for their support and continued encouragement in the pursuit of graduate studies. I am particularly grateful to Hazen and Sawyer for affording the time to complete this process and my many co-workers who offered valuable insight and assistance. I dedicate this work to my mother, Beatrice Antoinette Melton and my sister Dr. Michelle Melton. Without their love, strength and reassurance, I would not have been able to achieve all that I have. Thank you for encouraging me to start and complete the journey. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS ......................................................................................xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 4 2.1 SIGNIFICANCE ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 DOMESTIC PLUMBING AND CONSUMER IMPACTS ......................................................... 5 2.3 REGULATORY MONITORING ............................................................................................ 5 2.4 COPPER CORROSION, PASSIVATION AND IMMUNITY ..................................................... 6 2.5 COPPER CORROSION SOLIDS ........................................................................................... 8 2.6 FORMS OF COPPER CORROSION .................................................................................... 10 2.7 FACTORS AFFECTING COPPER CORROSION ................................................................... 12 2.8 CORROSION MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................... 13 2.9 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3: IMPACT OF WATER CHEMISTRY ON SYNTHETICALLY PRECIPITATED COPPER PARTICLES ........................................................................................................................ 15 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 16 3.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 18 3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 20 vi 3.4 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 28 CHAPTER 4: CHARACTERIZATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF SYNTHETICALLY PRECIPITATED COPPER PARTICLES ........................................................................................................................ 30 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 30 4.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 31 4.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 33 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 36 4.4 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 54 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 56 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX A .................................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B .................................................................................................................................... 64 APPENDIX C .................................................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX D .................................................................................................................................... 74 APPENDIX E .................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Washington State Minerals Checklist
    Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrowoodwardite Cu2al2(SO4)(OH)8 • Nh2o. C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Hydrowoodwardite Cu2Al2(SO4)(OH)8 • nH2O. c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 32/m (probable). As porous botryoidal crusts and small stalactitic aggregates. Physical Properties: Fracture: Uneven. Tenacity: Brittle upon partial dehydation. Hardness = n.d. D(meas.) = 2.33(8) D(calc.) = 2.48 Slowly and reversibly dehydrates to woodwardite. Optical Properties: Translucent. Color: Blue to pale blue. Streak: Pale blue. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: [Uniaxial.] n = 1.549(5)–1.565(5) ω = n.d. = n.d. Cell Data: Space Group: R3m (probable). a = 3.070(7) c = 31.9(2) Z = 3 X-ray Powder Pattern: St. Briccius mine, Germany. 10.5 (100), 5.26 (17), 3.50 (6), 2.60 (5b), 1.524 (4b), 2.46 (2b), 2.23 (2b) Chemistry: (1) SO3 15.50 SiO2 5.60 Al2O3 19.20 CuO 28.39 ZnO 0.41 Na2O 0.10 H2O 30.10 Total [99.30] (1) St. Briccius mine, Germany; by ICP-MS, SiO2 from admixed amorphous silica, H2Oby 2− 1− TGA, (SO4) , (OH) and H2O confirmed by IR, original total given as 99.3%; corresponds to • (Cu1.92Zn0.04)Σ=1.96Al2.04(SO4)1.04(OH)7.96 5.08H2O. (2) St. Christoph mine, Germany; analysis 2− not given, (CO3) from stoichiometry and presence confirmed by IR; then stated to correspond • to (Cu1.96Zn0.04)Σ=2.00(UO2)0.04Al2.00[(SO4)0.64(CO3)0.36]Σ=1.00(OH)8 nH2O. Occurrence: Rare in the oxidized portions of base metal sulfide mines. Association: Woodwardite, schulenbergite, namuwite, brianyoungite, langite, linarite, allophane, amorphous silica.
    [Show full text]
  • Wroewolfeite Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 • 2H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic
    Wroewolfeite Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 • 2H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: m. Lathlike crystals, to 1 mm. Twinning: By reflection on {001} and {100}, yielding fourlings. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on {010}, {100}, {001}. Hardness = ∼2.5 D(meas.) = 3.27(1) D(calc.) = 3.30 Optical Properties: Translucent. Color: Dark greenish blue; blue in transmitted light. Streak: Pale blue. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Pleochroism: Strong; X = pale blue; Y = deep greenish blue; Z = greenish blue. Absorption: Y Z > X. α = 1.637(2) β = 1.682(2) γ = 1.694(2) 2V(meas.) = 53◦ Cell Data: Space Group: Pm. a = 6.045(1) b = 5.646(1) c = 14.337(6) β =93.39(1)◦ Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Loudville mine, Massachusetts, USA. 7.152 (100), 3.581 (70), 2.628 (35), 2.004 (30), 2.431 (20), 2.379 (20), 2.278 (20) Chemistry: (1) (2) SO3 16.48 16.40 CuO 64.22 65.16 H2O [19.30] 18.44 Total [100.00] 100.00 (1) Loudville mine, Massachusetts, USA; by electron microprobe, H2O by difference; 1− with (OH) calculated for charge balance and H2O adjusted for best agreement between • measured and calculated densities, then corresponds to Cu3.94(SO4)1.00(OH)5.88 2.11H2O. • (2) Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 2H2O. Polymorphism & Series: Dimorphous with langite. Occurrence: An uncommon secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of copper-bearing hydrothermal mineral deposits; may be post-mine or formed in dumps and in slags. Association: Langite, posnjakite, serpierite, brochantite, linarite, malachite, chalcocite, covellite.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the Russell Society, Vol 4 No 2
    JOURNAL OF THE RUSSELL SOCIETY The journal of British Isles topographical mineralogy EDITOR: George Ryba.:k. 42 Bell Road. Sitlingbourn.:. Kent ME 10 4EB. L.K. JOURNAL MANAGER: Rex Cook. '13 Halifax Road . Nelson, Lancashire BB9 OEQ , U.K. EDITORrAL BOARD: F.B. Atkins. Oxford, U. K. R.J. King, Tewkesbury. U.K. R.E. Bevins. Cardiff, U. K. A. Livingstone, Edinburgh, U.K. R.S.W. Brai thwaite. Manchester. U.K. I.R. Plimer, Parkvill.:. Australia T.F. Bridges. Ovington. U.K. R.E. Starkey, Brom,grove, U.K S.c. Chamberlain. Syracuse. U. S.A. R.F. Symes. London, U.K. N.J. Forley. Keyworth. U.K. P.A. Williams. Kingswood. Australia R.A. Howie. Matlock. U.K. B. Young. Newcastle, U.K. Aims and Scope: The lournal publishes articles and reviews by both amateur and profe,sional mineralogists dealing with all a,pecI, of mineralogy. Contributions concerning the topographical mineralogy of the British Isles arc particularly welcome. Not~s for contributors can be found at the back of the Journal. Subscription rates: The Journal is free to members of the Russell Society. Subsc ription rates for two issues tiS. Enquiries should be made to the Journal Manager at the above address. Back copies of the Journal may also be ordered through the Journal Ma nager. Advertising: Details of advertising rates may be obtained from the Journal Manager. Published by The Russell Society. Registered charity No. 803308. Copyright The Russell Society 1993 . ISSN 0263 7839 FRONT COVER: Strontianite, Strontian mines, Highland Region, Scotland. 100 mm x 55 mm.
    [Show full text]
  • Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals
    Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals by Eleanor Lyons Brightbill Collaborators: Tyler W. Farnsworth, Adam H. Woomer, Patrick C. O'Brien, Kaci L. Kuntz Senior Honors Thesis Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill April 7th, 2016 Approved: ___________________________ Dr Scott Warren, Thesis Advisor Dr Wei You, Reader Dr. Todd Austell, Reader Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials are championed as potential components for novel technologies due to the extreme change in properties that often accompanies a transition from the bulk to a quantum-confined state. While the incredible properties of existing 2D materials have been investigated for numerous applications, the current library of stable 2D materials is limited to a relatively small number of material systems, and attempts to identify novel 2D materials have found only a small subset of potential 2D material precursors. Here I present a rigorous, yet simple, set of criteria to identify 3D crystals that may be exfoliated into stable 2D sheets and apply these criteria to a database of naturally occurring layered minerals. These design rules harness two fundamental properties of crystals—Mohs hardness and melting point—to enable a rapid and effective approach to identify candidates for exfoliation. It is shown that, in layered systems, Mohs hardness is a predictor of inter-layer (out-of-plane) bond strength while melting point is a measure of intra-layer (in-plane) bond strength. This concept is demonstrated by using liquid exfoliation to produce novel 2D materials from layered minerals that have a Mohs hardness less than 3, with relative success of exfoliation (such as yield and flake size) dependent on melting point.
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
    [Show full text]
  • Posnjakite: ~[Cu4(OH)6(H20)O] Octahedral Sheets in Its Structure
    Zeitschrift fUr Kristallographie 149, 249~257 (1979) ([I by Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft 1979 Posnjakite: ~[Cu4(OH)6(H20)O] octahedral sheets in its structure M. Mellini and S. Merlino Istituto di Mineralogia e Petrografia and C.N.R., Centro di Studio per la Geologia StrutturaIe e Dinamica dell' Appennino, Pisa, Italy Received: November 27, 1978 Abstract. The crystal structure of posnjakite '(space group Pa, a = 10.578, b = 6.345, c = 7.863 A, {3= 117.98°) was determined by direct methods and refined to a final R value of 0.05. The structure is characterized by corrugated sheets of distorted copper octahedra with crystal chemical formula ~[CuiOHMH20)O). Sulphate groups are connected to one side of the octahedral sheet by corner sharing. The resultant composite octahedral- tetrahedral layers are connected to each other by hydrogen bonds. The crystal chemical formula ofposnjakite is CU4(S04)(OH)6' H20 with two such units in the unit cell. The relations ofposnjakite with other copper sulphate hydrates are noted and discussed. Introduction Posnjakite was first found in an ore quartz vein of the Nura-Taldinsk tungsten deposit in central Kazachstan by Komkov and Nefedov (1967) who, on the basis of microchemical tests and the supposed paramorphism of the mineral after langite, proposed the chemical formula CU4(S04)(OH)6 . H20; they determined the following unit cell parameters: a = 9.80(5),b = 6.32(5), c = 7.85(5) A, {3= 107(1)° (space group not stated). Posnjakite in association with langite was also found at Borovec (Czechoslovakia) and studied by Miskovsky (1975), who also synthesized it, and by Sekanina (1975) who, on the basis of careful goniometric measures, asserted "that (1) posnjakite crystals are limited by their own faces and they are not paramorphs after langite, (2) that they are tabular on (lOl) and (3) that (231) ist the twin plane".
    [Show full text]
  • Claringbullite Cu4cl(OH)7 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Claringbullite Cu4Cl(OH)7 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m. As micaceous or platy crystals, to 1 cm, flattened on {1000}; in groups of divergent plates. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on {0001}; distinct on {1010} and {1120}. Hardness = Soft. D(meas.) = 3.9 D(calc.) = 3.99 Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Blue; pale blue in transmitted light. Luster: Pearly. Optical Class: Uniaxial (–). ω = 1.782 = [1.780] Cell Data: Space Group: P 63/mmc. a = 6.6733(5) c = 9.185(1) Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Nchanga mine, Zambia or Kambove, Congo. 5.75 (vvs), 2.700 (vvs), 2.445 (vs), 4.89 (s), 4.58 (s), 2.889 (ms), 1.797 (ms) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) CuO 78.18 74.42 77.85 Cl 8.55 8.30 8.68 H2O [15.14] [19.03] 15.43 SO3 0.06 0.12 −O=Cl2 1.93 1.87 1.96 Total [100.00] [100.00] 100.00 (1) Nchanga mine, Zambia; by electron microprobe, H2O by difference, presence confirmed by elemental analyzer. (2) Kambove, Congo; by electron microprobe, H2O by difference, presence confirmed by elemental analyzer; the mean of five analyses from both localities above corresponds • to Cu8.00(SO4)0.01Cl1.99(OH)14.00 0.68H2O. (3) Cu4Cl(OH)7. Occurrence: In oxidized copper ore or slag, produced under chlorine-rich conditions. Association: Cuprite, malachite, quartz, brochantite, nantokite, paratacamite, connellite, spangolite. Distribution: In the Nchanga mine, Chingola, Zambia. From the M’sesa mine, Kambove, Katanga Province, Congo (Shaba Province, Zaire).
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the Russell Society, Vol 8 No. 2
    JOURNAL OF THE RUSSELL SOCIETY The journal of British Isles topographical mineralogy EDITOR: Norman Moles, School of the Environment, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ. JOURNAL MANAGER: Stand in:: Jim Robinson, 21 Woodside Park Drive, Horsforth, Leeds LS18 4TG. EDITORIAL BOARD: RE. Bevins, Cardiff, u.K. RJ. King, Tewkesbury, u.K. RS.W. Braithwaite, Manchester, u.K. I.R Plimer, Parkville, Australia T.E. Bridges, Ovington, UK RE. Starkey, Bromsgrove, U.K. NJ Elton, St Austell, U.K. RF. Symes, Sidmouth, U.K. N.J. Fortey, Keyworth, U.K. P.A. Williams, Kingswood, Australia RA. Howie, Matlock, UK Aims and Scope: The Journal publishes refereed articles by both amateur and professional mineralogists dealing with all aspects of mineralogy relating to the British Isles. Contributions are welcome from both members and non-members of the Russell Society. Notes for contributors can be found at the back of this issue, or obtained from the editor. Subscription rates: The Journal is free to members of the Russell Society. Subscription rate for non-members is £15 for two issues. Enquiries should be made to the Journal Manager at the above address. Back numbers of the Journal may also be ordered through the Journal Manager. The Russell Society, named after the eminent amateur mineralogist Sir Arthur Russell (1878-1964), is a society of amateur and professional mineralogists which encourages the study, recording and conservation of mineralogical sites and material. For information about membership, write to the Membership Secretary, Mr Dave Ferris, 6 Middleton Road, Ringwood, Hampshire, BH241RN. Typography and Design by: Jim Robinson, 21 Woodside Park Drive, Horsforth, Leeds, LS18 4TG Printed by: St.
    [Show full text]
  • Posnjakite Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 • H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Posnjakite Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 • H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic, pseudohexagonal. Point Group: m. Tabular crystals, pseudohexagonal, to 3 mm; as rich crystalline coatings to massive films, granular. Physical Properties: Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 1.5–3 D(meas.) = 3.32 D(calc.) = 3.35 Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Blue to dark blue. Streak: Pale blue. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Pleochroism: X = pale blue to colorless; Y = blue to dark blue; Z = greenish blue to blue. Absorption: Y Z > X. α = 1.625 β = 1.680 γ = 1.706 2V(meas.) = 57◦ Cell Data: Space Group: Pm. a = 10.578(5) b = 6.345(3) c = 7.863(3) β = 117.98(5)◦ Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Nura-Taldy deposits, Kazakhstan. 7.0 (10), 3.46 (8), 2.70 (7), 2.61 (7), 2.41 (7), 2.015 (7), 1.538 (7) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) SO3 17.25 17.02 MgO 0.05 Fe2O3 0.38 CaO 0.34 CuO 65.53 67.66 H2O 16.70 15.32 Total 100.25 100.00 3+ • (1) Festival deposit, Siberia, Russia; corresponds to (Cu3.90Fe0.03)Σ=3.93(S1.03O4)(OH)6 1.5H2O. • (2) Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 H2O. Occurrence: A secondary mineral formed in the oxidized zone of copper-bearing hydrothermal mineral deposits, commonly of post-mine origin; may occur in slags. Association: Brochantite, langite, devilline, serpierite, woodwardite, wroewolfeite, aurichalcite, azurite, malachite, chalcopyrite. Distribution: Numerous minor localities. From the Nura-Taldy tungsten deposits, central Kazakhstan. In England, fine examples from Cornwall, as at the Drakewalls mine, Gunnislake, and the Fowey Consols mine, Tywardreath.
    [Show full text]
  • Thecrystal Structure of Chalco Phyllite
    Zeitschrift fUr Kristallographic 151, 129-140 (1980) !Qby Akademischc Verlagsgesellschaft 1980 Thecrystal structure of chalco phyllite C.Sabelli Centrodi Studio per la Mineralogia e la Geochimica dei sedimenti del CNR, Istitutodi Mineralogia dell'Universita, Firenze, Italy Received: April 20, 1979 Abstract.Chalcophyllite, Cu9AI(As04h(S04)15(OH)12' 18 H20, crystal- lizes in space group R3 with ahex = 10.756 and Chex = 28.678A. The structure was determined by Patterson and Fourier methods and refined by the least-squares technique to a final R index of 0.056. The dominant structural feature is the arrangement of Cu and Al polyhedra into complex sheetsto which the As tetrahedra are attached by one face. The sheets are connectedto each other by the hydrogen bonding system, where the sulphate groupsare immersed. An interpretation of twinning with (100) as twin plane isgiven, and the partial occupancy of SO4 tetrahedron is discussed. Introduction The present investigation on the crystal structure of chalcophyllite was undertaken as part of a program dealing with the crystal-chemical study of Cu/AIbasic sulphate hydrated minerals. Although this mineral was discovered nearly 140 years ago, its chemical composition and symmetry have been uncertain up to now. Berry and Steacy (1947) proposed the formula Cu1sAI2(As04h(S04h(OH)27 . 36 H20 with trigonal scalenohedral symmetry, space group R 3m, and with cell parameters ahex = 10.77 and Chex= 57.51 A for the fullyhydrated mineral. In this formula the S04 content appears overestimated in respect to several knownanalyses, in which the ratio of As04 to S04 is in excess of 1 : 1 of the above composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals of Arizona Report
    MINERALS OF ARIZONA by Frederic W. Galbraith and Daniel J. Brennan THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES Price One Dollar Free to Residents of Arizona Bulletin 181 1970 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA TUCSON TABLE OF CONT'ENTS EIements .___ 1 FOREWORD Sulfides ._______________________ 9 As a service about mineral matters in Arizona, the Arizona Bureau Sulfosalts ._. .___ __ 22 of Mines, University of Arizona, is pleased to reprint the long-standing booklet on MINERALS OF ARIZONA. This basic journal was issued originally in 1941, under the authorship of Dr. Frederic W. Galbraith, as Simple Oxides .. 26 a bulletin of the Arizona Bureau of Mines. It has moved through several editions and, in some later printings, it was authored jointly by Dr. Gal­ Oxides Containing Uranium, Thorium, Zirconium .. .... 34 braith and Dr. Daniel J. Brennan. It now is being released in its Fourth Edition as Bulletin 181, Arizona Bureau of Mines. Hydroxides .. .. 35 The comprehensive coverage of mineral information contained in the bulletin should serve to give notable and continuing benefits to laymen as well as to professional scientists of Arizona. Multiple Oxides 37 J. D. Forrester, Director Arizona Bureau of Mines Multiple Oxides Containing Columbium, February 2, 1970 Tantaum, Titanium .. .. .. 40 Halides .. .. __ ____ _________ __ __ 41 Carbonates, Nitrates, Borates .. .... .. 45 Sulfates, Chromates, Tellurites .. .. .. __ .._.. __ 57 Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates, Antimonates .._ 68 First Edition (Bulletin 149) July 1, 1941 Vanadium Oxysalts ...... .......... 76 Second Edition, Revised (Bulletin 153) April, 1947 Third Edition, Revised 1959; Second Printing 1966 Fourth Edition (Bulletin 181) February, 1970 Tungstates, Molybdates.. _. .. .. .. 79 Silicates ...
    [Show full text]