FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL APRIL 1979 75 CENTS

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City State/Zip 479 FSJ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL American Foreign Service Association APRIL 1979: Volume 56, No. 4 Officers and Members of the Governing Board ISSN 0015-7279 LARS HYDLE, President KENNETH N. ROGERS, Vice President THOMAS O'CONNOR, Second Vice President FRANK CUMMINS, Secretary M. JAMES WILKINSON, Treasurer RONALD L. NICHOLSON, AID Representative PETER WOLCOTT, ICA Representative Memories Are Made of This— JOSEPH N. McBRIDE, BARBARA K. BODINE, But Not Memoirs ROBERT H. STERN, State Representatives EUGENE M. BRADERMAN & ROBERT G. CLEVELAND, S. I. NADLER 6 Retired Representatives Taking a Walk with Robbie DIONIS COFFIN RIGGS 10 Journal Editorial Board JOEL M. WOLDMAN, Chairman Scaring the Hell Out JAMES F. O'CONNOR NEIL A. BOYER HARRIET P. CULLEY MICHAEL A. G. MICHAUD of Everybody WESLEY N. PEDERSEN ARNOLD P. SCHIFFERDECKER MARTIN F. HERZ 12 Assistant Ambassador Staff GARY MAY 18 WILBUR P. CHASE, Acting Executive Director CATHERINE WAELDER, Counselor CECIL B. SANNER, Membership and Circulation A Strange War CHRISTINA MARY LANTZ, Executive Secretary HOWARD R. SIMPSON 24 Foreign Service Educational and Counseling Center BERNICE MUNSEY, DirectorlCounselor

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Editorials 4 Journal The Bookshelf 30 SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor Letters to the Editor 41 MARCI NADLER, Editorial Assistant AFSA News 42 MclVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Arf Direction Advertising Representatives JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, 521 Fifth Ave., Suite 1700, New York, N Y. 10017 (212) 683-3421 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq., Cover: Mola by Ovaline Tyburski London SW1 01-834-8023/9, International Representatives.

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in annually. Retired Active Members—Dues are $35 annually for members foreign affairs, published twelve times a year by the American Foreign with incomes over $15,000; $20 annually for less than $15,000. Associate Service Association, a non-profit organization. Members—Dues are $20 annually. All dues payments include $6.50 allo¬ cation for the Journal and AFSA News, per AFSA Bylaws. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the offical views of the Department of State, the For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (12 issues); $7.50; two years, International Communication Agency, the Agency for International De¬ $12.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annu¬ velopment or the United States Government as a whole. ally for overseas postage While the Editorial Board of the JOURNAL is responsible for its general Microfilm copies of current as well as of back issues of the FOREIGN content, statements concerning the policy and administration of AFSA as SERVICE JOURNAL are available through the University Microfilm Library employee representative under Executive Order 11636 on the editorial Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 under a contract signed October 30, page and in the AFSA News, and all communications relating to these, are 1967. the responsibility of the AFSA Governing Board. -American Foreign Service Association, 1979. The Foreign Service Jour¬ Membership in the American Foreign Service Association is open to the nal is published twelve times a year by the American Foreign Service professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington D.C. ?0037. Telephone (202) persons having an active interest in, or close association with foreign 338-4045 affairs. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional post Membership dues are: Active Members—Dues range from $39 to $65 office. AR^A EDnoRiAL

BRADLEY V. VANCE AFSA welcomes the Supreme Court’s February 22 statements about Spike and about the career Foreign decision that mandatory retirement for the Foreign Ser¬ Service at Andrews Air Force Base, and Marshall Shul- vice is not unconstitutional. man’s eulogy, offer us some comfort. We intend to follow The decision clearly recognizes that the Congress had up with the administration and will report fully to the in mind a rational purpose when it created the Foreign membership on future actions aimed at preventing the Service Act with its distinctive package of obligations recurrence of such tragedies. and rights for Foreign Service personnel. In this respect it supersedes the language of the District Court decision which tended to obliterate the real distinctions between a career in the Foreign Service and Civil Service, and thus our claim to distinctive legislative treatment. By restoring the mandatory retirement date established for the careers of senior Foreign Service people—most of whom are not subject to selection-out—the decision of¬ fers the prospect of renewed opportunities for pro¬ motions and assignments for people at earlier stages in their careers. These opportunities will give the Service greater hope of retaining its best employees—those who could do well elsewhere—and of attracting the best peo¬ ple into careers in the Service. AFSA did everything it could to bring about this re¬ sult. We urged the Department to seek an appeal of the District Court decision to the Supreme Court. We urged the Solicitor General to appeal the case. And we filed an amicus curiae brief supporting the appeal. Many of the arguments presented in our brief were picked up by the eight-member majority opinion. The credit goes to our brilliant but undercompensated legal counsel, Catherine Waelder, who should be appointed to the Court herself. We recognize that not all our members agree with our view on this case; that mandatory retirement at any age may not, as the Court recognized, necessarily be a per¬ fect instrument to carry out the national interest in an excellent and vigorous Foreign Service: and that many colleagues at or near 60 are still both excellent and vigor¬ ous. Nevertheless, in our career Service, one person’s retention in duty is another’s missed promotion or even selection-out; annuities for those at the top may be as good as salaries at the middle; in their earlier years our present senior colleagues benefited from the career pack¬ age which included mandatory retirement. We therefore A great many of Spike’s friends and colleagues have believe the decision is not only likely to strengthen the already expressed interest in perpetuating his memory Foreign Service, but is equitable for the people of the and ideals through some kind of AFSA memorial, as re¬ Foreign Service. quested by his widow. The precise form this memorial should take remains to be determined. There should be SPIKE some association with excellence in Soviet affairs within Spike Dubs’s murder was not only tragic, but sense¬ the Foreign Service, something Spike put great store by, less. He was kidnapped by a group of guerrillas, and and some way to further the ideals that Spike exemplified held hostage to bargain with an Afghan government during his career in the Service. A committee is being which, despite his best efforts, was not notably sympa¬ formed, for which Marshall Shulman has graciously thetic to American concerns, in a country in which only a agreed to serve as chairman, and AFSA's treasurer, Jim relatively moderate security risk to American personnel Wilkinson, as executive secretary, to consider the re¬ was estimated. sources available and to decide how best to act in re¬ If there is any consolation, it is in the actions of the membrance of Spike. Those who are interested are Administration, which made every effort to save Spike’s warmly invited to send to AFSA contributions, which life by urging restraint on the part of the Afghan govern¬ will be tax deductible, in the name of the Spike Dubs ment and their Soviet advisors. The US efforts failed; but Memorial Fund, as well as suggestions on how we may the president’s and the secretary’s firm and stirring best honor Spike.

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COUNTRY- .ZIP. warned: ‘‘We must never assume that we are fully aware of what we communicate to someone else. There exist in the world today tremendous distortions in meaning as men try to communicate with one another.” This un¬ pleasant fact comes with the territory for those who con¬ a/ie tribute to the management of international affairs by negotiation. It nevertheless shocks one the first time one discovers, in attempting cross-cultural communication tneuie tfiib, Swt with only language as an instrument, that sometimes you really cannot get there from here. In my case, it hap¬ pened when I found out that you cannot say in Chinese, oJVOfeJVIEMOIBS “Answer yes or no,” because there are no words in Chinese for “yes” or “no.” Also, in my experience, a new dimension of frustration is added when the absence of an equivalent word in another language reflects the S. I. NADLER absence of an entire cultural concept (e.g., a number of languages—such as Italian, Japanese, and Spanish—have Three: Language and/or Communication no word for “privacy”). Whoever pursues a foreign service career is con¬ The inherent dangers in the situation, from precipitat¬ cerned with some aspect of diplomacy, defined by ing an international crisis to serving as target for cheap the Oxford Dictionary as the “management of interna¬ shots from the press, comprise an occupational hazard tional relations by negotiation.” While it is generally un¬ for interpreters. The incident during President Carter’s derstood that communication is what makes negotiation 1977 visit to Poland was a relatively minor case in point. possible, there is considerably less awareness that lan¬ Anybody who wishes to hot up the Cold War generally guage and communication are not synonymous. Lan¬ refers to the boast of the late Nikita Khrushchev, when guage is but one medium of communication arid not al¬ Premier of the USSR, that “We’ll bury you.” He was ways the most effective. It will be recalled that, not too merely using a Russian expression to predict that the long ago, a president of the United States “sent a mes¬ Soviets would outlast the Americans, but it was trans¬ sage” to the Soviet government by placing American lated, and published in the US press, literally. On the armed forces on worldwide alert. other hand, the same Khrushchev was observed to flush In his classic The Silent Language, Edward T. Hall angrily during his June 1961 meeting with President Ken- Picasso Staved Here. If we wanted to name drop, our insurance department we could boggle your mind. through its Annual Govern¬ Because for decades, Security ment Service Floater. Storage has been Washington’s Decades of this kind of favorite place to store valu¬ efficient, personal service, and ables. And when it comes to a dedication to quality, have FSO valuables, the Govern¬ made Security an FSO moving ment will cover all expenses, and storage expert. And that’s providing special arrangements why anytime you need depend¬ are made in advance with your able service, it’s good to know transportation officer. Security is there. Silver, jewels, stamp and coin collections, and rare books are protected in Security’s vault. Temperature controlled areas are available for jfrraritg Storage (jompang maximum protection and preservation of furs and off-season wardrobes. And paintings in our Art Room of Utfashingfron MAIN OFFICE: receive the same storage treatment as paintings in 1701 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington. D.C. 20009 ( 202) 234-5600 one of Washington’s largest museums. MARYLAND: Bethesda-Chevy Chase, Marlow Heights, White Oak In addition, hundreds of your colleagues use VIRGINIA: Alexandria. McLean

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Additional insurance available up to $30,000 for those who have or take the basic $17,500 policy. It is with pleasure that we announce that our tirement or age 65 (whichever is first). Board is able to offer an additional unit of $10,000 Officers who are now members of the Association group life and AD&D for the active member, making may make application by using the amended form a total of $30,000. including information necessary to satisfy the Un¬ Members of the Association under 60 years of derwriter that they are in good health (see section age and on active service may subscribe for an of booklet entitled ENROLLMENT). additional $10,000, $20,000 or $30,000 Group Life and $10,000, $20,000 or $30,000 AD&D, effective Officers joining the Association who wish the March 1, 1978, at $85 a year per each $10,000 of additional insurance should make their application additional insurance, provided that this additional therefore at the same time as the application for coverage must terminate upon resignation or re¬ Group Life. NEW PREMIUM RATES Regretfully inflation has forced some changes in as of March 1, 1978 reads: our premium rates for the first time since 1929. RETIREMENT. Members who retire on an im¬ The new rates for old or new members for the basic mediate annuity may retain this policy unchanged $17,500 Group Life plus $17,500 AD&D, plus up to until age 65. If at age 65 they have held this policy $3,000 family coverage are: continuously for 20 years, they may continue to carry $5,000 plus reversionary if any, AD&D at To 41st birthday $100 per year (unchanged) $5,000 and Family Coverage (if they have been car¬ To 51st birthday $150 per year rying $17,500) at $185 per year (lesser amounts at To 65th birthday $185 per year lower premiums if they have been carrying less Over 65 for those who qualify for reduced coverage, than $17,500). $37 per $1,000 per year. Members who transfer without a break in service from the Foreign Service to another civilian position with the United States Government may continue their policy unchanged as long as they continue Coverage After Age 65 such Federal employment and have the same There is a minor change in retirement coverage privileges as noted above if they retire on an im¬ for old or new policies and the provision effective mediate annuity.

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DIONIS COFFIN RIGGS

One of my best friends in Turkey was an English take Robbie for an outing. My children dreaded to see woman named Shirley, a ballet dancer in the Turkish them coming, for the cats all took to the trees and Robbie State Opera Ballet Company, married to a Turkish opera dashed around and around under them, barking and singer. She was petite and pretty, with dark hair, blue stamping down the tulips. The rest of my family had no adventurous eyes, and a wide generous mouth. She had time during the week for walking, but I loved to go out lived in Ankara with her husband for at least ten years, so with Shirley. she knew the language and customs of the Turks. “Grand-dinny,” she called me, as my grandchildren Shirley and her husband had a dog, a Great Dane did. “I’d like to take you to a lovely park, not far from named Robbie (short for Roberta), who was much too big here. Ataturk used to spend hours in a little cabin there. for the small apartment they occupied. So she came to His big marble mausoleum is one thing. This is quite our house often to ask us, or one of us, to go with her to another.” So I put on my overshoes and a warm coat, for one Mrs. Riggs, born on Martha's Vineyard, has traveled widely and has never knew what might turn up when taking Robbie for a spent the last three winters in Ankara. This past winter she taught walk. English to young Turkish men, two classes each afternoon in courses We went for quite a distance along the busy thorough¬ sponsored by the Turkish-American Association. Her published works include: From Off Island, a biography of her grandmother who married fares around the city, beyond Bahyelievler, frequently a sea captain and went on a five-year whaling voyage with him calling Robbie to heel. She minded fairly well along the IMe Grow Hill); and two books of poetry, Martha’s Vineyard and Sea highway. Cars, unlike cats, she realized, one had to look Born Island (Wm. L. Bauhan). out for.

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10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. April, 1979 “We turn off here,” Shirley said, “for a shortcut. It’s a tossed aside the veil that had covered the faces of pleasant walk through the park.” women, and the fez that men wore. He gave them a new But a new guardhouse at the gateway blocked our language and just laws, separated church and state. His passage. Shirley talked to the guard at length in Turkish, statue stands in every village square, his photograph is and came back to me. “Bother! We have to go all the way prominent in every office, school, every home. They al¬ to the Konya Road, then follow that for a kilometer or so, most worship him. probably two, before we come to the other entrance. It When I had first visited Ankara, much earlier, I went would have been so much nicer to walk through the park to the great mausoleum on the hill. An avenue of double and Robbie could have run freely. Further on, he said, lions, symbol of the days of the Hatti and the Hittites, there’s a gate unattended this time of the year.” leads to the simple, but impressive marble monument. The edge of the road was wet from recently melted Tourist-fashion I had posed sitting on one of the lion’s snow mingled with slippery mud. On the main road be¬ backs. A vigorous whistle from the soldiery ever guard¬ tween Ankara and Konya the cars whizzed by. Shirley ing the tomb made me get off in a hurry. Later I said to a made Robbie stay by her side, even putting on her leash. Turkish friend, “I guess I wasn’t supposed to sit on the At last we came to the main entrance, and went inside. lion.” “You aren’t supposed to sit,” she told me, “near Atatiirk’s cabin, surrounded by tall trees, was not far Atatiirk’s presence.” away. “One of Atatiirk’s dreams,” Shirley said, “was to Here was another side of the man. This little cabin in a reforest Turkey. He planted these tall poplars himself.” wooded niche of the vast Anatolian plain that he loved, We walked along the path, beside a brook that was was dedicated to his memory, and kept as he had left it. rippling over stones, and there beside the brook, where We stood there reverently. he could have heard the music of it, was the rough It was growing dark in the woods. We looked across wooden cabin where Atatiirk spent quiet hours. We the brook at the distant hills that were catching the last peeked through the single window and saw a pot-bellied light of the sunset. “It’s getting late,” Shirley said, “and stove, a rocking-chair, a couch, and a few books on a low I have to dance tonight.” table. “Tonight!” All over Turkey the people fairly worship Atatiirk. He “I don’t have to be at the Opera House until eight,” is not only their George Washington who led them in she reassured me. “If we could cut across this field— battle and who was their first president, but a leader who See, Ankara is just across there. You don’t mind rough brought them out of the Middle Ages and the corruption ground, do you, Grand-dinny?” of the Ottoman Empire into a modem world. He gave “No-o.” them surnames, freed women from their low position, Continued on page 37

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On July 22, 1953, the United States finally atom-bombed Moscow. The decision to destroy the Soviet capital was taken only with great reluctance and under strong pressure of public opinion, after the Soviets had atom-bombed SCARING Detroit and New York in 1952, had bombed New York again in 1953 and had also destroyed most THE HELL of Chicago, Washington, and Philadelphia. If you are unaware of this se¬ quence of events, it must be be¬ OUT OF cause you were either too young to have seen, or have forgotten, the special issue of Collier’s magazine EVERYBODY of October 27, 1951. Entitled “Preview of The War We Do Not Want,’’ it described in great fic¬ tional detail how World War III had been fought and won—as seen from the “future” vantage point of 1960. There one could read, with copi¬ MARTIN F. HERZ ous colored illustrations, how the war had started (of course, the cost the United States dearly in One might think that the sur¬ USSR had started it), how it had terms of public opinion support vivors of the Moscow holocaust brought great initial successes to especially in Western Europe. would have held some grudges the Russians, and how it had ended Collier’s offered its readers against the Americans, but the US with their defeat, occupation and “eye-witness accounts” by re¬ occupation troops (wearing United generous rehabilitation. Today spectable American journalists Nations helmets, for the US was most people have forgotten even who, in the guise of documentaries, assumed to have fought as an agent the name of Collier's magazine, but gave their fictional accounts of how of the UN, as in Korea) were its special issue on World War III it all had happened. Here, for in¬ cheerfully welcomed by the Mus¬ was not a small event. The print stance, is an excerpt of such re¬ covites. The Russians welcomed order was 3,900,000 copies and portage by Edward R. Murrow, the even more what the Americans most of them were sold. famous radio and television repor¬ brought with them: political free¬ It is hard to believe that anything ter and commentator, entitled “A- dom, capitalism, and western con¬ printed in such quantity could have Bomb Mission to Moscow”: sumer’s goods. become rare, but like Hitler’s Mein The flak started again, as though the Among the wares displayed and Kampf the October 27, 1951 issue gunners knew we were carrying the eagerly sought out by the Russians of Collier’s has become a collec¬ second punch. The bombardier was were, in fact, American magazines tor’s item. It is also a memento of looking through the clouds. It was a in their Russian translations. A one of the great scandals of Ameri¬ radar job and very impersonal. Now it was quiet. No fighters. No flak. We color picture in Collier’s, with such can journalism during the height of detail that it almost looked like a the Cold War, an escapade that were alone with only the steady voices of the engines and the not quite in¬ photograph, showed a newsstand Martin Herz entered the Foreign Service as telligible voice of the bombardier. Then in Moscow displaying the Russian an FSO-Unclassified C, “than which," he he said, suddenly and clearly: “It's versions of Time (Vremya), Life says, ' 'there has never been a lower rank in gone.” (Zhizn), Newsweek (Novosti the Service." Despite certain setbacks due Jack took over, turned 45 degrees to Nedeli), the Reader’s Digest to unwillingness to conform, he eventually port and rammed the throttles home. (Chitatelskoye Obozreniye), the sensed as senior deputy assistant secretary As we looked down through the over¬ for 10 and then as ambassador to Bulgaria. Saturday Evening Post (Subbot- cast, I saw it: something that 1 can only naya Kyechemaya) and Collier’s Other posts included Vienna, Paris, describe as the flame of a gigantic blow¬ Tehran, Phnom Penh and Tokyo, plus sev¬ torch filtering through dirty yellow (Kolliers). eral tours in the Department. He is cur¬ As Alexander Werth reported rently professor of diplomacy at gauze. Georgetown University. We felt nothing. It was the most pro¬ from Paris (The Nation, December fessional, nerveless military operation I 1, 1951), it was difficult for Ameri¬ Copyright ®Martin F. Herz, 1979. have ever seen. cans to realize the impression the

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 RUSSIA’S DEFEAT foreign artist-intellectuals, includ¬ And OCCUPATION ing the following: Collier's 1952-1960 Robert E. Sherwood, four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize, per¬ sonal friend and biographer of Franklin Roosevelt, playwright and onetime top official of the Of¬ fice of War Information, described the origins and the course of the war in the keynote essay. Hanson W. Baldwin, Pulitzer Prize-winning military editor of the New York Times, contributed an “authentic analysis” entitled “How The War Was Fought.” Arthur Koestler, the novelist and (then) anti-Communist activist, himself a former member of the Communist Party, wrote about political developments in postwar Russia. “From Koestler’s con¬ tribution, Freedom At Long Last," wrote the editors, “came the sparks which ignited the imagina¬ tions of all those connected with Operation Eggnog. It was he who conceived the UN’s full participa¬ tion in rehabilitating Russia through such agencies as UNI¬ HOPE, UNITOC and UNI- PROD.” Allan Nevins, twice Pulitzer Prize-winner and Columbia Uni¬ versity’s De Witt Clinton professor of history, contributed a chapter on Preview of* the War We Do Not Want the “unshackling of Russian minds” through their liberation by Roberta E. Sherwood Hanson W. Baldwin Lowell Thomas Arthur Koestler Walter Winched the Americans. Allan Xevius Edward R. Murrow Hal Bovle Stuart Chase Bill Mauldin Red Smith Stuart Chase, the writer and J. B. Priestley Senator Margaret Chase Smith Erwin Canham Marguerite Higgins Philip Wylie Howard Brodie Walter Reulher Chesley Bonesiell Oksana Kasenkina economist, and Dr. Harry Schwartz, a Soviet expert for the New York Times, combined to de¬ scribe the problems of reconstruc¬ special Collier’s issue had made in ing translations of the Reader’s Di¬ tion and the burgeoning of free en¬ Europe: “Months of intensive gest, Time, Life, Newsweek and terprise in Russia after the war. Communist propaganda, millions ‘Kolliers,’ and in having leg shows Walter P. Reuther, president of of dollars of ‘Moscow gold,’ could in place of the Russian ballet and the United Auto Workers of not have done half as much to make the Moscow Art Theater. . . What America (CIO), wrote of the re¬ the United States—if 1 say unpopu¬ is the evidence that American—or surgence of the trade union move¬ lar, that is putting it very mildly.” UN—forces invading Russia will ment in post-World War HI Rus¬ Why? be loved any more than the Ger¬ sia. Senator Margaret Chase Smith “The general resentment,” re¬ mans were last time?” wrote “Russia’s Rebirth.” ported Werth, “springs in part Edwin D. Canham, the highly from the fact that millions of Conceived and executed in great respected editor of the Christian Americans are given the idea that secrecy as “Operation Egg¬ Science Monitor, and in 1951 also World War 111 will be a good and nog,” the special issue of Collier’s chairman of a State Department- just war, and that the Russians had been ten months in the making. sponsored Advisory Commission ‘want to be liberated’—a more than It was reportedly the brainchild of on Information, described the debatable point—even at the price associate editor Cornelius Ryan spontaneous flowering of a free of seeing all their cities destroyed who was also in charge of supervi¬ press in postwar Moscow. and 32,000,000 of their men. sion and assembling of the various J. B. Priestley, the British women, and children killed. . . Nor contributions. And who were the dramatist, novelist and essayist, do people here care for the assump¬ contributors? They were some of contributed an article about the arts tion that the height of bliss for the the most illustrious names in in post-liberation Russia. Cartoons New Russia—and, I suppose, the American journalism and public were created by Bill Mauldin, also New Europe—will consist of read¬ life, and some equally respectable a Pulitzer laureate, who for the

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 1 3 Collier’s venture resurrected his perhaps explained by the way the sions (also “the A-bomb plant at unforgettable World War II GIs, concept had been stated to them by Hanford, Washington”). In the Far Willie and Joe. the editors, and by the way the se¬ East, a “ Dunkirk”-like operation Marguerite Higgins, Pulitzer quence of events had been posited. took place when US troops, Prize-winning reporter of the New As the Christian Century com¬ “under unremitting air and sub¬ York Herald Tribune, wrote about mented in December, 1951 after marine attack,” withdrew from “Women of Russia.” Hal Boyle of the various contributors had been Korea to Japan. “The turning point the Associated Press “described” polled, “the issue of Collier’s was of the war’s first phase was reached the evacuation and atom-bombing planned as a journalistic sensation. on Christmas Day,” Collier’s of Washington. Philip Wylie, the The letters [of the contributors] summarized, when American best-selling novelist, wrote about a show there was a sensation, all atomic artillery, deployed for the romance between an American of¬ right, but that some of those who first time, “smashed the enemy of¬ ficer and a beautiful English- helped produce it now wish they fensive in Europe.” speaking Russian woman who had hadn’t. . . Ever since the Collier’s In 1953 there were further atomic been trained for the Soviet military article appeared, papers all over bombings of American cities which government of the United States. western Europe have been asking, the United States stoically endured Walter Winchell, the print and ‘Are we tied to a war-mad power before the provocation became un¬ radio gossip columnist, had a col¬ which has no conception of what endurable and the agonizing deci¬ umn addressed to “Mr. and Mrs. this war would do to us?’ An sion was made to destroy Moscow. Russia,” which presumably was illustration of American journalism Psychological warfare began to carried in all the free Russian at its most sensational—and play an important role, as prop¬ newspapers. irresponsible—has boomeranged to aganda emphasized that the United In addition to Edward R. Mur- hurt us most where we most need Nations was fighting a war of liber¬ row, who has already been men¬ friends. It has convinced even an¬ ation for the Russian people; and tioned, the equally prominent and ticommunists that our minds are leaflet raids and broadcasts warned respected Lowell Thomas contrib¬ obsessed with war.” the Russian people to evacuate uted an “eye-witness account” of areas scheduled for attack. Later in the daring parachute operation (“I World War III, according to 1953 the American suicide task Saw Them Chute Into the Urals”) Collier’s, broke out on May force destroyed the last Russian by which American troops and nu¬ 10, 1952 with an abortive attempt A-bomb stockpile. Underground clear scientists in a suicide mission on the life of Marshal Tito of forces in satellite countries re¬ in 1953 neutralized the last remain¬ Yugoslavia which was followed by ceived arms and materials in UN ing Russian A-bomb depot in a nar¬ a pre-planned phony “uprising” plane-drops. “Highly trained guer¬ row and well-fortified mountain and the invasion of Yugoslavia by rilla fighters” were parachuted into valley. Soviet-satellite troops of Bulgaria, the USSR to aid resistance move¬ Commenting on the prominence Rumania, and Hungary, plus pow¬ ments. of these contributors, D. F. Flem¬ erful units of the Red Army, who Finally, as the tide of battle ing, the revisionist historian, re¬ claimed to be responding to an “in¬ turned in Europe, the Red Army marked at the time (in 1951) that vitation” by the Yugoslavs. The began to disintegrate. There had al¬ Collier's “could have easily as¬ United Nations called for with¬ ready been signs of dissension in sembled a galaxy of radio commen¬ drawal of the invaders, Moscow high quarters in the USSR, where tators, columnists, and others who said they had a right to be in Yugos¬ Stalin had reportedly disappeared have for years been steadily prepar¬ lavia because it was “the will of the and been replaced by Lavrenty Be- ing the American people for war Yugoslav people,” and World War ria, the head of the dread secret with Russia. Yet with the excep¬ III was on. police. As United Nations forces tion of Walter Winchell, this group Almost immediately, there was crossed Poland and landed in the is not represented. Instead, the American “saturation A-bombing” Crimea (from Turkey, from which table of contents shows a long list of the USSR—but only of “legiti¬ they had ejected the Russians), and of people of moderate views, of mate military targets” to the exclu¬ as American marines captured progressive, non-belligerent in¬ sion of all population centers. This Vladivostok in the Far East, the stincts, people who have not joined A-bombing continued for several Red Army and the whole Com¬ in sounding the war drums. As one months. Meanwhile, however, the munist apparatus simply crumbled. reads, one wonders how each au¬ Red Army advanced on a broad The social and political structure of thor came to take part in the enter¬ front “from the Baltic to the Mid¬ the Soviet dictatorship disinte¬ prise, and whether any of them dle East,” due to the numerical grated into anarchy, and the United really understood what the impact superiority it enjoyed on the Nations forces occupied the former of the whole would be. If many of ground and in the air. As a diver¬ satellite nations of Eastern Europe, them did, then it is much later than sion, the Soviets also invaded the Ukraine, and established a we thought.” Alaska. And they atom-bombed headquarters in friendly, non- Actually, as we shall see, the London and “United Nations Communist Moscow in which peo¬ whole was really much worse than bases overseas.” ple were busily building a better the sum of its parts, as some of the Before the year was out, accord¬ and freer future. contributors acknowledged when ing to the Collier's scenario, the The spontaneous disintegration they saw the context in which their Russians managed to destroy most of the Communist dictatorship was articles had appeared. Others, of Detroit and a good part of New one of the most cheering aspects of however, were unrepentant. This is York by one-way bombing mis¬ the Collier's scenario. There were 14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 no UN war crime trials because the be the horrors to come . . . the surviving Communist leaders were long period of waiting was over.” simply turned over to the “Russian An example of the second cate¬ people” whose basic instincts were gory was the way in which the Col¬ for democracy. (Not always and lier’s reportage managed to over¬ not immediately, though, as Arthur look the human suffering engen¬ Koestler wryly reported: In elec¬ dered by an atomic war—for em¬ tions in Kharkov, given the choice phasis was placed on the cheerful between some twenty political par¬ outcome of the occupation of a ties, over half the voters wrote friendly Russia eager to reform it¬ da—yes—on their ballots, to the self, suggesting a millennial peace. consternation of foreign observers The third category—how the who didn’t realize that democratic Preview ofllie War \\r Do Not Waul editors introduced the special ».U.„ IMII lKrfcr, WlW k—jCr "lb,I habits do not come overnight.) WIM v»i*. N II,’ IU'1, Mnrl lliw M II.s,ill. issue—requires the quoting of I. *. Ikw 'Mt r>.» Info. Hataanhr ■fetw. In what purported to be a diary ru% lkr..nl »..U, MM I~rf,, I Kr4 > HM< IK-,., some excerpts. There were two such introductions: One was a entry in Moscow on July 14, 1960, Consacre a une guerre Koestler wrote: statement of the purposes of the What happened to Communism in imaginee contre I'U.R.S.S. special issue; the other a lengthy Russia? The reason why everybody editorial introducing it. here yawns with boredom when a visi¬ UN NUMERO The statement declared the pur¬ tor asks this hoary question is that the poses to be; “(1) to warn the evil answer is so obvious to every Russian. DE “COLLIER’S” masters of the Russian people that The answer is that there never was (magazine americain a grand tirage) their [emphasis in the original] vast Communism in Russia; there were only conspiracy to enslave humanity is Communists. When the Communists disappeared, Communism disap¬ fait sensation the dark, downhill road to World peared . War III; (2) to sound a powerful Why is this so self-evident to every dans le monde call for reason and understanding Russian and so difficult to undersand CE numbro peuf changer le cours de I’histolre », annonee between the peoples of the West foremen! I'bdiforial du magazine k grand tirage for people abroad? Because people « Collier's » data du 27 octebre. II dbpeint, en effei, and the East—before it is too late; SOUS ta -ptumi de> rniitteufi Journalisfes, dcrivains, bconqmiites outside Russia never understood the et syndicalistes d'Am6rique, la « Dbfaita et I'occupalion de (3) to demonstrate that if The War la Russia, 1952-60 ». true nature of the Communist regime. La couverture nous montre un O. I, le casque omi (See drape*ux We Do Not Want is forced upon de TO. N. U. et dee U. S. A., balonnetta au canon. Moecou est ln- They thought of it as a political move¬ diqu4 comme « Q. Q. de Inoccupation » et oil on lit : « Wtrograd (an- clennement Leningrad) ». us, we will win.” « Noun fommes opposes a une guerre preventive, dlt I’Mltorlal de ment in the western sense; or as some « Collier s n. Nous ne croyon* pas que u guerre soil Inevitable ». iiLe gouvernement eovletlque dolt cholslr. n dolt changer sa conception et It is clear, from today’s perspec¬ miscarried attempt to establish social sa politique. Sinon, le Jour vlendra sQrement oil II disparaitra de la surface de la terre. Sinon, le gouvernement sovietique dolt savoir que tive, what was most wrong with l’Occident se battra al c’eet necessalre. II se battra et valncra. Car on justice; or as a kind of secular religion. ne peut detourner le cours de I'Hletolre. La tyrannic est par sa nature meme vouee k la destruction. « Le but des auteurs est de donner k this approach: It implied that the It was, of course, nothing of the sort— Stallne un avertissement » et un « appel k la raison ». Void en effet except for a short period in the begin¬ « ce qul ('attend >». very nature of Communism (“their Les peripeties de la guerre ning. long since forgotten. For the last c 1* plus Inutile, la plus alxurde et la plus meurtrljre de toutes vast conspiracy to enslave human¬ les guerres a eclatd exactement k 13 h. 58, le samedi 10 mai 1952 », nous apprend l’Ocrlvaln Robert Sherwood. ity”) was regarded as making 30 to 40 years—that is, as far back as Elle a Hk d£clench£e par un attentat manqud contre le mardchal Tito, sulvl d'une rebellion inWrleure qul a mis en branJe les armies sa¬ the memories of the present generation tellites et- l’armde rouge. Washington demande au Kremlin de retirer World War III inevitable. This rep¬ ses troupes. Le Kremlin refuse. Alors la majority des nations de TO. N. U., y comprls l’lrlande. la Sufede, l'lnde et la Suisse (!) dScla- can reach—it was simply a rule of ter¬ rent 1* guerre k 1TJ. R. S S. ' resented a profound misunder¬ I* premiere ann6e de guerre est marquee par c l'atomlsatlon » ror. des objectlfs strateglques russes « k l'excluslon de tout objects civil », standing of the perspectives and tandls que lee Russes envahiseent- et occupent la presque totalled du It must be remembered, of continent europ^en. La batallle fait rage en Prance: Londres s'ivanore policies of the United States gov¬ course, that this was written at a From the front page of Paris-presse ernment in Washington where the time when Stalin was still alive and /’intransigeant, Nov. 2, 1951. chosen approach was one of "con¬ when vast numbers of Russians tainment” of Soviet expansionist were still consigned to concentra¬ occur to disrupt the unity and effi¬ tendencies. Yet the editors of Col¬ tion camps for “reeducation” cacy of the Party as a political in¬ lier's claimed that: “our overall merely for the crime of having had strument, Soviet Russia might be conception of this issue was con¬ too close contact with, or interest changed overnight from one of the firmed in study and consultation in, Western or Central European strongest to one of the weakest and with top political, military and eco¬ ideas of justice and freedom. most pitiable of national nomic authorities—including high- If Sherwood’s scenario of the societies.” level Washington officials and spontaneous collapse of com¬ foreign affairs experts, both here munism in Russia as a result of hat shocked critics most, both and abroad.” war, and Koestler’s view that in Europe and in the United This, and the eminent back¬ “there never was Communism in States, were some things which grounds and associations of such Russia; there were only Com¬ Collier’s said only incidentally, people as Sherwood, Baldwin, munists” seem a little bizarre to¬ some which it seemed to play down Reuther and Canham, who had day, it is well to recall that George deliberately, and some pro¬ ready access to policy-makers in Kennan, America’s foremost ex¬ nouncements of the editors in in¬ Washington, created a dangerous pert on the Soviet Union, had writ¬ troducing the issue to the public. presumption, which the editors ten in his famous “X” article in In the first category was a re¬ strove to reinforce, that Collier's 1947: “The present generation of mark by Robert Sherwood that, came close to reflecting official Russians have never known spon¬ when the war had come, “the first American policy. taneity of collective action. If, con¬ reaction of the American people On the other hand, today’s sequently, anything were ever to was one of relief. Whatever might reader must remember that the Col-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April. 1979 15 lier's special issue was produced at system. In the view of many crit¬ tail. . . .Nor do you mention the widely a time when American public opin¬ ics, this came uncomfortably close held conviction that such a war, even ion was still profoundly shocked by to preaching a US-initiated preven¬ such a victory, might only end in the the Communist attack in Korea in tive war. Here is how the editorial communism it seeks to extirpate. . . ended: Your correspondents have as much 1950, an unprovoked aggression right to their private wish-fulfilment The Soviet government must change which had been beaten back with fantasies about the fall of communism great cost only to lead to a widened its outlook and its policies. If it does not. the day will surely come when that as anyone, but by presenting these in conflict with Communist China, a the manner you have, you have in¬ country which at that time was still government will disappear from the face of the earth. The Kremlin must curred a public responsibility which no regarded as a close ally or even a decide. And if the Soviet rulers refuse journalist in this country will envy you satellite of the Soviet Union. In to change, then they must realize that and which, we hope, few would wish to 1951 some particularly bloody and the free world will fight if necessary. It share. inconclusive battles were being will fight and win. . . So much for the criticism by the fought in Korea, and there was An appeal to the reason of Joseph four hundred, but even more telling widespread fear that the war in the Stalin and the men around him is the was their judgment of the effects of Far East was only a prelude to ultimate purpose of this issue of Col¬ the Collier's issue on public opin¬ Soviet aggression somewhere in lier’s. We believe that it is the most im¬ ion in England and generally in Europe. portant single issue that any magazine Europe: “If you aimed to produce Still, to the critical reader—and has ever published. Robert E. Sher¬ wood has told us that “It is quite con¬ an effect, you have certainly done in jittery Western Europe many ceivable to me that (it) may have an it. We cannot recall any previous were especially critical—the edito¬ effect on the course of history." We publication which has caused such rial “The Unwanted War,” which sincerely hope that he is correct. And widespread alarm and indignation. set forth the philosophy of the Col¬ we earnestly pray that its effect will be Not only have you frightened and lier’s editors and (presumably) to help establish and maintain an endur¬ offended your friends, but you writers of the special issue, was ing peace. have put a God-given weapon in bound to be jarring. “We do not What gave the editors of Col¬ the hands of everyone who hates or think that war is inevitable,” the lier's the right to address an “ap¬ distrusts your country, and dealt a editorial said, but it included this peal to reason” to the second most crippling blow to those of us who peroration: powerful man on earth and in such do not equate peace with militant The men in the Kremlin must make peremptory terms? Did they anti-Americanism. If that has been the choice. perhaps know something that the effect in this country, and we They can roll up the Iron Curtain. Or others didn't? Could it be that they can assure you that it has been, they can start a war and have it shot reflected the thinking of the “high- what do you imagine has been the down. . . level Washington officials and effect in Russia, where you have They can cease to subjugate their foreign policy experts” whom they already been widely quoted?” captive neighbors and still maintain claimed to have consulted? Those close economic and cultural relations The Russians, in fact, made the with them. Or they can start a war and questions arose quite naturally in most of their propaganda opportu¬ see those countries' independence re¬ the minds of some of their readers. nity. In Pravda, Izvestia, and in a stored by force. (The State Department later, when host of other publications in their They can rejoin the family of nations, the uproar wouldn’t die down, own country, in their satellites, and open their doors to the outside world, made it known that it had indeed abroad, they claimed that the “ag¬ free the channels of trade. . . Or they been “consulted” but had strongly gressive” nature of the United can continue their present course of urged Collier's to desist from its States had been revealed and suspicious, intransigent belligerence, enterprise.) documented by Collier’s. They and risk their own destruction. Some of the suspicions and ac¬ also tried to use Collier’s to dis¬ This was just the beginning of the cusations of heedlessness and arro¬ credit the Tito regime in Yugos¬ “peroration.” So far, it was only gance on the part of the editors of lavia, as if Tito had inspired the assumed that by the very nature of Collier's were expressed in a letter fantasy about a Soviet assassina¬ the Soviet Union, if it did not of protest addressed to that tion attempt against him and an un¬ change its ways it was bound to magazine by 400 British writers, provoked attack by the Soviet “start a war” which would end in which was published in Les Lettres Union and its satellites against its defeat. But some readers read Francoises (Paris) and The Nation Yugoslavia. phrases like “Or they can start a (New York), datelined London When the Yugoslavs asked to war” as hypocritical readiness to November 17, 1951: have an item on (actual, not fic¬ throw the blame on the Russians We feel bewilderment that people tional) “hostile activities” of the for an American-initiated war. Un¬ who could so glamorize and cheapen Soviet Union and its satellites in¬ fortunately, the keynote editorial the tragedy of the fresh world war they scribed on the agenda of the UN did lend itself to such an interpreta¬ envisage could at the same time so pi¬ Security Council, the charge was tion, for it ended on a note that ously protest their desire above all else ridiculed by the Soviets and the clearly implied that war was inevit¬ to avoid it. . . You have chosen the method of Poles, who were in 1951 also repre¬ able if the Kremlin did not change presenting us with afait accompli. Evi¬ sented on the Security Council. As the very nature of its government: dently you did not wish to harrow your reported by the New York Times of In other worlds, World War III readers unduly, since on not one page, November 11, 1951. would come whether or not the in not one picture, is there more than The Polish representative (Manfred Kremlin started it, simply because the merest hint of the wastes of human Lachs], alluding to the October 27 issue of the nature of the Communist suffering that such a war must en¬ of Collier's magazine—whose account

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 of a victory of the Western Allies over dency which obtained a windfall ing a reconnaissance flight over the the Soviet Union in an imagined war is and proceeded instantly to put it to Saar and was shown being interro¬ providing Communist delegations with effective use. gated by American soldiers. The material for constant attacks on the al¬ picture of the American suicide leged aggressiveness of the United One of the most brilliant aspects mission in the Urals, depicting the States—pointed out that Collier's had drop into the jaws of death of in¬ declared the war started with an at¬ of the Collier’s issue of Oc¬ trepid American parachutists aim¬ tempted assassination of Premier tober 27, 1951 was its graphics: The Marshal Tito. He asked whether the front page showed an American ing for the tunnels at the base of the editors of Collier's had inspired the MP, with a white helmet displaying mountains which housed the last Yugoslav charges or vice versa. an American flag and the device of undestroyed Russian atomic But it was ndt what the Com¬ the United Nations, standing guard stockpile, was also brilliantly exe¬ munists said that made the Col¬ in front of a map of European Rus¬ cuted by Collier’s artist Richard lier's production so damaging to sia. He was symbolizing the Deane Taylor. So was the picture the United States and to Western “United Nations” occupation of of a postwar Russian newsstand collective security generally. It Moscow at the end of World War (showing, among others, the Rus¬ was, rather, what non-Com- III. The map showed the Ukraine sian Kolliers magazine) which has munists, who were suspicious overprinted “OCCUPIED,” and already been mentioned. about the aims and intentions of the had United Nations flags stuck into The United Nations lodged a United States, were saying. In En¬ Moscow (labeled “Occupation formal protest with Collier’s in De¬ gland, France, and many other Headquarters”) and the Ukraine. cember, 1951, over unauthorized European countries, there was a Other pictures showed atom- use of its emblem. According to the strong neutralist tendency which bombed Washington, the Kremlin New York Times, the protest was believed that association with the at the moment of an atomic explo¬ directed specifically to “the use of United States in NATO and in sion, and episodes of the war—for the United Nations emblem on the other defensive enterprises against instance, the imaginary capture of editorial page, where it appeared possible Soviet aggression would Stalin's son, Red Air Force Gen¬ not on the uniform of a fictitious make war more, rather than less, eral Vasily Stalin, who was sup¬ army but as the seal under an edito¬ likely. It was this neutralist ten¬ posed to have been shot down dur¬ rial entitled, The Unwanted War.” Datelined Paris, the story went on to say: This issue of the magazine, profusely CE DOCUMENT EST UN FAUX illustrated with pictures of cities ruined by atomic bombs, has shocked many people in Europe who see it as an indi¬ cation of war consciousness in the United States. The effect has been augmented by the issue’s roster of con¬ tributors which included some of the best-known figures of the United States literary and journalistic scene. . . Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt on December 9 devoted much of a broadcast over the French, Swiss and Belgian radio net¬ works to what she called this “most un¬ fortunate” magazine issue. She said that the only effect in Europe had been to create a "hostile feeling" toward the United States. No publication focused that kind of feeling more effectively than the French neutralist weekly, I’Obser- vateur, which had the idea of man¬ ufacturing the frontpage of a fictiti¬ ous issue of the Soviet magazine Ogonyok showing a Red Army sol¬ dier standing guard over the Atlan¬ tic, with red flags stuck into Wash¬ ington and Paris. It asked its read¬ ers, very simply, what their feel¬ Vous saurez pourquoi nous avons a fabrique » cette premiere page ings would be about Soviet inten¬ de la revue sovietique OGONIOK, en lisant I’article que nous tions if they were confronted with such a Russian magazine. (Some¬ consacrons au dernier numero special what less effectively, I’Obser- du magazine americain COLLIER’S (voir en page I I). vateur also reproduced the picture of General Vasily Stalin being in¬ terrogated by American soldiers, I’Observateur and then produced a fake picture of (Continued on page 39)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 1 7 “No man who values his future can afford to do veteran China expert, Clarence E. Gauss. Gauss had known Vincent anything or think anything that may look like a for many years and invited him to mistake seven years later.”—Elmer Davis become first secretary of the Amer¬ ican embassy located now at Chi¬ na’s war torn capital in Szechwan Province. Vincent accepted, and in early June left Shanghai by way of Hongkong for Chungking. “Chungking,” he wrote his sis¬ ter upon arrival, “is indescriba¬ ble.” He saw it first from the air at sunrise, having left Shanghai after dark, “a necessity imposed by the Japanese [who] considered Chi¬ nese commercial planes legitimate military prey.” As the plane de¬ scended to the airport (“a runway ASSISTANT and a few bamboo huts on a little flat island in the Yangste [sic]”) he caught a glimpse of the majestic rocky cliffs on which Chungking was built. AMBASSADOR Once a minor trade port on the upper Yangtze, isolated from the outside world and under the domi¬ nation of various warlords, Chungking was now the capital of China. But unlike the beleaguered cities of London or Paris, it was a city unloved, especially by its own GARY MAY inhabitants. “What is the matter with Chungking?” one Chinese of¬ ficial wondered in the summer of 1941. “Everything!” The weather was insufferable. In February 1941, [John Carter] war blindly trying to preserve Summers were hot and sticky, win¬ Vincent boarded the S.S. Pierce something that is already spoiled in ters cold and rainy. On an average bound for Shanghai. Everything half the world . . he told his day the temperature might fluc¬ seemed to conspire to make his wife. “The issue is drawn in the tuate between one hundred degrees journey exceedingly gloomy and Far East and it seems to me that at noon and forty degrees at mid¬ depressing. The weather was terri¬ only a miracle can prevent a con¬ night, causing one Chinese to de¬ ble: There was “ice all over the flict, a conflict springing fundamen¬ scribe the weather as “four seasons ship, . . . flurries of snow,” and tally from the same causes as that in one day but one season through¬ only “glimpses of sun” to warm in Europe. . . . Japan ... no less out the whole year.” him as he stood at the shipboard than Germany, is operating as a While the weather sapped the railing staring out to sea. Twenty- destructive force and the United strength of its citizens, it gave vi¬ eight feet of water poured into the States as the conservative force tality to the flies, mosquitoes, and ship's holds, slowing her down to . . . . We find ourselves, without rats that populated the streets and barely eleven knots instead of the consciously having pursued that alley-ways. The “rats run around customary seventeen. “The Cap¬ path, the heir and defender of the everywhere in broad daylight with tain thinks there is a jinx aboard,” British system in the Far East. . . . full impunity,” one writer re¬ the steward informed Vincent con¬ Japan has thrown off the [democra¬ marked, “and at night they take fidentially. tic] facade to challenge the century complete possession of darkened “1 reckon we are going into this old western position in Asia. Japan rooms. Local yarns have it that in has nothing constructive to of¬ Chungking cats are oftener afraid fer ... , neither has Germany.” of rats than vice versa. It must be This is excerpted from Chapter 11 of China His tenure in Shanghai was brief. the good grace of providence, that Scapegoat. The Diplomatic Ordeal of John In the spring, changes in American has kept the bubonic plague from Carter Vincent, by Gary Max, to be pub¬ lished in Max by New Republic Books. The representation in the Far East breaking out here.” But the grace author is Assistant Professor of History at brought him at last into a position of providence was not complete, the University of Delaware. China of real influence in the develop¬ because malaria and dysentery Scapegoat has been awarded the coveted ment of American China policy. were frequent disabilities and it Nevins Prize from the Society of American was only the very strong who did Historians. Nelson T. Johnson, ambassador to China for eleven years, was trans¬ not suffer a daily attack of Copyright New Republic Books 1979. ferred to Australia and replaced by “Chungking tummy” caused by

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. April. 1979 putrid water and food that spoiled movements in Dante’s Inferno.” the assistant ambassador” when quickly in the summer sun. Vincent’s choice of analogies he served under Nelson Johnson. Such were the defects of nature; was more accurate than he first Both men were highly respected by those produced by man were supposed. Relations between the Chinese who often turned to worse. A wartime inflation ran American officials in Chungking, them for assistance instead of to rampant, wiping out salaries and he discovered, were strained to the Ambassador Gauss. life savings overnight. A loaf of breaking point: The arrival of Presidential Assis¬ bread cost a dollar and twenty The cause of the crisis was the tant Lauchlin B. Currie in early cents; milk, two dollars a pint; ambassador’s inability to coordi¬ June also annoyed the sensitive eggs, three dollars per dozen; meat, nate American efforts to assist the ambassador. Currie was director of two dollars a pound. By mid-1941, Chinese. New agencies sprang up lend lease for China and his visits the cost of living in Chungking was daily, complicating procedures and were regarded as a national holiday up one thousand percent. enlarging the responsibilities of the by the Chinese who believed that Japan’s invasion of China also embassy. There were officials in this one man controlled the flow of brought her bombers into the skies charge of commercial relations, tanks, trucks, and economic loans over Chungking, especially during cultural relations, industrial rela¬ from Washington to Chungking. the months that stretched from tions, and most importantly, mili¬ “The Chinese are . . . buzzing no April to November. To Vincent, tary relations. Here there existed end wondering what he will bring,” the bombing of the city was “dis¬ no clear chain of command but a Nelson Johnson had commented gusting.” They “fly over usually variety of competing organizations on Currie’s last visit. “Will it be a about noon,” he noted, “or on all under the nominal direction of lower cost of living for them and moonlit nights, late in the evening, Brigadier General John Magru- their families, [or] more guns to so arrogantly and so safely; [they] der’s American Military Mission to help them in their attack on the bomb this ugly city of gray brick, China (AMMISCA). Americans Japanese[?]” As on his last plaster, and bamboo, trying to also worked for the Nationalist sojourn, the Chinese worked to in¬ break the people’s morale but only government, bringing to bear on sure Currie’s favor by showering destroying little shops and huts the problems of Chinese economics him with attention, while Ambas¬ with collected possessions of a life¬ and politics their own special sador Gauss remained ignored and time. . . . Afterward, the poor knowledge and experience. And, to isolated in his residence on the people stolidly, unemotionally, exacerbate tensions further, there South Bank. Surrounded by “ad¬ go . . . about trying to find things in were the frequent visits of Ameri¬ visors and pipe-lines to the states,” the debris. Gangs very efficiently can dignitaries sent to Chungking Gauss felt, according to Vincent, clean ... up and repair . . . tele¬ on investigative missions for Presi¬ “boxed, bottled, and bitched.” phone and light wires. What a dent Franklin Roosevelt. As Gauss’s “First Secretary and LIFE.” The resulting bureaucratic con¬ right hand man,” Vincent hoped His home for the next two years fusion was deeply disturbing to “to bring about some kind of coor¬ was the American embassy, a di¬ Ambassador Clarence E. Gauss, a dination” among the various lapidated building that reminded thirty-four-year veteran of the American agencies in Chungking. him of a Japanese brothel. Unlike China Service. The fifty-five- He respected and admired his its European counterparts, the year-old diplomat was “an intense chief, but found him a “difficult American embassy was not located man,” noted one who served under man” to live with and to work for. in the city proper but on the south him, with a “thin mouth turned “I’d bet on him any time as pro¬ bank of the Yangtze. To reach the down at the comers in [a] near secuting attorney and would en¬ center of the city, Vincent and sneer, eyes a prismed blue as they trust a million dollar case to him as other officials had to walk down a peered out through thick lenses. my corporation lawyer," he wrote “steep staircase alley,” cross the When one first met him the smile Lauchlin Currie in August. “Gauss river “on the ramshackle passenger that grimaced his pallid face . . . is ... a straight shooter but a lim¬ ferry,” and then climb laboriously was as disconcerting as his cus¬ ited one. ... I should not want to up another “long flight of steps,” a tomary chill gaze.” He took his be stranded with him on a desert journey that usually took an hour. work as seriously as he did himself. island. Chungking comes close If Vincent was in luck, a car When it came to operating the enough to it.” would be waiting at the top of the American embassy, Gauss was a He saw his role as that of a stairs to transport him to his desti¬ “strict constructionist.” He was bridge between Chungking and nation, but he was rarely so fortu¬ sharply critical of the way Ameri¬ Washington over which informa¬ nate. The embassy had no personal can economic and military planners tion and advice might travel un¬ vehicle and the ambassador often bypassed his office in their dealings obstructed by personal or bureau¬ complained to State Department with the Chinese. He believed that cratic roadblocks. He was deter¬ officials that he had to “beg a ride “matters of high policy . . . should mined, above all, to “get this place from the naval ... or the military be channeled through the ambas¬ running for the American govern¬ attache,” to whom the Chinese had sador, the Department of State can ment—not for individuals—or get given “five or six Fords.” Without inform War and Navy.” Con¬ out.” Given all of the complexities a car, one traveled on foot or by sequently, Gauss found it espe¬ of personal and diplomatic life in rickshaw, a necessity that inflation cially troublesome working with Chungking, it would prove to be a had made a luxury. Traveling about General Magruder and Colonel formidable task. Chungking, Vincent quickly James McHugh, the naval attache Bureaucratic politics did not learned, was “something like the who “had come to be regarded as consume all of his time, however.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 1 9 Once again, there was much to be tity; the Communists insist on re¬ great victory had been won,” wri¬ learned about China. Except for his taining it . . . Chow [s/c] En-lai, ter Han Suyin later recalled. With three-month stay in Shanghai, Vin¬ whom I have seen many times, as¬ the economic and military arsenals cent had not been directly exposed sures me that there will be no break of the United States and Great to Chinese life for over six years. in relations—not now—but also no Britain at his disposal, Chiang There were many unanswered real cooperation.” could direct his efforts toward questions on his mind: Had China The situation in the Far East, he achieving that most cherished of gained economic and political sta¬ concluded his report to Currie, was goals: the preservation of his own bility since 1935? What were the only part of a complex global puz¬ power against his military and polit¬ latest developments in the per¬ zle. It would be disastrous for ical rivals. For him, the war against petual conflict between the Com¬ Americans to focus all their ener¬ the Japanese was over. “Pearl munists and the Nationalists? What gies on one part but to lose sight of Harbor Day in America,” a per¬ effect was the war with Japan hav¬ the more important whole. Events ceptive American noted in Chung¬ ing on Chinese politics and eco¬ in Eastern Europe, where the Rus¬ king, “was Armistice Day out nomics? And, most important, sians were fighting for their lives, here.” what kind of policy would best would probably affect develop¬ Chiang moved quickly to assure promote American interests in the ments in Asia more than anything the democracies that they had his Orient? that the Americans could presently support—and more. On December In August, Vincent prepared an devise or deliver. “I hope we are 8, he called a conference of British informal report for Lauchlin Currie sending the Russians everything and American representatives to which reflected his views after we can,” he wrote. “If they lose, propose the creation of a united three months in Chungking. The there won’t be much sense or need global front against the Axis pow¬ Nationalist government, he had discovered with increasing con¬ cern, was economically disor¬ ganized and politically unstable. Spending from six hundred million to one billion dollars a month, the “What he had feared then, now seemed to be government was operating at a def¬ coming true in Asia. Chiang’s government, he had icit of over four hundred million dollars monthly. Shortages of food concluded after six months in Chungking, had and commodities plus a rising cur¬ more in common with America’s fascist enemies rency inflation were “driving prices up, way up.’’ There were than she did with her democratic friends.” simply “not enough resources in the country to support the govern¬ ment on its present scale . . . [and] loose economic and political or¬ ganization . . . will not permit ef¬ in sending things to England and ers. An alliance consisting of fective price control.” Without China; if they win it won't be China, Britain, America, Russia, economic stabilization he did not necessary.” and the Netherlands, he argued, believe China could begin to solve The Russians held their bloody could defeat the Japanese within her problems or maintain an ground at Stalingrad, but the colli¬ months, if the allies united to defeat adequate defense against further sion of interests in the Far East that Japan first and deal with Germany Japanese invasion. Vincent had predicted seven years afterward. But his Pacific first Developments in politics were before occurred finally on De¬ strategy won him few friends equally discouraging. Despite the cember 7, 1941. America was in the among the British and Americans existence of the “united front” be¬ war, and China was no longer the in Chungking, or Washington, who tween the Communists and the object of disinterested concern. were committed to a strategy of Nationalists, neither faction was Now she was America’s only ally Europe first. sincerely working toward the pub¬ against the onslaught of the Vincent and Gauss also found lic goal of permanent cooperation. Japanese in the Orient. The Chiang’s strategy preposterous and ‘There is . . . a fundamental dif¬ partnership between China and the made their position known in a ference in outlook,” Vincent em¬ United States that was sealed at telegram to the secretary of state phasized, “and there is besides Pearl Harbor was not an alliance of on December 14. “Chiang may be deep-seated personal animosity. equals but one of “client” and “pa¬ unintentionally misleading in his The Kuomintang leaders ... in¬ tron,” the most difficult kind of re¬ statement on the part that China terpret united front as unification lationship to sustain without may be counted on to play in the under the Kuomintang . . . The animosity and resentment felt by struggle,” Vincent wrote Hull on Kuomintang aspires to a 'democ¬ one side or the other. Gauss’s behalf. “His plans racy' in which everybody votes the But for now there was only jubi¬ seem ... to have a touch of un¬ Kuomintang ‘ticket.- It is shot lation in Chungking. After a decade reality derived from a somewhat through with one party . . . of war, China was now allied with grandiose . . . conception of his ideas . . .[;] they smack . . . pretty the great western powers. and China's role . . . His proposal much of fascism. They want the “Kuomintang officials went about for a general headquarters in Communist group to lose its iden- congratulating each other as if a Chungking to plan and direct Far

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 Eastern strategy is manifestly im¬ produce the psychological and to insure party authority; and Tai practicable . . . The Chinese army political effects desired and take Li shoots them or puts them in does not possess the aggressive care of all conceivable (and per¬ jail.” This kind of politics was a spirit, training, equipment or haps some inconceivable) financial violation of everything that Vin¬ supplies for any major offensive or and economic demands. The billion cent believed in, and to support it expedition.” Vincent’s goals in dollar credit desired would be mis¬ without reservation would be noth¬ December were the same as when leading and invite attempts at mis¬ ing less than a personal tragedy. he had written Currie in August: use.” Vincent’s concern about the “1 am an advocate of no particu¬ “Keeping Chinese forces active loan and the uses to which it might lar form of government,” he wrote against the Japanese, bolstering be put reflected his growing hostil¬ in explanation of his hostility to¬ Chinese morale and helping to ar¬ ity toward the government that the ward the Kuomintang, “but 1 do rest the trend toward economic United States was supporting in believe that the primary function of chaos.” China. En route to Shanghai the government is to insure . . . that Vincent and Gauss correctly ex¬ year before, he had expressed the the people shall live in security and pected that the Chinese would soon fear that the United States might freedom. . . . The Kuomintang, as request expanded economic assis¬ one day be fighting to “preserve the governing party of China, has tance. On December 30, Chiang’s and conserve rather than to create failed in its task. ... It has been formal request for an Anglo- a new society of dynamic possibil¬ faced with difficulties but it has re¬ American credit of $1 billion was ity.” What he had feared then, now fused, and still refuses, to avail it¬ unveiled during a meeting between seemed to be coming true in Asia. self of the opportunities for assum¬ the generalissimo and the ambas¬ Chiang’s government, he had con¬ ing its responsibilities. And the sador. Chiang was in an expansive cluded after six months in Chungk¬ character of the present govern¬ mood. China, he announced, ing, had more in common with ment including its leader (who would offer the allies “a vast man¬ America’s fascist enemies than she speaks of the masses but thinks of power ... to help in the fight did with her democratic friends. the classes) and his wife, is not against Japan.” In return, Chiang Briefly, he described for his wife such as to warrant hope for the fu¬ asked formally for “a substantial the leading personalities in Chinese ture.” But the political problems of political loan” of about $1 politics with whom he had become China were not totally devoid of billion—both to meet financial dif¬ all too familiar during his months in solution, and it was here, Vincent ficulties and as a sign that Britain Chungking. First, there were the believed, that the United States and America believed in the ulti¬ militarists: General Ho Ying-chin, might play its most important role. mate victory of the democracies. minister of war, “who, consciously For if Vincent's liberalism made Gauss agreed to inform his gov¬ or subconsciously adhere[s] to a him a natural enemy of the ernment of Chiang’s request and type of military fascism through Kuomintang, it also made him went on to give the generalissimo party-domination”; Chen Li-fu, eager to reconstruct it along lines some good advice about the Kuomintang party boss who be¬ that would make it more responsive realities of American politics. Only lieved “to a point of fanaticism in to the Chinese people. the Congress could grant the presi¬ regeneration of the Chinese people He considered the loan an “op¬ dent such funds, Gauss noted, and through a centralized and pater¬ portunity for us to influence the before doing so, would want to nally dictatorial social organiza¬ course of events out here in the know precisely how the money tion”; Chu Chia-hua, vice-pres¬ right direction." With the United would be spent. As Vincent ident of the Examination Yuan, States government supporting watched and took notes, the two “German educated, committed to domestic production and, above men sparred with one another over the principle of rigid . . . one party all, land reform, Chinese liberals, just how exact the Chinese request control over all administrative ac¬ who had for years advocated such should be. Chiang insisted on the tivity and who is reliably reported reforms, “would be given encour¬ funds immediately; a detailed de¬ as having said . . . that ‘we must agement and be encouraged to de¬ scription of “requirements and ex¬ keep in mind that our friends of mand more from the government.” penditures” could come later. today may be our enemies of to¬ These ideas were embodied in There the matter stood, and the morrow and vice versa’ ”; and Tai the final telegram that was sent to conference ended. Li, “head of the formidable secret the secretary of state on January 8. Chiang’s request fora loan called political police system which has Calling for an Anglo-American for a position paper from the am¬ the Chinese, including even me and credit “of at most no more than a bassador, and Vincent spent the the G-mo worried.” half billion dollars,” Gauss urged second week of the new year pre¬ Here, then, was a “cross- that the money be spent on cur¬ paring one. It was to be the most section” of Chiang's allies within rency revision, industrial produc¬ important dispatch that Gauss had the government and party whose tion, and agrarian reform. Vin¬ sent to the State Department since “common denominator [was] their cent's recommendation that the Pearl Harbor and his first secretary determination to preserve party loan be used as a political lever to devoted all of his time and effort to control.” Ho Ying-chin, Vincent bring about a reformation in the it. wrote in summary, “wants to con¬ government was also accepted by In Vincent’s view, an Anglo- serve military strength to preserve the ambassador. To grant the American loan of $1 billion was ex¬ party control. Chen Li-fu wants to Chinese a “free credit,” Gauss travagant and impractical. “A control all social activity in order to told Hull, would be to support the credit of no more than half that maintain the party; Chu Chia-hua “retrogressive, self-seeking, and amount,” he wrote Betty, “would wants a rigid administrative system . . . fickle elements in and inti-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. April, 1979 2 1 mately associated with the gov¬ he has not seen H. H. Kung since were on his mind, he might confer ernment” at the cost of alienating November . . . and that he has with T. F. Tsiang, executive direc¬ the more progressive elements in very few contacts with Chinese and tor of the Political affairs Section of the country who were sincerely in¬ British officials of any description. the Executive Yuan; if it were eco¬ terested in defeating the Japanese. He will not consider opening an of¬ nomics, Minister Wong Wen-hao, But President Roosevelt had no fice in the city.” In contrast, or Dr. Solomon Adler representing intention of tying strings to the Davies had nothing but praise for the Department of the Treasury in Chinese loan, or making the kinds Gauss’s first secretary: “John Car¬ Chungking; a question on foreign of demands Gauss and Vincent ter is doing a magnificent job,” he policy might take him to Chien Tai recommended. While his major wrote Stanley Hombeck in early or Foo Ping-Sheung, vice-ministers goal was to win the war in Europe 1942. “Everybody speaks of him in of foreign affairs. If he were con¬ first, he was concerned that China the highest terms. He has, despite cerned about the military situation might surrender and leave America considerable obstacles, maintained (as he almost always was) he might without allies in the Far East. If valuable contacts with the see General Magruder to swap granting Chiang a loan could pre¬ Chinese.” rumors or ask for advice. In late vent this calamity it was a small His average day was now espe¬ afternoon, he would often drop in enough price to pay. Since most cially crowded and busy. He would at the Foreign Press Hostel to American military and economic awake early in the morning when “check on what American press assistance was going to the Rus¬ the first rays of the red sun struck correspondents were sending out,” sians and the British, no opportu¬ the house, then rise to watch them and to discuss the current situation nity should be overlooked to reas¬ creep down the side of the moun¬ with representatives of Time mag¬ sure Chiang and thus convince him tain until they reached the valley. azine or the United Press Interna¬ to remain in the war. For these rea¬ After dressing and eating a hurried tional. Then he would clamber sons, and with Roosevelt’s sup¬ breakfast, he might put the finish¬ down the steps and race for the port, the aid bill passed easily ing touches on a dispatch or tele¬ ferry, “just as the last bit of light through the Congress without re¬ gram prepared the night before, was fading from the sky.” servations or restrictions. show it to the ambassador for his Frequently an entire day might Roosevelt’s rejection of Gauss's approval, then deliver it to the code be spent planning a “monster and Vincent’s position on the loan room for transmittal to Washing¬ Chinese dinner," a task which was was one more indication to the am¬ ton. often as complicated as preparing bassador that his views counted for Crossing the Yangtze on the an important diplomatic dispatch. little in the State Department or the rickety ferry, he would begin the Vincent was usually in charge of White House, and although he had torturous climb up the slippery organizing the menu (“eleven dol¬ never been a very cheerful man, it Wang Lung Men steps to make his lars a plate”) and arranging the increased the gloom with which he rounds through the city. Riding in a seating. To seat the Chiangs and usually approached his duties. By sedan chair, he would have a few himself was easy, he explained to the spring of 1942 he had become minutes to study papers or just ob¬ Betty, “but two generals with even more withdrawn than before, serve the always fascinating Chi¬ wives, two ambassadors without avoiding almost all of the important nese scene. Every morning at a cer¬ wives, and a former foreign minis¬ social functions attached to his of¬ tain spot a small Chinese boy, ter, made for difficulties.” Vincent fice. Despite his superior’s person¬ dressed in a grey gown and black also assumed the role of social di¬ ality, John Carter worked well, if vest, his head shaved clean, would rector and tried to maintain cordial¬ not happily at his side, but others call to him: “Yang Hsien Sheng, ity among the guests who some¬ who lacked Vincent's patience and Nin hao but hao”—“Foreign gen¬ times disliked one another heartily. compassion, were openly critical. tleman, how are you?” “Fine, Ambassador Gauss, who, Vincent “We have a misfire here as am¬ fine,” Vincent would reply in noted, “has no love for Madame bassador,” one observer had in¬ Chinese, laughing at what had now and shows it,” barely spoke to her formed President Roosevelt as become a daily ritual. He would throughout one dinner party, while early as October 1941. ‘‘Despite pass the vegetable market, the generalissimo observed the his thirty odd years in China, he crowded with Chinese women with scene in stony silence. has never lived among [the babies on their backs. Along the At one evening’s dinner Madame Chinese], does not understand narrow, crooked streets, he could Chiang “was feeling coquettish and them, and conceals very poorly his see the tiny bamboo and wood also appeared to have something on dislike of them. ... He resents it if shops where the Chinese worked her mind.” Previously, she had they invite him out (and has refused and lived. He could smell bread been cold to Vincent (whom she several dinners) but also resents it being baked, hear sewing machines once described as “a very good and if they don’t invite him. . . . clatter as they turned out exquisite a very clever friend of China,”) but Mainly he dislikes crossing the clothing, spy men “making funny now as the new “assistant Ambas¬ river at night and being with things out of paper: animals, little sador” it was his turn to be the them.” Foreign Service officer houses, carriages.” “Everybody “object of the Mayling charm.” John P. Davies, Jr. made similar seems very happy,” he once told “I think Mr. Vincent looks par¬ comments in his diary after meeting his daughter, “even though they ticularly well tonight,” Madame the ambassador several months are very poor.” Chiang remarked to General John later. ‘‘1 am told that Mr. G. does Whom he visited on a particular Magruder. not enjoy social gatherings,” day depended upon his interest at “It’s probably that red polka dot Davies noted, “and that therefore the moment: If Chinese politics bow tie he has on,” Magruder re- 22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 plied with a grin. crease, for in late February Gauss large lovely letters” from Betty in “No, he looks very well,” recommended to the Department which she described, among other Madame Chiang insisted, “particu¬ of State that he be made counselor things, her meetings with State larly his ‘permanent wave,’ ” a of embassy. If Secretary Hull ap¬ Department officials regarding his reference to John Carter’s wavy proved, Vincent would be the sec¬ return to Washington. brown hair tinged with gray. ond highest ranking officer in the Her life without John Carter was After dinner Madame Chiang embassy in name as well as in fact. as empty as his was without her. continued to ply her wiles. Draw¬ He was not optimistic that he There was enough to keep her ing Vincent aside, she whispered to would be named counselor despite busy, especially the new farm in him, “I want you to know that we Gauss’s encouragement. In early Fairfax, Virginia, that she had pur¬ understand and appreciate what February he had been promoted to chased with John Carter’s approval you have done for us. 1 realize that Class 3 which was itself a distinc¬ last summer, and the problem of it has been difficult but I know that tion and he therefore did not expect raising alone young Sheila and John you have done much.” to be promoted so soon again. Carter, Jr. There were also parties “I have and always have had Moreover, to his knowledge no one with her friends the Curries, the Chinese interests very much at in Class 3 had ever become coun¬ Thurmond Arnolds, the Raymond heart,” Vincent told her and then selor of embassy, so tradition and Clappers, and the Robert LaFol- inquired if she had any special precedent were also against him. lettes, which filled an occasional problems which she wished to dis¬ evening, but all this seemed only to cuss. She did indeed. intensify her loneliness. Finally be¬ She spoke first about Colonel coming “fed up” with the separa¬ Claire Chennault of the Flying Ti¬ tion, she decided to do everything gers, her favorite American in “The General Chiang she could to bring him home. But China, and urged that the com¬ who sold the socially her discussions with officers of the mander “be well taken care of. . . . progressive elements Far Eastern and Personnel Divi¬ I cannot let Colonel Chennault sions did little to convince her that down,” she said with a smile, “af¬ down the river in 1927, she might be successful. ter all, we used to have breakfast selling out at the same She found the State Department together when I was head of the suffering its customary lassitude, Air Force.” Vincent assured her time to the Shanghai and the Far Eastern Division iso¬ that Chennault’s exploits were well bankers, is still the lated and ignored, as the War De¬ known in Washington, but she ab¬ partment and the White House ruptly shifted focus and expressed same Chiang, made foreign policy. “[Hornbeck] her desire to assist Vincent in any Methodism, Bible and doesn't count for much of anything way that he desired. “Whenever these days,” she reported to her you want to communicate in com¬ prayers husband, “[he’s] sort of an old man plete confidence with Dr. Currie,” notwithstanding and not registering so much any more.” she told him, “you can do it Younger officers complained to through me.” Vincent thanked her Madame is of the same Betty about how difficult it was to but explained that he always used material.’’ work for the hard-driving and iras¬ normal embassy channels when cible Hornbeck, and his protege. communicating with Washington. Maxwell Hamilton, still chief of Vincent was not fooled. “It FE. Robert Smyth, an old friend, means that I am invited to double- “Personally,” he didn't care, as he was “beside himself ... he thinks cross the Ambassador. . . . But for told Betty, “I get along very well he is getting stomach ulcers and what? I don't like General and as I am.” going crazy both.” She did not Madame Chiang’s government. To Mostly, he longed to be with his want her husband to return to the my sensitive nostrils it stinks,” he family from whom he had not heard division, and told him so.. wrote Betty in a burst of anger. in nearly four months, their letters He received more definite word “The General Chiang who sold the another casualty of the haphazard about his status a few days later socially progressive elements down system that delivered equipment when, to his surprise, he was in¬ the river in 1927, selling out at the and material from the United formed by Under Secretary of same time to the Shanghai bankers, States. Though blessed with a State Sumner Welles that he had is still the same Chiang, “disposition which . . . makes me been appointed counselor of em¬ Methodism, Bible and prayers try to make the best of it,” their bassy. Now he was sure that notwithstanding and Madame is of absence hurt him deeply. His Chungking would remain his home the same material.” His conclu¬ “whole life” revolved around the for at least another year, perhaps sion: “Do everything one can to activities of Sheila, and John Car¬ longer. It was not a prospect that hold them together during this war, ter, Jr. (born in Peking in 1935), he contemplated with much enjoy¬ and afterwards, to hell with Betty had once observed. “He ment, for the problem of maintain¬ Kuomintang!” simply won’t do anything on ing friendly relations between To be flattered by Madame weekends but be with them.” China and the United States grew Chiang was one penalty to be paid His hopes of an early transfer to worse daily as the Japanese inten¬ by the first secretary of the Ameri¬ another post where he might be re¬ sified their spring campaign to end can embassy in Chungking. But united with his family vanished in Chinese resistance. Vincent’s burdens were soon to in¬ mid-March when he received “four Continued next month

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 23 Who does i’ the wars more than his captain can Becomes his captain’s captain.—Shakespeare

A STRANGE AVAR

HOWARD R. SIMPSON

There was a warm, moist mist pajamas, berets and pith helmets. to be up and ready at five a.m. I hanging over the road. We had We rattled over a Bailey bridge could feel a dry-mouthed thirst to stop for several buffalo carts guarded by a concrete bunker and a building up as we sped down an in¬ hauling fresh cut lumber on the thin field of concertina wire. Three cline, honked our way around an outskirts of a village and then we naked Senegalese soldiers flashed overloaded bus and left the high¬ were on the paved highway again, smiles at us from the edge of the way for a dirt road. the jeep’s engine humming and the stream where they were bathing, We plunged deep into powdered, Vietnamese army driver chewing white lather like cream against the red laterite, throwing a wake like on a stick of sugar cane. ebony of their bodies. the water plume of a racing out¬ The sun made its appearance I was dressed in khaki trousers board. The lieutenant pulled his over our right shoulders, drawing and short sleeved jacket. I was kepi down on his forehead. “This more mist from the damp roadway wearing an old, comfortable pair of is the plantation,” he said indicat¬ and throwing a golden light on the boots. The jacket had large patch ing the rubber trees ahead of us. top of the tall trees. The young pockets that I'd filled with two We were soon alone among endless sous-lieutenant who had been sent notebooks, a ball point pen, a map corridors of gray-boled trees. We to find me at the hotel sat next to of the Saigon region, my passport came to a crossroad and the driver the driver. He was not talkative. It and press card from Paris, a packet paused for a moment, the engine was just as well. I resented the fact of French cigars, matches and idling as he glanced at the plastic- that he’d offered me the rear seat as sunglasses. Both Lallier and covered map beside him. There if he were doing me a great honor. Leighton had assured me I did not was a metallic grating somewhere Any jeep veteran knew the front have to seek formal accreditation ahead of us. The lieutenant ordered seat was the choice position. Every with the high command for the trip the driver forward. jolt sent me a few inches off the to Tay Ninh. That could wait until The two armored cars were hard seat cushion. My breakfast my return. Leighton had referred to parked off the road, their hatches was not sitting easily. my trip as an outing, describing it unbuttoned and their light machine The countryside was fresh and as a “piece of cake.” guns pointed toward the sky. Both green. Blue smoke from cooking The sun seemed to have risen at crews were gathered around one fires hung over thatch-roofed ham¬ a very fast rate. Its rays were fil¬ vehicle. All of them were stripped lets hidden among the palms. We tered and softened by the canopy of to the waist. They looked up as we passed guard posts with bamboo trees over the road. Despite this pulled to a stop. The lieutenant and sandbag towers manned by my flesh tingled under its direct jumped out of the jeep, walked Vietnamese militia dressed in mix¬ touch. The heat was already awak¬ over to the group of dragoons and tures of military uniforms and black ening a chorus of cicadas in the un¬ saluted a tall officer wearing a red dergrowth. calot with a dirty towel wrapped I was suffering from a slight around his neck. I couldn't hear hangover. Lallier and Leighton had what the lieutenant said but the of¬ Howard R. Simpson served in Vietnam dropped me off at the Continental ficer looked in my direction and daring the French Indochina War and later, after dinner. Leighton was obvi¬ shrugged his shoulders. in 1964-65, as press adviser to the Prime ously going on to more drinking With the jeep’s engine switched Minister of Vietnam. A frequent contributor and he had offered to introduce me off, the silence of the plantation to the Journal and author of six published to the pleasures of a well-run offi¬ novels, Simpson is currently Deputy Public was oppressive. There was only Affairs Officer in Paris. cers’ brothel. I had decided that the crackling of dry leaves curling This is a chapter from a work in progress. could wait, particularly since I had under the heat of the sun. Someone

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 AFSA ELECTIONS COMMITTEE 1979 These campaign statements are published in accordance P.O. BOX 57061, WEST END BRANCH, with Article VI(4) of the AFSA Bylaws. In publishing them, WASHINGTON, D.C., 20037 AFSA and its Standing Committee on Elections are re¬ quired by Executive Order 11636 and its implementing The Elections Committee announces that in accordance with regulations, as interpreted by the Department of Labor, to AFSA Bylaws, and pursuant to the terms of the 1979 AFSA do so without making any modification of their contents. Election Call, the following members have been duly nominated AFSA therefore disclaims any responsibility for the content and have accepted their candidacies for the positions indicated of any campaign statements made by the candidates. Con¬ below in the 1979 AFSA election of Officers and Constituency tent is solely the responsibility of the candidates. Representatives on the AFSA Governing Board. The order in which the names appear on this list and the drawings were conducted to determine the order in which the candidates' campaign statements appear in the pages which fol¬ candidates' names and campaign statements will appear in the low were determined by the drawing of lots at a meeting of May issue of the Foreign Service Journal and on the election candidates on March 12, 1979. At the same meeting separate ballot.

PRESIDENT ORGANIZATION 1. Kenneth N. Rogers (Representative) State FSI/WC 2. Robert F. Pfeiffer (Unity) State EA/J 3. John D. Hemenway Retired 4. Kenneth W. Bleakley (Foreign Affairs PROs) State EA/J VICE PRESIDENT 1. Robert H. Stern (Representative) State EA/PHL 2. Anthea S. deRouville (Unity) State D/LOS 3. Barbara Bodine (Foreign Affairs PROs) State NEA/ARP SECOND VICE PRESIDENT 1. Frank Dimond (Foreign Affairs PROs) AID/PPC/DPRE 2. Robert M. Maxim (Unity) State HA/HR 3. Ronald Witherell (Representative) AID NE/JLS SECRETARY 1. Stanley T. Escudero (Unity) State IO/UNP 2. Galen Fox (Foreign Affairs PROs) State S/P TREASURER 1. Arlene Render (Unity) State 1NR/OIS 2. Elton Stepherson (Representative) ICA FSI/WC 3. Dale L. Coleman (Foreign Affairs PROs) AID AAGAV STATE REPRESENTATIVES 1. Charles Hill (Foreign Affairs PROs) State NEA/IA1 2. Marshall P. Adair (Unity) State EB/ICD 3. John R. Malott (Unity) State NEA/1NS 4. Joseph N. McBride (Foreign Affairs PROs) State NEA/IAI 5. Ralph Braibanti (Representative) State ARA/CCA 6. Peter R. Reams (Representative) State EUR/NE 7. Eva S. Kim (Foreign Affairs PROs) State EA 8. Robert L. Caffrey (Unity) State OC/TR 9. John J. Harter State ICA PGM/PPO 10. Patricia A. Woodring (Representative) State S/NM AID REPRESENTATIVES 1. Raymond C. Malley PPC/PDPR 2. Ronald L. Nicholson (Representative) AFR/CAWA 3. James D. Singletary (Unity) LAC/DR 4. Jonathan L. Sperling (Foreign Affairs PROs) NE/EI ICA REPRESENTATIVES 1. John F. Cannon (Foreign Affairs PROs) ICA State EA/PA 2. Fred M. Shaver (Representative) ICA AR 3. Marilyn McAfee (Unity) ICA NEA RETIRED REPRESENTATIVES 1. Archie Lang (Foreign Affairs PROs) 2. Charles Whitehouse (Foreign Affairs PROs) 3. Spencer M. King (Representative) 4. Stanley M. Cleveland (Unity) 5. Jack Lydman (Representative)

It is each AFSA member’s responsibility to see to it that his or 5:30 P.M. June 29, 1979. If you have not received your Ballot by her proper address and constituency (STATE, AID, USIA, or June 7, 1979, notify the Chairman of the AFSA Elections Com¬ RETIRED) are on record with AFSA. Ballots will be mailed on or mittee IMMEDIATELY in writing at P.O. Box 57061, West End about May 15, 1979, and marked Ballots must be returned by Branch, Washington, D.C., 20037. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 24A KENNETH ROGERS, PRESIDENT, REPRESENTATIVE SLATE

Our SLATE offers to the Service a group dedicated to WE ARE DEDICATED improved professionalism, plus strong protection of interests of all Foreign Service people, and a restoration of the pride and dedication of the past. WE SUPPORT: WE OPPOSE: We are a balanced and fully representative combina¬ 1. The proposal splitting tion of experienced AFSA workers, plus fresh faces to 1. Building a better Foreign Class 3 on any basis into add new ideas and energy. We have experienced repre¬ Service for today and for two grades. sentation from the three constituencies in our officer those who follow us. 2. The proposed creation candidates. 2. The positions taken by of an additional FSO/R Vice Presidential candidate Bob Stern is well known to the current SSC on the re¬ grade as an extra hurdle. AFSA as the courageous person who initiated the recall structure proposal of man¬ agement. of John Hemenway as AFSA president. Bob thus played 3. The proposed abolition of annual, within-grade a key and historic role in rescuing AFSA from disaster. 3. The establishment of ten step increases for all to pay Bob is noted for his strength of purpose, devotion to annual within-grade steps for all FS grades in all pay for “incentive” pay for a duty, and steadfastness. In recognition of his proven ded¬ select few, or on any basis. ication, the AFSA Governing Board recently appointed plans. Instead, we call for more him to fill a vacancy as State Representative. He im¬ 4. Legislation to restore 625(B) merit steps. mediately displayed his leadership and devotion by tak¬ overtime for FSOs, and for labor-management rela¬ 4. Discriminatory, unfair ing on some of our most difficult and complex tasks, such or unequal treatment of as coordinating AFSA's response to the recent manage¬ tions. any person or group, or ment proposals on the restructure of the Foreign Service 5. Additional AFSA staff special privileges. and massive changes in the Foreign Service Act. to address labor/mgt. con¬ 5. Limited time for FSO-3s Ron Witherell, our First Vice Presidential candidate, cerns. in promotion considera¬ and AID Representative Ron Nicholson, need no intro¬ 6. Continued improvement duction to our AID colleagues for their tireless efforts, of the FS Journal and the tions for FSO-2. together with Tom O'Connor, on behalf of AID person¬ Club. 6. Neglect of the concerns nel. They are the proven protectors of their constituency 7. Restoring AFSA as ex¬ of consular officers. 7. Massive re-opening of and a great help to the others on Capitol Hill. clusive bargaining Agent Elton Stepherson, an expert in finance, is from ICA, for ICA. the F.S. Act as proposed by management. and will be a superb treasurer, one of the most difficult 8. Vastly improved secu¬ 8. Neglect of Staff Coips offices to fill. His keen energy and new ideas will be rity and protection of our interests, especially those welcome, especially in improving contacts with AAFSW people overseas. We have overseas not on diplomatic and FSECC. lost many wonderful peo¬ lists. Our State Representatives Ralph Braibanti and Peter ple to terrorism. Reams represent and deeply understand the serious 9. Improved health care in¬ 9. GS-AD (administra¬ tively determined) and career concerns of today’s mid-career officers, the group surance through AFSPA including optional dental other non-FS personnel in the future needs, who may soon quit in droves. Patricia policy-making decisions in Woodring is well-known to AFSA loyalists as the lady coverage. who restored dignity to the office of AFSA President 10. Equal opportunity for AID' when the Governing Board appointed her to complete the all employees and their 10. Abuse of outside ap¬ pointments to the Service term of Mr. Hemenway after his recall. Pat is the cham¬ families. pion of members’ interests. She was a Foreign Service 11. Better communication to the disadvantage of the career service. Secretary for years, a mustanger, and now an FSO in the with the Washington Admin, cone. She is a living symbol of upward mobility, Membership through a new 11. The continuation of ob¬ solete time-in class rules and beloved by all. framework agreement and for staff personnel, which We are proud to have two distinguished persons as expanded committees. ensure firing for the best. candidates for Retired Representative: Ambassadors 12. More emphasis on pro¬ Spencer King and Jack Lydman. tection of the interests of 12. Unilateral imposition by STATE/AID/ICA mgt. Each of our candidates will tell something personal and AID employees, including comment on their interests in this issue of the Journal. I a Humphrey-type bill for of any personnel policies or procedures not fully sup¬ have been in the Foreign Service for 22 years, and have AID Personnel system, ported by the employees. served overseas in Hong Kong, Vietnam, Angola, and and creation of a perma¬ Jamaica, and in the Department in PM, AF, ARA, nent Agency status for ACDA, and S-IG, currently I am at NWC. AID. I was appointed to the AFSA Board in 1975 as a State Representative, and elected to that position in 1977. I was appointed Vice President in mid-1978. To help you make your choice among the many good Above all, we are committed to creative forward plan¬ candidates, we, the REPRESENTATIVE SLATE, list ning, not just reaction to management's initiatives. the major items that we support and oppose. More will Whatever you do—Please VOTE—The Service you appear in the next Journal. save—is your own.

24 B FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April. 1979 ROBERT F. PFEIFFER, PRESIDENT, UNITY SLATE Because we believe: reordering expenditures and calling on all members for • that we of the Foreign Service are all members of a active participation in its efforts. It also means seeking distinct profession and need to stand together to preserve external allies and associates where this will promote our and defend our interests; objectives. • that the Service, already battered by successive “re¬ • Not least, AFSA must unflaggingly fight for fair forms” and Departmental mismanagement, is now treatment for the Service, its component groups and its threatened with politicization and its members with individual members—on promotion, classification, al¬ further erosion of their legitimate interests; lowances, retirement, and any other issues where man¬ • that AFSA—our organization—must meet the agement’s administrative convenience conflicts with the threat to the Service firmly and constructively; requirements of the profession or the reasonable interests We have formed a representative group of the people of its members. of the Foreign Service into a Unity Slate. We ask for The Unity slate pledges itself to this task and asks for your support, to mobilize the full resources of AFSA to your support now and after the elections. No Board can preserve our Service and actively promote the interests do the job by itself. of its members. These are the issues to which we will give priority: All people of the Foreign Service belong to a single, • An immediate, clear and united “no" to manage¬ definable profession, not a branch of the civil service or ment's sweeping “structural reform”—not simply an at¬ a set of “personnel systems.” Our profession requires tempt to attenuate its worst features. This requires an qualities of character, and professional and technical unequivocal mandate from the membership. If manage¬ skills gained through training and experience, which call ment insists on sending legislation to the Hill this spring, for separate and special treatment. Because this is little as it says it will, we will circulate a petition to the Con¬ understood outside our ranks, if we don't stand up for gress in opposition, and ask every member of the Foreign ourselves, nobody else will. Service to join us; For twenty years or more, management of the De¬ • An end to the “meat-ax” approach: cutting positions partment and the foreign affairs agencies has repeatedly without regard to the functions involved or the profes¬ sacrificed the integrity and effectiveness of the Service sional standards required of the Service; and the interests of its members to political manipulation, • A separate Foreign Service pay schedule appropri¬ “personnel-management” doctrine and administrative ate to the requirements of the Service itself, not tied to a convenience. These successive “reforms” have been civil service scale designed for different needs; largely promoted and carried through from outside by • Upward reclassification of jobs by people who know “managers” who understood little of the nature of the the real requirements. This should be based on criteria profession or the needs of its people. which reflect required qualities as well as skills, and The results are a confused welter of “personnel sys¬ provide a basis for future promotions; tems,” “cones” and “skill codes”; an increasingly im¬ • Recording (and payment) of overtime and standby pacted promotion system at all levels; a constant erosion duty. This is necessary to justify upward reclassification of benefits, especially in the field; growing divisions in of jobs and an appropriate staffing pattern, as well as to what should be a unified Service; and rock-bottom stop management's reliance on free labor; morale at all levels. Management's response is yet • A “cap” on lateral entry into the career services. another half-baked proposal for comprehensive “struc¬ We will negotiate limits to Schedule C political appoin¬ tural reform” which would shake things up again, expose tees and seek consultation on all other lateral entry. Most us to more political influence and manipulation, and needs can be filled from within our ranks by training and strike at the individual interests of most of its people. reasonable incentives. We need upward mobility—not Only a revitalized AFSA speaking for the interests of more lateral entry; the Service and all its people, can meet the challenge. • Greatly expanded training programs to enhance pro¬ But for AFSA to do the job it needs more than legal fessional competence, support appropriate career pat¬ status and moral standing: we must make it truly what we terns and promotion rates, and provide upward mobility voted for in 1972—an employee organization dedicated to for women and minorities from within the ranks; protect and promote the interests of individuals, and a • A medical program based on preventive care; professional association dedicated to the interests of the • Compensation for expenses incurred because of Service, preserving the best of what sets it apart from lack of diplomatic privileges. There is no reason why others. staff and junior officers should subsidize their employ¬ In particular, this means: ment. • AFSA must take the initiative, not simply to re¬ To give AFSA a sense of direction and priority, we spond to proposals and actions of management, but to put will set up task forces to draft a statement on “Foreign forward its own proposals and solutions to our many Service for the Eighties” which will articulate the profes¬ problems. sionals’ view of the agencies’ missions, appropriate • AFSA must be truly representative of and respon¬ career and staffing patterns, and incentives. The final sive to the people of the Service—in all levels, functions text would be presented to the membership before publi¬ and posts. This means broader representation on the cation. A special task force will focus on the immediate Board, greater dialogue, and an effort to reach Service¬ problem of the “impacted” senior levels. wide consensus on major issues. To improve AFSA and better serve the membership, • AFSA must mobilize and dedicate its full we will: resources—financial and human—to conscious priorities. • Hold frequent open meetings in Washington: This means seeking 100% membership and participation, Continued on page 24P FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April. 1979 24C ELECT FORMER AFSA PRESIDENT JOHN HEMENWAY SICK OF FLABBY LEADERSHIP IN AFSA! ELECT the “in charge” AFSA-USIA clique did not permit HEMENWA Y PRESIDENT AFSA President Hemenway to involve himself in any IT WILL MEAN A MAJOR EIGHT, OF COURSE, way in that election. They personally were mostly in¬ BUT THIS TIME YOU WILL BE THE WINNER terested in returning to STATE, anyway, and greeted the THE ALTERNATIVE? YOUR FOREIGN SER¬ STATE/USIA merger for the opportunity it presented VICE CAREER MAY BE OVER, THANKS TO AF- them, career-wise. SA’s PLANS TO “REORGANIZE” THE F.S. You also were told that AFSA President Hemenway used AFSA facilities to further his own interests. Has Shed no tears for the AFSA so-called leaders; many any member or non-member ever received any letter have already taken care of their future. from Hemenway that can be described in these terms? YOU were the equity traded in; in the past three years, This lie was designed to cover-up the theft of mail Presi¬ AFSA was confirmed as a company union, rubber- dent Hemenway tried to send to you, the member, while stamping management decisions, to the shame and detri¬ the Hydle/Rogers clique conspired with management to ment of us all. remove Hemenway. The Hydle/Rogers clique concealed betrayal of your While making untrue charges against Hemenway, this interests and have suppressed a balanced view. clique accused Hemenway of what they were guilty: IF YOU THINK AFSA LEADERSHIP HAS BEEN “Character-Assassination” in a foreign service very sen¬ POOR, YOU MAY NOT BE WELL INFORMED sitive to McCarthyite tactics. Actually, it has been appalling and, even, in violation AFSA MAY NOT HAVE MUCH TIME LEFT AS of the law. Surely you did not believe that the present AN ORGANIZATION. YOUR CAREER NEEDS Hydle/Rogers clique has been struggling valiantly for PROTECTION. ONE HOPE FOR AFSA IS TO three years now merely to rectify the “evils” of Past- ELECT A FEARLESS INDEPENDENT, TO LEAD President Hemenway ? That same group is now cooperat¬ THE ORGANIZATION. ing with management to write your future out of the That may well bring on a few confrontations, but foreign service. Hemenway's record in the past demonstrates that issues Did you know that in April, Hydle and the AFSA of controversy will be decided by the membership in ac¬ leadership face a formal hearing to answer charges of cordance with the AFSA Bylaws, and not by consulta¬ wrong-doing brought forward by an AFSA member? tions with management at which your future is carved up. Two years ago? Those responsible for of the recall peti¬ The Foundation is solidly laid. It would not be possi¬ tion against AFSA President Hemenway have legal ac¬ ble, a second time, for a clique to obstruct constructive tions outstanding against them for libel and for violating moves made by AFSA President Hemenway to restore YOUR rights as a member entitled to a legally-run or¬ AFSA to the membership. ganization? ELECTION OF ONE SMALL CLIQUE WILL DE¬ THE AFSA MEMBERSHIP HAS BEEN MISLED PRIVE YOU OF REPRESENTATION: BY DELIBERATELY FALSIFIED REPORTS Remember that it was the Hydle/Rogers group over Neither the Hydle/Rogers clique nor management the past two years that made the deal with the corrupt wanted an independent-minded AFSA President who re¬ Wayne Hays to gut the best opportunity in years to pass a sponded only to the welfare of the membership and the Bill providing Justice for the Foreign Service. Remember mandate upon which he was elected, so they conspired to that Ken Rogers has been the Board member primarily remove him. For example: responsible for the increased complications of the promo¬ Through communication channels paid for by you and tion structure that pretends to be all things to all groups. the Department of State you were told that Hemenway, AFSA President Hemenway refused to sign unfair, invo¬ as AFSA President, assaulted an elderly Board Member. luted precepts, and at Rogers’ request Hydle signed the TO TALL Y FALSE. Following a Board meeting at which document “in the name of AFSA”—a signature which a he had been drinking, Glenn Wolfe assaulted Hemen¬ frightened State Department management would not way. (It was the meeting at which Hydle admitted he had have received from Hemenway until AFSA membership possession of mail stolen from the pouch room.) AFSA interests were protected. President Hemenway, hoping to prevent incidents such Have you learned that a new wave of forced retirement as this, instructed the Club Manager never again to serve and selection out without benefits is being planned? Re¬ the elderly Board Member alcoholic beverages during call the tragic suicide of Charles Thomas, who killed meetings and informed Wolfe of his action in writing. For himself in despair over such a situation? the record, at the time, Hemenway also reported the as¬ When President, John Hemenway tried to consult the sault to the D.C. Police, but chose not to press a personal membership via referendum. Ken Rogers conceived of suit against the Board Member. The story did not read the scheme to defeat this aspect of our Bylaws by declar¬ like that when you received it, did it? ing it valid to use coupon “ballots.” By this device, the You also were told by the Hydle/Rogers clique that Bylaws now are restricted and all proposed Hemenway Hemenway wanted to weaken AFSA. TOTALLY reforms for AFSA defeated by a vote of less than 200 FALSE. Following the USIA representation election members. (which AFSA lost badly), the President of the USIA THE APPEARANCE OF THE DEMOCRATIC Union (AFL-CIO, which won) stated that the only fear PROCESS IS LIMITED TO THIS ONE SEASON. IF he had going into the election was the prospect of newly- YOU WANT TO CONTROL YOUR ORGANIZA¬ elected AFSA President coming to USIA with real and TION FOUR SEASONS OF THE YEAR. believable reforms to clean up the AFSA act there. The ELECT JOHN HEMENWAY, AFSA PRESIDENT AFSA Board, responding to the self-serving interests of (Captive of no bloc or clique.)

24D FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April. 1979 INTRODUCING foreign THE FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROFESSIONAL RENEWAL ORGANIZATION affairs KEN BLEAKLEY—PRESIDENT PROS 1st VP: Barbara Bodine: Revitalized State Standing nated pursuit of their interests and the nation's. Ken Committee, Membership Bleakley organized the PROs to do the job. There is a Second VP: Frank Dimond: Supercharged AID Stand¬ place for every one of you in our wide-open organization. ing Committee, Membership Contact any of us with your views and for details of our Treasurer: Dale Coleman: Fiscal Responsibility and program. Growth. Our overriding objective is the development of the Secretary: Galen Fox: Creative Alternative to Manage¬ finest Foreign Service possible—a Service able to attract, ment Proposals. retain, develop and reward the best women and men State Rep: Joe McBride: More Powerful State Negotiat¬ available representative of all segments of American so¬ ing Team. ciety and a Service that will again assume the leading role State Rep: Eva Kim: Action on Staff Corps Concerns. in the formulation and conduct of US foreign policy. State Rep: Charles Hill: Professionalism in FSO Corps. Ken knows the foreign af¬ AID Rep: Jonathan Sperling: Effective AID Negotiating fairs community. Over the Team. last 15 years—always an ac¬ ICA Rep: Jack Cannon: Publicize Role of Foreign tive AFSA member—he has Service. been the Administrative Offi¬ Retired Rep: Archie Lang: Attention to Retired and cer in a hardship post in Minority Interests. ARA, Consular Officer in Retired Rep: Charles Whitehouse: Strengthening EUR and ARA and Political Foreign Service Community. Officer in the Department and overseas. Now Special Support Committee Assistant in EA, his negotiat¬ Tom Miller: Campaign Coordinator ing skills have been hardened Tony Allito: Overseas Rep Network early on the Panama Canal Mike Lemmon: Domestic Rep Network negotiations and in the suc¬ Anne Swift, Mike Hager, Dave Kenney: Congressional cessful conclusion of the Philippine base negotiations. Relations Advisors He has served with other foreign affairs agencies and on Tom Macklin: Publicity the boards of various community organizations including Stephanie Smith Kinney: Family Concerns the presidency of the nation's only professional foreign Phil Habib, Ken Quinn, Christine Monroe, Skip Purnell: service fraternity. A disillusioned veteran of the massive Advisors 1970 Task Force effort to reform foreign affairs, Ken was Dick Hecklinger, Charles Freeman, Doug Kinney, Bill a leader of the movement which attracted over 500 signa¬ O'Rourke, Ken Hill: Professional Issues. tures to bring our professional concerns to Secretary Vance's attention last year and followed this up with specific recommendations including alternatives to the current unacceptable structural proposals. With a Mas¬ ters degree in Public Administration and extensive graduate work in economics, Ken has a theoretical base to match his practical approach to managing a large di¬ verse organization with a significant budget. Ken needs the entire PRO team to accomplish the pro¬ gram outlined in their individual statements, especially: • A renewed sense of purpose and of the role of the Foreign Service. • Use of expanded membership before Congress, the public, OMB, and Management to restore expecta¬ tions of a productive career and collateral rewards. Pictured above are members of the slate and its support • Heavy emphasis on career development and upward committee: seated, 1. to r., Jonathan Sperling, Galen mobility, particularly for Staff Corps and security Fox, Joe McBride, Barbara Bodine, Kenneth Bleakley personnel. (standing at head of table), Archie Lang, Eva Kim, • Recognition that we. the Foreign Affairs Profes¬ Charles Hill, Frank Dimond and Jack Cannon. Standing sionals, have better solutions to structural and in background are support committee members including minority issues than the small cadre in Management. Dick Hecklinger, Ken Hill, Mike Lemmon. Charles • Creation of working groups to produce positive al¬ Freeman, Tony Allito, Bill O'Rourke and Tom Miller. ternatives. THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE AS¬ Now more than ever the women and men of the Pro¬ SOCIATION IS MORE THAN JUST A UNION. fessional Foreign Affairs Community need a leader who SUPPORT AND PARTICIPATE IN IT. VOTE. can marshal all their resources in vigorous and coordi¬ The Foreign Affairs PROs

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. April, 1979 24E ROBERT H. STERN, VICE PRESIDENT, THEA DE ROUVILLE, FIRST VICE PRESIDENT, REPRESENTATIVE SLATE UNITY SLATE Although I have been an AFSA member for most of Too many in the Foreign Service consider AFSA— my career, actual involvement came somewhat late as a and the choice of who governs it—irrelevant. They are reaction to the appointment of AFSA as exclusive bar¬ wrong. Each of us will be affected throughout our career, gaining representative. To my mind the issue was regardless of rank or pay plan, by the actions of AFSA clear—this was the organization that would, for better or and its officers. for worse, influence my career, my earnings prospects For this reason, and because of the importance of the and the welfare of my family. Accordingly, I plunged into issues presently at stake, this will be a crucial election for committee work in sflch areas as promotion and AFSA. selection-out precepts. This period coincided with the chaotic reign of John Hemenway. I watched with increas¬ As a member of the State Standing Committee I have ing dismay the inability of AFSA to cope with him and, worked on, among other issues: with a few like-minded members, drafted the articles for Precepts for Selection Boards recall and played a leading part in the campaign to gather The revision of the Foreign Affairs Specialist signatures and stimulate the actual recall proceedings. I Program take great pride in the overwhelming support the mem¬ Revised efficiency report procedures bership gave to the recall effort and view it as the moment Affirmative Action in time when AFSA came of age, cleaned its own house Length of tours of duty and got down to the serious business at hand. Excursion tours/Skill Code Change Procedures If elected as Vice President, with its concomitant ap¬ Structural reform pointment as Chairman of the State Standing Committee, I have participated in Foreign Service Day activities, 1 will devote the greater portion of my time in two areas: helped run membership drives, answered corre¬ first, management’s proposal to restructure the Service spondence, dealt with complaints and given recruiting must take priority. My feelings on this subject are already speeches. I am thoroughly familiar with how AFSA known to you as I was a co-author of the AFSA paper works, and I have nothing but admiration for the small sent to the field and Washington. group of men and women who have fought so hard to Secondly, and to my mind just as important is the cur¬ keep AFSA afloat. But I am equally convinced that as it rent centrifugal movement of the Foreign Service in is presently constituted, AFSA is neither responsive to which we have ceased to be a united and cohesive or¬ the needs of its membership nor capable of meeting their ganization but rather have fragmented ourselves into a expectations. The extraordinary rise of the special inter¬ bewildering number of single interest groups. Such “Bal¬ est groups is clear and highly vocal evidence of this. It is kanization” can only be harmful in that by dividing our¬ also an indication that while employees may be apathetic selves we lose strength and provide Management with an about AFSA, they are far from apathetic about the is¬ easy way of playing us against each other. 1 intend to find sues. We need an “AFSA for the 80s.” I am convinced ways to build bridges from AFSA to all other interested the Unity Slate can provide one. groups within the Service so that we may all benefit from the collective wisdom, while retaining the useful specific In its role of employee representative, or “shop stew¬ knowledge each group may have to offer. ard" AFSA has fallen down badly. Since the appointment of Ken Rogers as Chairman of Our people want help with day-to-day problems, and the Standing Committee, in 1977, AFSA made some solid backing in time of trouble. They don’t want to file sense and order of the Department's Affirmative Action grievances, they want someone to go to bat for them. Program, and with help from others, gained the enact¬ They want answers to their letters; advice and guidance. ment of ten items of legislation for the benefit of our They want to feel that the organization they belong to and people, including the High-One, unfortunately, short¬ pay dues to is behind them, backing them up, fighting for lived, and other sections of the Foreign Relations Act, them. The special interest groups want to be listened to, FY79: 401—Employment of Family Members overseas, and adequately represented within the framework of a 402—Special Allowances, 404—Voluntary Retirement larger organization. Assistance Program, 407—R and R in the US, 413— Review of Personnel Requirements (including pay com¬ On another level, our membership wants to feel it has a parability study) and 706—use of Foreign Air Carriers strong, aggressive, leadership in Washington, negotiating overseas. We opened the State Standing Committee to on behalf of all members of the Foreign Service— COA, WAO, TLG, Sept 17, JFSOC and other groups, including in the field—planning ahead, ready to tackle and maintained dialogue with the “Group of Concerned potential problems before they become actual calamities. Officers.” (They are not our rivals and were always in¬ The Association should be a group of people held to¬ cluded.) gether by mutual ideals and aspirations, working together You will note that I am running on a “balanced” for their mutual advantage. These ideals and aspirations ticket. We have consciously tried to represent the range must be determined by the members themselves, not im¬ of cones and skills within the Service. This was not a posed upon them, and the elected Board is mandated to typical political vote-seeking device, but an earnest of achieve them. AFSA accepted this responsibility in 1972: our intention to represent all the men and women of the the Unity Slate is ready to carry it out. Service and to see that their feelings, problems, concerns and, most importantly, their strengths are available to us. The next two years will, as always, be difficult ones. With your support they can and will be meaningful. Vote for the Representative slate.

24 F FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 foreign foreign affairs affairs —SECOND VICE PROS —VICE PRESIDENT PROs PRESIDENT

Barbara Bodine’s role in Frank Dimond’s role in the the PROs centers on: PROs centers on:

Revitalized State Standing Reorganized Committee Committee Role, Especially AID Stand¬ ing Committee • Institute a reinvigorated • Review how committees representative system actually spend their time under which Bureau rep¬ as a basis for deciding resentatives would hold how to make the best use regular meetings with of that time, which is one their elected representa¬ of AFSA’s most valu¬ tives and two-way com¬ able, resources. Dedi¬ munications would be cate less time to putting maintained with over¬ out fires. seas representatives. • Concentrate on long range planning focusing on • Create Ad Hoc working groups drawing on the major issues that are relevant to all membership broadest possible spectrum of Foreign Service re¬ components (State, AID, ICA, Retired. Associ¬ sources to deal with major issues and proposals. ates). • Utilize the Congressional, public and professional • Strengthen chapter programs in the field, and iden¬ contacts of the PROs to reinforce State Standing tify aspects of committee business where chapters Committee positions. can take some or all responsibility. • Develop collaborative approach using full resources Expanded Membership of the Association to deal with issues that affect all • Instill a sense of unity and common purpose Foreign Service agencies, and utilize the AID throughout the foreign affairs community which Standing Committee to perform its assigned part of transcends the single-interest group approach. the total effort. • Create an open organization which channels all of Expanded Membership these interests and energies into a comprehensive • Identify the problem: overall membership down action-oriented program and move to achieve it. 16% from 1974-78, State down from 35% to 31% of • Carry the open organization through a series of im¬ eligibles, AID down from 49% to 41%, ICA down portant victories on behalf of the membership that from 32% to 11%. Only the Retired show an in¬ will gain the respect of the foreign affairs commu¬ crease, from 1663 to 1739 active members. nity. • Establish an effective framework for Chapter activ¬ • Once having demonstrated to the foreign affairs ity in the field as the key to membership promotion. community that AFSA is a viable organization Active chapters should also be encouraged in Wash¬ which can make productive use of their talents and ington offices and among the Retired. This is the achieve their goals, launch an all-out membership way most members relate to AFSA. drive in all agencies. • Utilize an active representative network to promote two way communication with the Board and en¬ Since joining the Foreign Service in 1971, Barbara has courage member participation. done Consular, Political and Political-Military work in • Give recognition to active chapter programs, pub¬ Hong Kong and Bangkok, and served a year in the De¬ licize outstanding programs as a means of encourag¬ partment’s Secretariat Staff. She is currently assigned to ing other chapters, and use chapter support for NEA as Country Officer for the Yemen and Political- specific initiatives as a key negotiating tool with Military Officer for Saudi Arabia. Agency managements. Barb’s goal is to see AFSA reinvigorate itself, to be¬ Frank is particularly well qualified for the above tasks. come once again the representative of all elements of the He is a professional planner whose emphasis has been on Foreign Service and responsive to the needs and profes¬ organizational problems. A member of the American sional concerns we all face. Planning Association; Magna Cum Laude and Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Brown University; MCP from MIT; and MA from Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, he has worked in A1D development assistance programs for over 20 years with 17 years at field posts in Latin America. Frank is now with AID’S Office of Evaluation in Washington.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 24G ROBERT MAXIM, SECOND VICE PRESIDENT, RONALD WITHERELL—FIRST VICE PRESIDENT UNITY SLATE REPRESENTATIVE SLATE I feel AFSA can and should be an organization that I share with my colleagues on the Representative slate makes clear it understands the fundamental distinction of a concern with Foreign Service professionalism and the interests that separate the many who are managed from wide range of employee management issues that affect those few who set personnel policy in the Foreign Ser¬ the Foreign Service as a whole. However, my primary vice. AFSA must regain the confidence of its members as concern is, and will continue to be, the personnel prob¬ an organization that is unequivocally and consistently lems that afflict AID. identified with its membership’s interests. AFSA must I believe that the representative slate will give us the be ready and able to stand up to management both to strong support that AID Foreign Service employees will resist ill-advised reform initiatives and to insist that man¬ need if we are to be successful in our endeavors to reform agement policy makers address those issues that it would the Agency’s personnel system and to assure that it treats prefer to ignore. Specifically, AFSA at present should its members equitably and humanely. oppose any further movement toward implementation of When Tom O’Connor asked me to replace him, at first the new “reform” package pending its full debate and I declined, hoping that Tom could continue his able and explanation to the Foreign Service, especially to allow dedicated work as First Vice President and Chairman of members overseas to understand and come back with the AID Standing Committee, thereby allowing me to their views. AFSA should counter by developing a re¬ continue serving that committee in a variety of functions, form package that responds to the real issues that are but principally as the drafter of communications to our eroding Foreign Service morale and efficiency: members and position statements presented to manage¬ ment on the so called Unified Personnel System. When it • inadequate salaries and rates of promotion; became clear that Tom could not run I decided to con¬ tinue his work including the battle for basic structural • continued abuse of lateral entry and political ap¬ reform in AID’S Foreign Service that finally would give pointments; the Foreign Service the role it should have in Washing¬ ton. • inadequate opportunities for training compounded If elected, you can expect my agenda to include: by promotion-policy disincentives; • A “Humphrey Bill” type personnel system for AID. If we do not get it through the so-called Unified Per¬ • steadily diminishing prospects for secure career de¬ sonnel System, then we will seek Congressional help. velopment and for the likelihood that years of ser¬ • A Department of State commitment to the safety of all vice will obtain for the individual both dignity and overseas USG employees at all times, including during respect at the end of his or her career. times of upheaval and anarchy. The Moscow mic¬ rowave, and Nicaragua and Iran, for example, should There are probably no easy nor fully adequate solu¬ cause us all to have greater concern for this subject. tions to these issues, but I believe it essential that AFSA • Constant vigilance over those in AID management cease being one of the obstacles to their solution. Under who, in the name of flexibility, would weaken and ma¬ Bob Pfeiffer’s leadership I feel AFSA will start to move nipulate the personnel system. in the right direction. • Responding to requests for help from employees being unfairly treated by management. • Careful scrutiny of, and consultations with manage¬ ment on personnel policy and handbook changes pro¬ posed by management. • The needs of the Foreign Service family, including working spouses and couples. • Legislated employee relations; the adapting of Title VII of the Civil Service Reform to the Foreign Ser¬ vice, i.e. melding the best features of Title VII and Executive Order 11636. I don't consider myself a controversial candidate; I was asked to join three of the slates. I am not going to make promises that 1 don't know that I can keep. My only promises are that 1 will do my best to serve the interests of the Foreign Service and to seek employee opinions before making major decisions. For those of you who don’t know me, I have been with AID for over sixteen years, nine of which were served overseas at three different posts; the last of which was Santiago where I was very active in AFSA serving as Vice President of one of AFSA’s most active chapters. 1 am an FSR-3 currently serving as Officer-in-Charge of Jordanian Affairs.

24 H FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 STANLEY T. ESCUDERO, CANDIDATE FOR AFSA SECRETARY, UNITY SLATE foreign The Foreign Service is about to get dumped on again. Management has hatched another of those periodic “re¬ affairs forms” designed to remake our Service along lines which management wrongheadedly believes reflect what the PROs -SECRETARY Service really is or ought to be. Earlier programs have come and gone without either solving our problems or Galen Fox's role in the doing irreparable damage, so many of you may feel that PROs centers on: this one too can safely be ignored. DON’T DO IT! Creative Alternatives to This new program proposes a fundamental alteration of Management Proposals the basic structure of the Foreign Service and, as such, it • Stop simply reacting to is fundamentally dangerous. Management’s proposals The Structural Refoim Program is not well under¬ and start organizing to stood, even by Management, whose representatives have take the initiative. been unable to respond to many of the questions posed to • Use the Open Forum them in open meetings. Yet it is intended to effect a broad model organizing work¬ increase in managerial control and political intervention ing groups among all through the injection by Management of one’s so-called those interested in a par¬ “corridor reputation” into the promotion system and by ticular issue to develop a comprehensive and subjecting especially the senior officers to a variety of consistent approach. controls certain to stifle intellectual independence. Most • Address the following issues: middle and junior level officers will be told that their careers will be “capped” and they can hope, after devot¬ • Role of the Foreign Service. ing their adult lives to the Service, to one day aspire to • Recruitment and Hiring. something approximating an office deputy directorship. • Career Development. Meanwhile, adding a grade in an already clogged promo¬ • Staff Corps—Security personnel. tion system will further disadvantage a presently im¬ • Outside Hire. pacted Staff Corps. • Upward Mobility. • Qualified leadership at top. The reform proposal is not without its good points, but • Restructuring proposals. they are overwhelmed by the bad. Among its most objec¬ • Role of AFSA. tionable aspects is its development in camera and its di¬ • Integration of the larger foreign affairs rection toward the satisfaction of Management’s political community. imperatives rather than the interests of the Employees. • Congressional relations. It is the vital factor of Employee interests which is at the heart of the Unity platform. We represent the inter¬ • Oppose any Management attempt to bring its pro¬ ests and views of all elements of the Foreign Service. Our posal to the Hill until we have a comprehensive ap¬ general statement underlines our commitment to en¬ proach to the above issues and understand where we hanced communication, especially with the field, to en¬ are going. able AFSA to better represent your views. As elected Chairman of the Open Forum this year I am running on the Unity Slate for the position of Galen launched a series of such working groups to deal Secretary. In deciding if you will vote for me, I hope that with issues of interest to foreign affairs personnel in AID you will keep in mind the related concepts of communica¬ and in the consular, administrative, economic and politi¬ tion and responsiveness—they will be the basis of my cal fields. Open Forum advised the Secretary in writing tenure as Secretary. If you elect us, I will ensure: of the need for more thorough consultation on restructur¬ ing proposals and submitted a serious, detailed counter¬ • A biweekly newsletter to the Employees on AFSA proposal (to be published in the spring Open Forum). But activities in Washington and abroad, including edi¬ Open Forum is not the foreign affairs community’s “ex¬ torial comments, information on Chapter activities clusive bargaining agent” nor does it speak for the entire and, whenever appropriate, an “Outrage of Note” community. Galen has joined the PROs to put his talents column. to use in the main union-management arena. • Prompt replies to letters and other communications from the field. AFSA will never be united noreffec- Galen is an FSO-4 from Hawaii who went to college in tive if AFSA Washington continues to give short California and earned a Ph.D. from Princeton. He has shrift to its overseas Chapters. served in Bonn, Hong Kong. Taiwan. 1NR. EA and S/P • An AFSA effort to institutionalize a greater degree and in consular, economic and political assignments. of intellectual independence in Foreign Service re¬ porting. There must never again be “intelligence failures” which result from policies of purposeful ignorance. The Unity Slate will work for you, with you, and with Management for a truly representative Foreign Service. You have heard that before from others, but hear it now from us. The Unity Slate offers an activist alternative. We mean it. We'll do it. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAI .April. 1979 241 ARLENE RENDER, TREASURER, UNITY SLATE ELTON STEPHERSON, JR., TREASURER, REPRESENTATIVE SLATE If AFSA is to survive, it requires not only a strong commitment but active participation by all of us. Apathy 1 am pleased to be a member of the Representative must give way to a united front to demonstrate to man¬ Slate. I think that it is important that a member of ICA agement that the Employees must have a prominent serve on the Governing Board in one of the officer posi¬ voice in determining the shape of their own future. tions. This will lend strength to our vital goal of restoring As a Consular and Junior officer, I am fully aware of AFSA as the bargaining representative for ICA. That our major concerns. I will join with the other members of agency needs the dynamic strength of AFSA, and not AFGE, which has little interest in the Foreign Service, if the Unity Slate to encourage recognition of professionals in every facet of the Foreign Service; express our con¬ any. cerns regarding promotions to higher levels in the AFSA needs a strong and able Treasurer. I would like Foreign Service; insist that the management aspect of the to see modem bookkeeping techniques instituted, and further improvement of the operations of the Foreign threshold program be reexamined; encourage a sharp look at starting salaries of junior Foreign Service officers; Service Club. Although it has improved, it has some dis¬ focus on reallocation of resources, particularly as it re¬ tance to go, as a quality and inexpensive meeting place lates to increased responsibilities and dwindling staff in for all Foreign Service people. I have had considerable our missions, and reemphasize to policy makers the im¬ practical experience in this field. portance of Consular Affairs and the input of Consular I am glad to be associated with a slate of such aggres¬ and other junior officers in foreign policy planning. sive and dedicated people who have at heart the best interests of all the Foreign Service people, not merely a If elected treasurer, I not only offer my time but a narrow range of special interest groups. willingness to do a sound and effective job. AFSA’s fi¬ As Treasurer, I would strive to improve relations with nancial condition must improve if it is to be fully respon¬ the Foreign Service Educational and Counseling Center sive to its members and goals. We must seek and try new and the Association of American Foreign Service innovative ways of managing our Club and the Foreign Women. A bit of repair work is essential in this area. Service Journal. We have demonstrated that direct involvement with I have chosen to run on the Unity Slate because of its the Congress is essential. While the Agencies are limited strong belief that all Employees must actively join hands by OMB in their presentations we are not. to achieve our common goals and interests. It stresses Under the revised AFSA Bylaws, constituency Rep¬ total participation to effect change. resentatives have more authority over issues of direct concern to their people. We have nominated strong per¬ sons to fill those positions. We will not lose sight of the need to support together the goals of all constituencies, with special emphasis on issues with inter-service im¬ pact. I support the stand taken by my State colleagues on the Representative Slate with respect to management’s re¬ structuring proposal and will work to have such policy, as appropriate, applied to ICA. I also support the positions of my AID colleagues on this slate. My election will serve to provide AFSA with a sound fiscal management, ICA with an experienced board member, and our STATE-ICA-AID constituency with the representation it requires at a critical period of stress, turmoil and change.

24J FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April. 1979 foreign affairs PROS —TREASURER on reducing, continuing or expanding them. • Cost out new proposals, including the hiring of a Dale Coleman’s role in the full-time labor-management specialist, determine PROs centers on: the potential implications for individual members Fiscal Responsibility and give them the opportunity to vote if they wish special assessments for any purpose. Maintain a balanced budget and avoid cash Unity: flow loans. The Service has been losing ground to its critics in Audit all AFSA pro¬ large part because we have been at odds with each other. grams for cost effective¬ ness. Work for greater recognition of and responsiveness to Make succinct reports to the serious concerns of all elements of the Service- the membership quar¬ security, communicators, the secretarial corps and offi¬ terly in the Journal, list¬ cers in every cone and level so that we can strengthen our ing implications for AFSA programs. sense of joint service and our awareness that the most fundamental challenges to our professions are coming Financial Growth from outside. • Utilize the organizational capabilities of the PROs to expand our financial base through membership Dale is a Certified Public Accountant now working in growth. AID’S office of the Auditor General. He has extensive • Identify costs of existing AFSA programs and give overseas experience and has served as AFSA represen¬ the members an opportunity to express their views tative while with AID over the last decade.

foreign MARSHALL P. ADAIR, UNITY SLATE CANDIDATE FOR STATE REPRESENTATIVE affairs Successive efforts at reform of the Foreign Service —STATE REPRESENTATIVE have grappled with a continuing dilemma: the need to PROs assure the input of foreign affairs expertise while apply¬ Charlie Hill's Role in the ing modern professional management techniques and PROs Centers On: maintaining sensitivity to current political goals. Current Professionalism: The Ser¬ Department management is excessively oriented toward vice is under severe attack the latter, and little scope is allowed for input for the from outside elements aiming Foreign Service. The recent “structural reform’’ propos¬ at reducing or eliminating our als and the manner in which they have been presented, distinctive responsibilities highlight this bias. and benefits. AFSA has vir¬ Whatever the reasons for this situation, it is the re¬ tually ignored its respon¬ sponsibility of AFSA to reestablish the balance, defend sibilities to serve as a profes¬ the interests of Foreign Service employees, and assure sional organization, and their input to all levels of foreign affairs management. Management seems to lack Except for a brief period of activism in the late 1960s, full understanding of what the AFSA has not fulfilled this responsibility. AFSA must Foreign Service is and why the nation needs it. function as a union. I personally believe that it can do so Effectiveness: The best way to get the additional re¬ without affiliation with an outside union. However, it sources, responsibilities and rewards the Foreign Service must do so forcefully and immediately. I support the needs to do its job and to keep high quality people is to Unity slate because I believe that it is the only one which make the Congress and the public more aware of what we will assure such an effective AFSA for all members of do—to demonstrate that a unique, dedicated and incredi¬ the Foreign Service. bly hard working institution needs greater recognition and far greater incentives. Charlie has seen service in six different Bureaus and four overseas posts; experience in personnel, manage¬ ment and the seventh floor; lawyer; at present, deputy director of the Office of Israeli and Arab-Israeli Affairs, NEA. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 24K foreign JOHN R. MALOTT, UNITY SLATE CANDIDATE FOR STATE REPRESENTATIVE affairs • I want an effective, assertive AFSA that will speak PROS —STATE REPRESENTATIVE out on behalf of all of the Foreign Service. • I want an AFSA that is responsive to the needs of the Joe McBride’s role in the Foreign Service, that “does its homework” before con¬ PROs centers on: fronting Management and the Hill, and that actively A More Powerful State promotes and defends the Service. Negotiating Team: • I want an AFSA Board, that is representative of the Service as a whole, that actively seeks out new members • Decentralize negotiating and new ideas, and that commits itself to openness and a process so we can “dou¬ two-way flow in communications with its membership at ble team” management home and abroad. regularly rather than This is the kind of AFSA that I and my colleagues on constantly relying on the the Unity Slate are pledged to bring about. With your same “regulars.” support, we intend to tackle the major issues challenging • Push for administrative our Service today: equality for officers and • Management’s unnecessary and dangerous proposal staff corps. We still have for a new Foreign Service Act, the greatest threat to the a long way to go. Service in 30 years; • Oppose Affirmative Action extending preferential • Dealing with the major problem facing us today, the treatment into assignments, evaluations and pro¬ “Impacted” Service problem at the top; motions as reverse discrimination pure and simple. • Seeking an adequate compensation package for the The Foreign Service has no room for unequal treat¬ Foreign Service, reflecting the actual costs of serving ment which simultaneously stigmatizes EEO candi¬ overseas in an era of inflation and a declining dollar; dates and penalizes the rest of us. • Management’s distortion of Zero-Based Budgeting, • Up-or-Out rising honorable retirement after 50, cutting personnel but not our workload; and beats advancement by gerontocracy; most of us are • Meeting the needs of the Service from within the Ser¬ willing to take our chances. vice, an active defense of the career principle, and re¬ Joe, State Rep since 1977, is running for reelection; moving the need for lateral entry by an upward mobility past JFSOC President and a current AFSA Negotiating and training program for people already in the Service. Team Leader for Personnel Policies including J.O. pre¬ cepts, overseas length of tour policy, and skill/cone con¬ versions. RALPH BRAIBANTI, STATE REPRESENTATIVE, REPRESENTATIVE SLATE PETER REAMS, STATE REPRESENTATIVE, After overseas assignments in Asuncion and Manila, I REPRESENTATIVE SLATE returned to the Department in mid-1978 where 1 am cur¬ rently working in ARA. 1 served as AFSA representa¬ Of the difficult issues which confront our profession tive at my first post, but dropped out of active participa¬ today, two, in particular, merit strong attention: tion in AFSA during the Hemenway era. One glance at • We must defend the concept of a separate Foreign the Department’s proposal for a completely revised Service—with its own risks, obligations, and rewards— Foreign Service Act, however, was enough to get me against attempts to equate us with the civil service. This involved in AFSA once again. is an area where I feel management has displayed a dis¬ 1 strongly oppose the proposed changes in the Foreign turbing timidity vis-a-vis other Executive branch agen¬ Service Act. I believe the Foreign Service has been buf¬ cies and the Congress, with alarming long-term implica¬ feted by too many sincere but misguided reform efforts tions for retention of our own personnel and retirement which have created more problems than they have systems. In this vein, AFSA should continue to oppose solved. We have seen the pendulum swing wildly on such the sort of encroachment inherent in the proposal to issues as specialization vs. generalization and elitism vs. transfer responsibility for visa policy to the Justice De¬ democratization while the truly crucial problems—slow partment. promotions, inadequate pay, and deteriorating working • Management can no longer afford to neglect the cut¬ and living conditions overseas—have been sadly ne¬ ting edge of the professional service: the over 2,000- glected. Further, I believe it is no accident that the failure officers, in the middle grades, who entered their careers of management to deal with these problems has coincided with high expectations which they are now told they must with a decline in the authority and effectiveness of the lower. Management’s restructuring proposal predicates State Department in foreign affairs. But the way to solve retirement at class 3 for all but a few; in a service which these problems is not a major structural overhaul; what recruits from among only the best, such a unilateral revi¬ we badly need at this point is a stable, reliable structure sion of the rules of the game would amount to unaccept¬ which can be adjusted and fine-tuned to meet changing able treatment of officers who have already made com¬ conditions. mitments of ten to twenty years’ service. It has become obvious that we can no longer rely on As we address these issues over the next year or two, management to look out for the interests of the Foreign AFSA cannot afford less than total effectiveness in de¬ Service. We must have an AFSA which is broadly repre¬ fending the interests and concerns of the career service. sentative, aggressive, and outspoken in defending the If elected, I would bring that commitment to the position Foreign Service in the Department and on the Hill. of State Representative. 24L FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 foreign ROBERT L. CAFFREY, UNITY SLATE CANDIDATE affairs FOR STATE REPRESENTATIVE • I am aware of your frustrations, and doubts. You PROs —STATE REPRESENTATIVE are asked to do more and more and to expect few Eva Kim's role in the rewards. You voice a complaint and are told to file a PROs centers on: grievance. Political and special interests dominate behind the scenes while our interests are ignored. Action on Staff Corps Con¬ • We are now entering into a critical period for the cerns entire Foreign Service. Many of you have lost con¬ • Focus forceful and con¬ fidence in AFSA and don’t know what to do. tinuous attention on staff • There is something you can do. corps inequities which Even if every Unity Slate candidate you vote for wins, cause financial hardship things will not change unless you help make them change. to youngest and lowest More than ever we need to make a strong case that the ranking personnel. Foreign Service is different from other Federal agencies. • Concentrate on solutions based on the entire foreign This must be understood by people whose standards are service as a profession we all share. not ours. They have not been there; you have! We need • As the PROs implement a comprehensive approach not only your vote but your presence and input. Who can to personnel reform, assure that it includes—a uni¬ better defend us? form provision for compensating all personnel for • I pledge that the following issues will be pursued if extraordinary overseas expenses, a career develop¬ we are elected: ment plan that permits staff personnel to enlarge Reimburse charges levied on non-diplomatic titled per¬ their responsibilities and satisfy their ambitions, a sonnel; non-discriminatory language training policy. Increase the FSS Career Counseling Staffs; Eva has just returned to EA from twenty years con¬ Re-establish of former COLA rates for lower-grade tinuous overseas service and brings a definite overseas personnel; viewpoint to the PRO slate. A former Secretary of the Re-open of the standby pay issue; year, winner of Superior and Meritorious awards and An upward mobility program to identify aptitudes of AFSA rep, Eva has served in Singapore, Vietnam, Laos on-board personnel for training in specialist skills that are and Peru. now or will be needed as we move into the 80s. • If you feel as I do, join with Bob Pfeiffer and the other members of our Unity Slate in one of the most important pursuits of our careers.

JOHN J. HARTER FOR STATE REPRESENTATIVE PATRICIA A. WOODRING, STATE REPRESENTATIVE, REPRESENTATIVE SLATE AFSA has fallen on hard times. Only a small fraction of our eligible colleagues consider membership worth the What will tomorrow’s Foreign Service be like? As we cost, and most members have lost faith that their Govern¬ enter the decade of the eighties we pause to think about ing Board can and will represent their interests. the changes we have experienced during the seventies. In the early 1940s, AFSA once helped mobilize Con¬ AFSA has been and continues to be an important part of, gressional support for updating the 1924 Rogers Act. in fact, initiator of many of the changes that have come Today the Foreign Service Act of 1946 needs a similar about for the Foreign Service. I, Pat Woodring, have overhaul. The Journal could help, by opening its pages been associated with AFSA for several years and have to uncensored debate on the critical issues. worked to see many of the benefits now available to Foreign Service people become a reality. I first served on Current Management "reform" proposals ignore our the Members’ Interest Committee, then as Chairperson most pressing needs—our primitive techniques of of the Committee, then was elected by you to serve as evaluating performance, for example, that account for State Representative; I went on to become the first and most of the Grievance Board workload. Until we have a only woman president of the Association. I have seen better handle on the strengths and weaknesses of our AFSA come through some turbulent times—and survive, personnel resources, cronyism rather than achievement strengthened. After leaving the presidency I continued to will unlock promotion and career advancement. As long work behind the scenes and recently again assumed the as this is so career diplomats need better grievance pro¬ Chair of the Members' Interest Committee. cedures than they now have. Why do I want to run for State Representative? Be¬ We need a searching look at the institutional effective¬ cause AFSA is an important part of the Foreign Service ness of our foreign affairs community—at AID, USICA, community. I have been in the Staff Coips and I am now STR, CIA. and the NSC system, as well as State, and an FSO which says I’ve seen it both ways and therefore 1 particularly at how the pieces fit together. The President am more sensitive to the needs of the Service as a whole. and the Secretary of State will need better support to I would like to serve as your State Representative to cope with the problems that will confront them in the continue the work of improving the Foreign Service— 1980s. improved allowances and standards for housing and edu¬ The Macomber Task Forces and the Murphy cation: improved employment opportunities for spouses; Commission—with AFSA blessing—virtually ignored and greater recognition for competent women within the these fundamental questions. Service. With the experience and background I bring to If elected, I will try to turn our Governing Board AFSA, I hope you will permit me to serve as your State around, to face the future instead of the past. Representative as we enter the eighties. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April. 1979 24M R. C. MALLEY—AID REPRESENTATIVE RON NICHOLSON, AID REPRESENTATIVE, REPRESENTATIVE SLATE I seek support from AID’S Foreign Service personnel to represent their interests on the AFSA Board. I believe I was appointed to the AFSA Board as AID Represen¬ that my credentials to do so are substantial. I joined the tative in May 1978. I hope you will continue me in this Agency from private business at its inception in 1961, and capacity under the Representative slate headed by Ken since then have held a wide variety of operational and Rogers. There are two major areas on which 1 intended policy assignments in several different geographic re¬ to concentrate as AID Representative. gions and Bureaus. My overseas posts include Pakistan, New AID personnel system: As of this writing the Uni¬ Zaire, and the US Mission to OECD in Paris. My con¬ fied Personnel System proposal is in serious trouble tacts within the Agency are widespread at all levels. within the Administration. Its prospects on the Hill are My family and I have experienced the problems and unclear. With the AID Standing Committee I have spent pains, as well as the gratifications, of work and life with hundreds of hours analyzing the UPS, informing the AID this unique Agency both abroad and in Washington. I foreign service of its implications and consulting with want to improve the role and stature of our Foreign Ser¬ AID management on the principles which should guide vice professionals. I am beholden to no election slate or any new personnel system. Our cables and “red tops” on individuals, but only to the total AID Foreign Service this subject have been universally well received by constituency. If you feel I can effectively represent you, AFSA members and non-members alike. Whether or not I ask for your vote. the UPS proposal survives it is almost certain that 1979 will see significant modifications to the agency’s person¬ nel which in turn will necessitate months of intensive management-AFSA negotiations to work out the imple¬ menting regulations. I believe our experience and suc¬ cess to date warrant your confidence and, your vote. (Note: C.V. contained in FS Journal of July '78.)

foreign affairs JAMES D. SINGLETARY, AID REPRESENTATIVE, PROS —AID REPRESENTATIVE UNITY SLATE Jonathan Sperling’s role in The Unity Slate confirms its commitment to represent the PROs centers on: the interests of all Foreign Service personnel in • Housing. We have been employee-management relations under Executive Order harassed by manage¬ 11636 and in furthering professional career development ment’s minions attempt¬ for all members of the Service. ing to document a luxury Specifically, this means providing a clear voice and life style. AID families equity for ALL AID Employees with regard to issues of should not move back¬ the unified service, as well as the formulation of career ward in their housing development goals for AID employees as members of standards. separate/coordinated services of the Foreign Affairs • Shipment of Personal Community. Effects. If you're mov¬ Our goal is an operationally effective foreign service. ing you’ll probably see This requires increased career development and ex¬ your HHE/POV in panded training programs at all levels. We will make pro¬ about five months. We posals to Management designed to promote quality pro¬ plan to eliminate this chronic aggravation to AID ductivity, job satisfaction and high morale. employees. To further strengthen the effectiveness of the Foreign • Working Spouses. The US family has two workers Service, increased opportunities MUST be provided for and AID should recognize this. The right policies minorities and women through (a) formal education exist, but the will to implement them is weak. We (long-term and short-term); (b) on-the-job training; (c) in¬ will push hard for meaningful employment for ternships; (d) attachment programs (TDYs, details); and spouses. You write, we’ll fight. (e) appropriate career development patterns and promo¬ • Promotions. We need more of them, and now. tion rates. • Compensation. Our ticket will work closely with Your membership in AFSA is necessary if you are to management to assure that AID conversion will be VOTE. done in a manner most advantageous to the FS em¬ Your vote is necessary if we are to make proposals to ployees. Management. Jonathan is a “program-type” FSR-04, who returned Your active participation is necessary if we are to to A1DAV on his first rotation after twelve years in the achieve OUR GOAL OF AN OPERATIONALLY EF¬ field. He served in Kenya, Thailand and Liberia and is FECTIVE FOREIGN SERVICE. presently on the Egypt Desk. 24N FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April. 1979 foreign FRED M. SHAVER, ICA REPRESENTATIVE, affairs REPRESENTATIVE SLATE -ICA REPRESENTATIVE If there is such a thing as an adequate substitute for PROS knowledge of and interest in the special needs of a foreign Jack Cannon’s role in the affairs agency, the AFGE representation at ICA has not PROs centers on: found it. ICA foreign service and civil service personnel must be offered AFSA expertise as a first step in over¬ A heightened Role and Image coming ICA’s morale and management problems. for the Foreign Service in As ICA representative on the AFSA Member’s Inter¬ Public est Committee for the past year, I have become increas¬ • Through public appeal ingly aware of the ICA isolation in critical negotiations. and increased media ac¬ ICA was not even consulted, for example, when the first cess increase US aware¬ draft was prepared to “restructure” the foreign service ness of the vital role personnel system. At a time when AFSA at State was played by the Foreign working diligently for open discussion with management Service throughout the on those issues of serious concern—promotions, assign¬ world in often hostile ments, future plans—FSIOs were faced with a stonewall¬ and dangerous circum¬ ing management and labor representation that took no stances. discernible action. The result is a state of morale so low • Organize and provide nationwide forums for as to have a negative effect on ICA’s performance. Foreign Service leaders through radio, television There is a solid base of AFSA membership at ICA, and the press to press for public and Congressional which can and must be used in the effort to return this support for measures needed to assure an increas¬ agency's representation to foreign affairs specialists. ingly professional foreign service corps in a grow- This can be done through 1) stimulating greater participa¬ ingly complex and difficult international environ¬ tion among present ICA AFSA members, 2) a mem¬ ment. • Promote and campaign for an increased role for bership drive both in Washington and at all overseas ICA AFSA in the International Communications posts, 3) a membership poll to determine members’ Agency. priorities, and 4) immediate action tailored to those Jack is an ICA officer serving at State as Director of priorities. My election as ICA representative to AFSA EA/P. He is a former television journalist who has been will assure implementation of those and other steps de¬ Information Officer in London as well as press attache in signed to return AFSA to its proper role as exclusive Korea and Vietnam. In 1972, he was Press Secretary to representative for ICA personnel. Senator Hubert Humphrey as a Congressional Fellow. MARILYN MCAFEE, UNITY SLATE foreign ICA REPRESENTATIVE I joined AFSA some ten years ago. I recall quite viv¬ affairs idly the meeting that my junior officer class had with the then President of AFSA. His disdain for other than State PROS -RETIRED REPRESENTATIVE officers came through quite clearly and puzzled me, neo¬ Archie S. Lang phyte that I was. But I signed up anyway, thinking that a I retired from the Foreign professional association was clearly the best means of Service in September 1975 advancing the needs and interests of professionals. I after assignments in Ger¬ stuck with AFSA for many years, later serving as chap¬ many, Ghana, Pakistan, ter vice-president in Tehran. But as we all know, AFSA Brazil, and Taiwan. During a never did very much, never mind care about USIA and Department assignment, I short shrift for us became even shorter. And so I re¬ served for two years, 1967-68, signed. on the Board of Examiners Why am I back? One last time, I suppose. I have con¬ for the Foreign Service, and fidence in the Unity slate, and I believe them when they for three years, 1969-71, as a say that they are concerned about the entire foreign af¬ Foreign Service Inspector. fairs personnel community. They are determined to revi¬ My first and last assignment talize AFSA and make it the effective professional as¬ in the Service involved ref¬ sociation ALL of us have long needed. They are capable ugees, and I am still working with refugees; part time and dedicated. They can do it. with the Department’s Indochinese Refugee Program. It is time for all of us in ICA, State and AID who have I have been a member of AFSA since 1955. Until re¬ been in the wings at an intellectual distance, cynically cently, I was content to pay my dues, vote on schedule carping at an ineffectual AFSA, to join forces and make and enjoy the benefits of AFSA initiatives. However, in this organization the effective professional voice that we 1976, at an AFSA sponsored Foreign Service Day need. We eschew the fray at our own peril. The answer Brunch, I learned, for the first time of the deep divisions for us is involvement and the election of thoughtful, within AFSA which led eventually to a recall election the forceful colleagues with ability and initiative whose following year and which awakened my concern about commitment is to the advancement of the interest of the health of the organization. Indeed my concern was so foreign service personnel and the foreign affairs commu¬ great that I accepted the chairmanship of the Recall Elec¬ nity, and not to the promotion of their own personal tion Committee and am now seeking election to the careers. I urge your involvement and your vote for the AFSA Board as a logical next step.

Unity slate. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. April, 1979 240 foreign SPENCER KING, RETIRED REPRESENTATIVE, affairs REPRESENTATIVE SLATE RETIRED REPRESENTATIVE I am pleased to associate myself with the Representa¬ PROS tive Slate, headed by Ken Rogers, whom I have known Charles Whitehouse for 20 years. AFSA must play an impor¬ Ken is an officer of broad experience, noted for his tant role in strengthening the devotion to the Service and AFSA, and for his courage Foreign Service not only by as shown by his receipt of the rare Award for Valor in defending the interests of the 1977. Service and of persons serv¬ This Slate stands for a restoration of the standards of ing abroad with regard to ad¬ professionalism, without a narrow emphasis on merely ministrative matters but espe¬ fast-track elitists, nor over-stress on one particular spe¬ cially by working to improve cial interest group, and a strong, independent AFSA. capabilities and profes¬ 1 ask my Retired colleagues to vote for the Representa¬ sionalism of officers in many tive Slate because of solid experience and creative plan¬ fields thus making the Service ning, as well as talent, experience and skill. as relevant and dynamic as I have served in Bolivia and Czechoslovakia, as DCM possible. in Ecuador and The Dominican Republic, as Ambas¬ My own interest in the Service has been lifelong. My sador to Guyana, and as Deputy Inspector General. At father was an FSO for nearly thirty years and I was one present. I am a consultant to the Department. My service for longer than that, retiring about six months ago. My as Eastern European Director of the Voice of America most recent positions have been as Ambassador to Thai¬ gave me continued interest in international communica¬ land and before that to Laos but I have served in Europe, tion, and I am glad to see the determination of our Slate the Middle East and Africa as well as the Far East. to restore AFSA as the representative of ICA. I intend to be concerned with the welfare of our retired The Retired community should support the Represen¬ personnel and to promote their greater use by the De¬ tative Slate as it is dedicated to the preservation of the partment and the Foreign Service. Foreign Service as a special national resource, and the I believe that while differences of view will necessarily avoidance of the Service being dragged into the Civil continually exist between AFSA and the Department Service. We retired persons, should embrace the plat¬ these need not be aired acrimoniously and can be recon¬ form of the Representative Slate concerning the critical ciled in good faith. issues of State management’s proposals on restructure, and the related unwelcome massive overhaul of the Continued from page 24C Foreign Service Act. • Send a bi-weekly newsletter to the overseas Chap¬ JACK LYDMAN, RETIRED REPRESENTATIVE, ters, and ask for their continuing input. REPRESENTATIVE SLATE • Base our statements to management, the Hill and the media on a consensus of your views; As a member of the REPRESENTATIVE SLATE, I • Enhance AFSA's slim financial and personnel re¬ endorse its platform and ask for support by the Retired sources through broader membership and focus them on Community and all others for our group. members' needs. AFSA badly needs more full-time pro¬ Ken Rogers is a proven and sensible leader. A lawyer, fessionals to help in negotiations, to help grievants pre¬ he is an expert in the field of labor-management relations, pare their cases, and to intercede informally with man¬ and experienced in the legislative process. He under¬ agement for those who have lesser problems; stands the complex personnel issues faced by the Ser¬ • Seek a private group to run the Club, which is sub¬ vice, and his record of achievement for AFSA in this sidized by too many members who cannot use it; its 1978 realm is unmatched. We need him to carry on. His team subsidy was over $30,000; is first rate, a proven group with a fresh new comprehen¬ • Make the Foreign Service Journal a vehicle for arti¬ sive view of the future. cles by careerists on the practitioners’ art; and aim at Along with probably all retired persons, and our entire financial independence by changing to a less expensive SLATE, 1 have as a personal goal the maintenance and format. The 1978 subsidy for the Journal was over improvement of the high standards of professionalism, $20,000: and the desire to defend the members of the Foreign • Take hard look at how we can obtain help and sup¬ Service. They should receive the maximum possible in port from other employee organizations while retaining benefits, allowances and protection. The Service as a our own independence. We will submit to a referendum whole, not merely the self-seeking, self-appointed stars. of the membership the texts of any affiliation proposals I have served in Australia, Thailand, and Indonesia, from outside organizations. and was Ambassador to Malaysia for over four years. Management is betting that you have given up and will Since retiring, I have served as visiting fellow of the apathetically accept anything even an outrage like the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton, and as a member proposed “structural reform.’’ We urge you to vote for of the Board of Bard College and The World Population us and work together to turn AFSA into an effective Society. voice for our professional concerns. My main efforts are with the St. Francis Society— Stanley Cleveland, Unity Slate candidate for Retired work with the problems of death and the dying. Thus, 1 Representative. Stan has postponed his statement until am especially pleased with this Slate's determination to the May issue so that the Unity Slate platform could seek improved health care insurance programs, espe¬ appear in full. cially through the AFSPA. 24P FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 Candidates in 1979 AFSA Election Officers

Kenneth N. Rogers, Robert F. Pfeiffer, John 0. Flemenway Representative Slate Unity Slate

Kenneth N. Bleakley, Robert N. Stern, Anthea deRouville, Barbara Bodine, Foreign Affairs PROs Representative Slate Unity Slate Foreign Affairs PROs

Frank Dimond, Robert Maxim, Ron Witherell, Stanley Escudero, Foreign Affairs PROs Unity Slate Representative Slate Unity Slate

Galen Fox, Arlene Render, Elton Stepherson, Dale Coleman, Foreign Affairs PROs Unity Slate Representative Slate Foreign Affairs PROs

Candidates for Constituency Representatives State ICA AID Retired Charles Hill, Marshall Adair, John Malott, Foreign Affairs PROs Unity Slate Unity Slate

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April. 1979 25 Joseph N. McBride, Ralph Braibanti, Peter Reams, Eva Kim, Foreign Affairs PROs Representative Slate Representative Slate Foreign Affairs PROs

Robert Caffrey, John J. Harter Patricia Woodring, Raymond C. Malley Unity Slate Representative Slate

Ron Nicholson, James Singletary, Jonathan Sperling, Representative Slate Unity Slate Foreign Affairs PROS

Fred Shaver, Marilyn McAfee, Archie Lang, Charles Whitehouse, Representative Slate Unity Slate Foreign Affairs PROs Foreign Affairs PROs

Candidates Statements appear in Special Elections Section.

Spencer King, Stanley Cleveland, Jack Lydman, Representative Slate Unity Slate Representative Slate

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. April, 1979 26 began hammering inside an ar¬ the turret began to move hesitantly. It looked sound. But it sounded mored car and the sound boomed It completed a torturous half circle too easy. I noted a marked lack of out, drawing everyone’s attention. and reversed into its original posi¬ enthusiasm in the captain’s voice. I “Assez, assez, merde!” the offi¬ tion. asked what type of enemy troops cer shouted. He poked his head “Bravo!” the captain shouted. he expected to meet. He sighed and through an open side vent in the “Good work.” began to fold his map. “There are armor. “Every Viet between A beaming, oil-spattered face two Regional companies operating Saigon and Hanoi can hear that!” appeared from the turret. “It may in and around this plantation. Two “Eh ba, merde aussi!” a frus¬ work all of today,” the mechanic weeks ago they attacked the militia trated voice answered from within told the captain, “but we’ve got to post at the north boundary, killed the turret. “If this pile of shit is to take it to the depot in Tay Ninh four militiamen and burned the post move, it has to be repaired. If it is tomorrow. It needs a lot of work.” to the ground. Three days ago they to be repaired, I will have to use a The captain nodded and un¬ ambushed a plantation jeep and hammer!” folded a map from the leather case killed a contremaitre.” He put his “Doucement, doucement,” the on his hip. The mechanic jumped map away and snapped the case. officer cautioned, wiping perspira¬ down from the turret, wiped his “We have not had a good contact tion from his face with the towel with them for over a month.” He and lighting a cigarette. looked at me, as if deciding “Mon capitaine,” the lieutenant whether to say anything further. addressed him. “This is Monsieur “You see,” he finally said, turning Baker, an American journalist who “That, mon ami, is part to climb up on to his vehicle, “the has come to accompany you on to¬ little bastards always hear us com¬ day’s operation.” of our blocking force. ing.” This is Capitaine Duroc of the As you see they are 27 Dragoons.” The captain looked at me as if he swimming. I guess it By noon we were bathed in sweat wished I would suddenly disap¬ was too hot to lie under and caked with red dust. The pear. “Does he speak French?” he heavy vehicles had difficulty climb¬ asked the lieutenant. cover and wait for the ing even a light incline and their “Comme une vache espagnole,” Viet. If we were the Viet revving engines sounded like a I answered, emphasizing each now we would have cross country motorcycle race. word. The captain’s armored car was The unexpected response them like cold pork.’’ named “Odette.” It had bad brought a smile to Duroc’s face. brakes. They grabbed under the He walked over and shook my slightest pressure and threw the hand. crew against the unpadded metal “I doubt if you’ll see much to¬ with painful regularity. day,” he said, “it’s our weekly hands and joined us. “Monsieur The heat from the sun vied with sweep.” He gestured toward the Baker,” the captain said, without the waves of heat from the engine armored cars. “These prehistoric looking up from his map, “this is to turn the interior into a mobile monsters were left here by the my second in command, Lieuten¬ steam bath. Engine fumes and the British in 1945. They move slowly, ant Cervionne.” Cervionne was odor of raw petrol clogged our nos¬ they are hot, they stink, and now short and dark with black hair mat¬ trils and made it difficult to see ‘Lilette’ there has decided to have ted on his chest and arms. He through the observation slits. The her turret jam tight. We are already smiled and we shook hands. Two captain and I alternated seeking re¬ fifteen minutes late jumping off.” other men joined us. The captain lief at the open turret but my turns He drew deeply on his cigarette didn’t bother to introduce them but were infrequent as he had to check and shouted to one of the men. they nodded a brief greeting. terrain features and keep up a “Moinet! Bring some rouge for the The captain spread the map over steady radio dialogue with the rest ‘Amerlo.’ ” the engine screen of his armored of the squadron. Our view was lim¬ The soldier dropped down into car. Everyone crowded forward. ited to shimmering heat waves and the turret of the other vehicle and He motioned me to join them. “If flashes of greenery without came up with an unlabeled bottle of you’re coming with us you might as perspective. red wine. He jumped down onto well see what we’re trying to do. The captain slid down from the the dusty road and brought it to us. Here we are. Here is the plantation turret and tapped my shoulder. He The captain offered the bottle. house and buildings. This is the pointed to the map indicating that ‘ ‘We try to keep it cool in water river . . . and the highway behind we were approaching the river. He but it won’t remain that way long. us. The infantry, the 6th Colonial, poked the driver with his boot and Have some.” is here . . . and here, in a blocking we came to an abrupt stop. He re¬ It was raw and lukewarm but it position.” He spread one hand moved his earphones, grabbed his did help my thirst. The captain wide and moved it slowly toward binoculars from a turret rack and took the bottle back, wiped the the blue river line on the map. “We climbed up into the turret again. mouth and drank. Several hammer move along these alleys. Two other The engine idled, the steel floor¬ blows sounded from the depths cars come from this flank . . . and boards shuddering.to its rhythm. of‘Lilette. The captain cursed but that flank and if any Viet are nosing Suddenly the captain was down said nothing. The engine started. around we push them toward the again grabbing for the radio. He After a pause and more grinding, infantry.” shouted something incomprehensi-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 27 ble into the mouthpiece and turned to us. He was furious. He ordered the engine cut. “Putain!” he cursed, “grand- mere de putain! They’re swimming again!” “Oh,” the gunner said in disbe¬ lief. “C’est pas possible!” I followed the captain out of the turret. The green of the jungle and gray of the rubber trees was broken by a band of sluggish yellow water about three hundred yards to our front. The captain handed me his binoculars. “There,” he said, pointing, “by that rock on the other side.” I wiped the salty perspiration from my eyes and focused the glas¬ ses. I caught a glimpse of khaki clothing on the rock. Then I could make out the splashing in the wa¬ ter. Looking back at the rock I saw bodies running against the brush on shaded, central courtyard. Two the glint of the sun on weapons be¬ the far bank. They disappeared white-jacketed Vietnamese ser¬ side the clothing. from sight into the jungle. vants stood by a bar table waiting I returned the binoculars and “Assez,” the captain ordered. to take our orders. A large cage of was about to ask a question. The In the silence that followed he brilliantly colored small parrots captain responded without being burst out laughing and clapped his was half hidden in a corner of the asked. “That, mon ami, is part of hands together maliciously. garden and a dark monkey with a our blocking force. As you see they “Look,” he shouted, “the bastards white fringe of beard swung on his are swimming. I guess it was too have left their weapons behind! chain from a nearby flame tree. hot to lie under cover and wait for Let’s get out some security and Venaud was a short, intense man the Viet. If we were the Viet now then send someone over to gather with dark, burning eyes. He was we would have them like cold pork. them up. We’ll return them to the powerfully built and I could feel his This is too much!” 6th Colonial with our best wishes strength when we shook hands. He “Varzy,” he called to the gun¬ later.” did not seem oveijoyed at my pres¬ ner, “raise Cervionne and tell him He sat down on the edge of the ence but hastened to get me a we have no contact but that we’ll turret and called for the bottle of drink. I joined the others in order¬ be practice firing . . . and tell him wine. “I think that should cure the ing a pastis. Venaud raised his to stay out of it.” He raised his 6th of water sports during an opera¬ glass in a silent toast and we all binoculars again as the gunner re¬ tion.” He passed the bottle to me drank. I noticed that he was wear¬ layed the message. “Done,” the and sighed. “As you can see,” he ing a holstered Colt .45 on his hip. gunner reported when he had said, “this is a very strange war.” “And the operation?” he asked finished. the captain. “Bon,” the captain said, kneel¬ “ ‘Catastrophe!’ Some of our in¬ ing beside the turret, still watching Captain Duroc, Lieutenant Cer¬ fantry comrades decided it was the stream. “Now, we will have vionne and I were invited to time for a swim. I’ll have to make a some sport. Let’s move them out of luncheon at the plantation house. formal complaint to Colonel Porte. there, Durand, but don’t hurt They put on their shirts, slapped It is intolerable.” them. Easy, now, in short bursts.” the dust off their calots and we left Venaud shook his head in dis¬ The gunner pressed the turret the rest of the squadron on the road gust. “That battalion is eating up control lever bringing his gun to and drove to the house in Duroc’s my rice, bullying the coolies and bear on the river. He meticulously jeep. The entrance to the plantation tappers and they haven’t touched a adjusted his sights and a slow smile was graveled and raked. A barbed Viet in weeks. If this continues I spread over his face. “Ready,” he wire gate was opened by heavily shall have to take it up in Saigon.” said. armed guards in civilian clothes. He held out his glass for a refill “Go,” the captain ordered. They waved a greeting to us as we and waited for a servant to pour in The machine gun bucked in its drove past. The house itself was the pastis and cut it with iced water mount, one, two and three bursts large and low, built of yellow from a jug. “We had some luck last ripped through the trees, sped stucco and divided by open walk¬ night,” he said in a matter-of-fact across the river and slammed into ways and wide, Spanish type voice. “Would you like to see?” the water. A cascade of bright shell arches. Three large German shep¬ “Bien sur,” the captain replied. cases fell onto the floor of the ar¬ herds greeted us with joyful barks Venaud led us out of the courtyard, mored car. The splashing stopped. and jumped at us playfully as the through a high-ceilinged room filled Another burst sent six geysers of captain led us up the stairs. with books and out into a backyard water high in front of the rock. Monsieur Venaud, the planta¬ area where several light trucks There was a scramble of brown tion’s manager, met us in the palm were parked. There were armed 28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. April, 1979 men lounging around a small grill smell of death swept around us, cooing sound and looked at us, his set on stones in front of the dominating the odor of gun oil and face half hidden on Venaud’s warehouses where strips of meat cleaning solvent. Venaud flicked a chest. were sputtering over the flame. light on and motioned for us to fol¬ “Allez, Oscar,” Venaud said Their skin was much darker than low. The bare bulb threw a weak fondly, “are you hungry?” He the Vietnamese I had seen since light but we could see the two dead smiled and removed the monkey’s my arrival. I touched Lieutenant men. They seemed very small. For long arms from around his neck. Cervionne’s arm and raised my a moment I thought they were both “It is time for lunch. The boy here eyebrows in question. children. will show you where to wash. I will “Venaud’s private army,” he “A courier team,” Venaud said see you in the dining room.” said. “Cambodians. He trusts coldly. He lifted one limp arm with The walls of the house were them.” The Cambodians jumped the toe of his boot. “I would have thick and the halls cool. The cap¬ up at our approach and came to liked to talk to this one. According tain and I washed our hands in a ludicrous attitudes of attention, to his papers he’s from Dong Hoi. large tiled bathroom. I scrubbed their bare feet splayed out at odd He’s come a long way.” hard remembering the bodies and angles and their hands stiff beside “You’ve got their papers?” the the flies. their trousers. Two of them were captain asked. I asked him about Venaud. His armed with Thompson submachine “They’re in my study. I’ll let description of Venaud was hesitant guns. One carried a rifle grenade you have them after lunch.” and cautious. I had the feeling the fixed to the end of his rifle like a The two dead men were lying on captain did not like the man but black fig. All of them had small their backs. They had both been there was a certain respect in his French grenades hung on their stripped naked. The eldest seemed voice when he spoke of him. belts. at peace with the world despite the “He is married to a Vietnamese Venaud said something as he large hole in his chest edged with woman from a good Annamite passed and they relaxed, laughing feathery pink lung tissue. The other family. She is quite sophisticated and saluting us in a parody of mili¬ man’s head looked like a half de¬ and spends most of her time in their tary procedure. flated balloon. Long black hair, Saigon home. They have a son A strange odor hit us as we stiff with dried blood, lay flat on the studying medicine and a daughter walked through the wide, open ground unsupported by a missing in Saigon. She works for the door of one of the warehouses. piece of skull. A swarm of flies, Banque d’Indochine. A very beau¬ Gray squares of raw rubber were disturbed by our entry, buzzed tiful girl.” piled high on all sides. There were around the room, lit on our faces “And his private army? Is that narrow paths between the piles and and hands and flew against the light usual?” two Vietnamese in white shorts bulb. I felt a chill despite the heat The captain paused. He finished and knee socks were busily mark¬ and was glad to leave when Venaud drying his hands and nodded. ing data on sheets of paper attached switched off the light. “Most of the plantations have to clip boards. “Eh bien,” Venaud said as we guards. They must. But few are as We followed Venaud out the left the armory, “we’ll bury them effective as Venaud’s.” back door of the warehouse into a tonight but I thought your in¬ I remembered the intensity of small shed with barred windows. telligence people might want to Venaud’s eyes and his obvious pro¬ We had to pass through a short take some photos first.” fessional pleasure at having killed double apron fence of barbed wire The captain nodded. “Yes, we’ll the two Vietminh couriers. “Ven¬ to enter. A Cambodian stood guard raise them on the radio. Cervionne, aud seems quite ...” I hesitated, at the door. It was obviously Ven¬ can you do that now?” trying to choose my words. aud’s armory. Two large wooden “Certainly,” Cervionne replied “Fanatic?” the captain promp¬ tables ran the length of the room. and he walked on ahead of us. ted. They were covered with weapon “I think they were headed for “Yes.” parts. An automatic rifle with a Gia Dinh. They weren’t carrying “He was not always like that. broken stock was lying next to the much solid. A few propaganda Some time ago, when he was off in sighting mechanism of a 60mm tracts and some simple operational Saigon, the Viet hit the house. mortar. One entire wall was filled exchanges. Probably coming in as They used a whole company. His with a rifle rack. The rifles were of cadre reliefs or replacements. Un¬ guards did the best they could but it mixed origin. I could recognize fortunately, they weren’t local was a well-planned operation. several Garands and a few En- types and I don’t think they’d made Some of his Vietnamese workers fields. The rest were French. The a local contact yet. If they had opened the gates for the attackers. steel bars that held the rifles were they’d probably never have walked One of them threw a grenade into secured with heavy chains and pad¬ into our ambush. They were low on the guards’ sleeping quarters. The locks. Boxes of ammunition were rice and only one of them was grandmother, Venaud’s mother- piled to the ceiling. Through one of armed—a Japanese pistol with two in-law, was the only member of the the windows I saw that a second clips.” family here at the time. They took sentry guarded the rear approach to We had reached the house again the old woman outside, called to¬ the shed. and entered the courtyard. The gether the coolies and beat and Venaud took us to a small door monkey jumped down from his humiliated her before them. Then that led to an attached room. He perch and ran to Venaud, trailing they killed her slowly, forcing indi¬ opened a heavy lock with a large his long chain behind him. He leapt vidual coolies forward to take a cut key and pushed the door open. The into Venaud’s arms with a strange (Continued on page 38) FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 29 too diplomatic. Only the last, fas¬ social-democratic value system, so pgj BODKSHELF cinating chapter on voodoo deals it is not surprising that all of the with any part of the social system. comments on the book jacket are Many other areas of Haitian life— written by Americans and not Hai¬ Hell in Paradise the Creole language, the role of tians. women, land use, art—are men¬ Nevertheless this account of hell WRITTEN IN BLOOD—The Story of the tioned, but not discussed in the in paradise deserves to be read. Haitian People 1492-1971, by Robert same depth as the role of an endless Those of us who know Haiti will Debs Heinl and Nancy Gordon Heinl. stream of diplomats and Haitian read it again and again, just as Haiti Houghton-Mifflin, $21.95. politicians. cherie has seduced us again and Haiti—all of us, whether we The second weakness is a more again. have been there or not, have strik¬ serious one. The Heinls are biased —CHARLES R. FOSTER ing images of it—hunger, cruelty, in dealing with recent history. The romance, violence, humor, sex, Marines were always right; and The Sensuous Kitchen mystery, and voodoo. Duvalier, whom we helped into GUESS WHO’S IN THE KITCHEN? by Haiti, the first black republic, the power, was always wrong. Thus it Kathryn Wellde. Introduction by Tom daughter of Africa, the stepchild of is not possible to gain an objective Wicker and illustrations by Vida France, the ward of the Marine assessment of the American occu¬ Rouse. Doubleday, $11.95. Corps, hermit of the Western pation of Haiti (1915-1934) nor is it Cooking and diplomacy are al¬ Hemisphere, how does one explain possible to understand the on- lied arts. Everyone recalls Tal¬ it? What is Haiti? again, off-again American policy leyrand’s advice to his ambas¬ Colonel and Mrs. Heinl, who towards the Duvalier dictatorship. sadors: “First hire a good chef.” lived in Haiti from 1959 to 1963 (he Nor do the Heinls speculate much Breaking bread together is a fun¬ was the commander of the United on the systemic causes of the pov¬ damental ritual marking the pass¬ States Naval Mission), attempt to erty and violence that have charac¬ age of another person from stranger explain Haiti in 700 pages of de¬ terized Haiti—the role of the to friend. It is not unnatural there¬ tailed history. It is a fundamental Church, foreign exploitation, the fore that this journal should review work—but not the standard his¬ lack of rural organization, the es¬ a cookbook, particularly one in tory. It suffers from two weak¬ trangement of the intellectuals, the which the author draws upon her nesses. First, like so many Euro¬ emphasis on security. Their service overseas. pean histories, it is too political and framework is that of the Western But first, as they say in the

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30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 House of Commons, I have to de¬ from members of Congress, jour¬ gleaming darkly on the butcher clare an interest. Two of my reci¬ nalists, and television per¬ block, the rich rising of bread in the pes are included in this new cook¬ sonalities. President Carter con¬ oven, a homemade soup bubbling book. and Kathryn Wellde who tributes his wife’s recipe for peanut in the pot—these among other sen¬ conceived and compiled it is a per¬ soup. Needless to say, neither sations of the kitchen can only be sonal friend. More important, she King Hussein nor President Carter described as sensuous.” is an excellent cook with an adven¬ does his own cooking. When their Mrs. Wellde has organized her turous eye for foreign dishes. She favorite recipes and those of a few book in the usual topical fashion lived in Jordan where her late hus¬ other men in this book are in¬ with chapters on appetizers, soups, band George was deputy director cluded, they are styled “from the entrees, vegetables, eggs and of the AID program. She includes home of. . .” But a surprisingly cheese, salads, breads, sauces, recipes for several of King Hus¬ large and, I suspect, growing desserts and beverages. She has sein's favorite Jordanian dishes number of men find relaxation in tested the recipes in her own such as Hummus al Tahibi (pureed cooking and baking and enjoy try¬ kitchen and appends occasional chick-peas with sesame paste), ing new recipes and experimenting notes suggesting that a little more Tabouleh (minced spring salad with old ones. seasoning would help or that a par¬ vegetables with cracked wheat), Few can write about their avoca¬ ticular dish involves so much work and Magloobeh (lamb, rice and tion as well as columnist Tom that the ingredients should be dou¬ eggplant dish). 1 was interested in Wicker who contributes an amus¬ bled to justify the labor. reading these royal recipes because ing and spirited introduction. I will It is a charming and useful book my wife learned to cook the same quote just one paragraph, chosen about which I have only one com¬ dishes from a Turkish friend in because the examples of the es¬ plaint. She observes of bread bak¬ Washington, and they are among thetic and sensuous appeal of cook¬ ing that “once you have perfected my favorites. ing that he cites are ones that inde¬ all the details, the preparation be¬ The answer to the question in the pendently have often occurred to comes mindless and routine.” As a title is, in a word, men. Mrs. me: “Take a head of Boston lettuce devoted Sunday afternoon baker, 1 Wellde collected recipes as well as apart, right down to its tiny yellow protest. Baking like jogging is fas¬ anecdotes and personal comments heart; such intricacies of fit, such cinating and offers spiritual re¬ about food and cooking from pres¬ repetitions of form, in so many di¬ wards. “Mindless?” Never. ent and former ambassadors, mensions, no architect or designer —WILLIAM V. SHANNON foreign as well as American, and could duplicate. And an eggplant Ambassador to Ireland

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 3 1 No Orchids for the KMT &RRRRRRRRRRRR& THE UNITED STATES CRUSADE IN CHINA, by Michael Schuller. Columbia aS NOW FROM ft) University Press, $14.95. 95 ft) COLUMBIA PLAZA Eminent works on US China pol¬ as PHARMACY S3 BUY as icy in WW11 include Tuchman’s 516 23rd St., N.W. Stilwell and the American Experi¬ Washington, D C. 20037 a* So ence in China, Tang Tsou’s Ameri¬ ca’s Failure in China, and Feis’s SELL as Sensational >5 aS The China Tangle. Schaller’s as SPECIAL-BY-MAIL >3 study traverses much of the same ground but his interpretations oft- aS So INVEST SALE times differ from theirs. “Overem¬ aS ft! phasizing the naivete' of American QS Order Any Time and ft! diplomacy, they attribute policy aS SAVE 20% ft! 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It will Discounts give you a monthly listing of cur¬ “Gimo,” Mme. Chiang and T.V. rent prices of food and other Soong, on the KMT side, no or¬ ATTENTION: goods and services. It will also chids. State Department and have special reports on the cost of A startling, documented “revela¬ private schools, on new restau¬ tion” is that Roosevelt gave Gen¬ Foreign Service Personnel rants, on interest and mortgage eral Stilwell a verbal (sic) order for 10% off on estate bottled wines rates and on where to find profes¬ the assassination of Chiang. Gen¬ 5% off on our regular low prices sional services. eral Frank Dorn in his Walkout on liquor with Stilwell in Burma reports that This is news you can use. It is the President, according to Stil¬ news you need to manage real es¬ tate investments, to check on your well, was “fed up with Chiang and local commissary, to make realis¬ his tantrums .... In fact, he told Riverside tic plans before transferring back me . . . ‘if you can't get along with to Washington or to make the Chiang, and can't replace him, get Liquors most of a few days of consulta¬ rid of him once and for all. You tion. know what I mean, put in someone 2123 E St., N.W. 338-4882 you can manage.’ ” In a talk with Schaller, May 21, 1978, Dorn con¬ (conveniently located across from the Subscribe today. The cost is $12 State Department on E Street, next to for 12 issues. Send your check to: firmed this disclosure. Peoples Drug Store) Phoenix Enterprises, And this years before our “Lost Our 40th Year P.O. Box 406, Innocence” and BCIA! Vienna, Virginia 22180. When Chiang was inspecting We loan glasses for parties Chinese troops in India, his plane NO CHARGE was to be sabotaged and, as he and 32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April. 1979 Mme. Chiang bailed out, they were play along with the existing gov¬ some of the myths about the effect to be given faulty parachutes. But ernment and keep facts from the of Labor governments in Britain. FDR never gave final authoriza¬ American people and thereby not Income distribution has remained tion for this scheme. be accused later of playing into the about the same since WWII, and President Truman was also dis¬ hands of the Communists.” welfare expenditures are no higher enchanted with Chiang and his re¬ This book, based on a Ph.D. dis¬ than in most of Western Europe. gime and hangers-on. He said the sertation (University of Michigan, Nossiter acknowledges that Chiangs, the Rungs and the Soongs 1974), is thoroughly researched British productivity is low. Busi¬ “were all thieves, every last one of and despite its genesis, readable ness management does not get the them." But he and Secretary of and interesting. It tells of colorful cream of the Oxbridge crop and State Marshall could not escape personalities, ill-starred policies, British workers are not as hard “the ideological and political and the inexorable consequences of working as those in Western fallout of the emerging cold war.” an inglorious interlude in Sino- Europe. Nossiter, undaunted in his Force majeure, the Truman admin¬ American relations. Anglophilism, then concludes that istration continued to give eco¬ —ROBERT W. RINDEN low productivity reflects a British nomic and military aid to the preference for leisure over goods Leisure over Goods doomed Chinese Nationalists. This even though he also notes that was done to mollify the cries of BRITAIN: A FUTURE THAT WORKS, by when Prime Minister Edward Congressmen and “China Lob¬ Bernard Nossiter. Houghton Mifflin, Heath shortened the work week for $9.95. byists” for more massive or direct a time from five to three days, American aid, including US com¬ Bernard Nossiter, the Washing¬ British output remained about the bat troops. It was a sordid bargain ton Post correspondent in London, same. The British proved to be as to get Congressional appropria¬ is a true believer in Great Britain avaricious as everybody else. Pro¬ tions for the Marshall Plan. and the British. With an assist from ductivity and leisure both went up On November 26, 1948, Mar¬ North Sea oil, Nossiter effectively as one might expect. Yet Nossiter shall told a Cabinet meeting: “The answers those voices of gloom, in¬ nonetheless attributes a kind of Nationalist Government is on its cluding the voice of Peter Jay be¬ selective creativity to the British way out and there is nothing we can fore he became Her Majesty’s am¬ —very good in the arts, no longer do to save it. We are faced with the bassador in Washington, who pre¬ so good at producing things—a question of clarifying it to the dicted the imminent economic col¬ model for the post-industrial world. American people ... or we can lapse of Britain. Nossiter destroys — DAVID LINEBAUGH

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April. 1979 33 Elegant and Provocative failed revolution of 1848 and the flation and reparations, Bismarck’s THE GERMAN PROBLEM RECONSID¬ outlawing of the social democratic diplomacy, the Ostpolitik, these ERED: Germany and the World Order party in 1878 were the contributing are all questions which, in a moral 1870 to the Present, by David Calleo. factors in the German bour¬ and political way, have affected all Cambridge Univ. Press, $12. geoisie’s lack of trust in democratic of us in the 20th century. They are Werner Steltzer, whose family institutions and in its fear of the reviewed by Calleo in a provoca¬ was active in the German resis¬ left. Even today these residues sur¬ tive manner. Even if Germany is tance and who is a friend of Nobel face in the polarization of par¬ no longer a major flash-point we prize winning author Heinrich Boll, liamentary debates. Yet at the can agree with Calleo that it is not once said that the German problem same time there are breaks in the only the Germans who should ought not to be reconsidered until continuity of German history. The study the German problem but all there are no more survivors of the experience with Nazism, the 1945 of us for whom politics is central. Hitler generation. He maintains collapse, and the experience with —CHARLES R. FOSTER that his generation is unable to face Communism next door has created the past and that, as Boll has so a new situation. Moreover, the Arab Behavior vividly sketched in his novels, this modernization of German society, RHETORIC AND REALITY: The Arab generation has escaped into mate¬ the American and European influ¬ Mind Considered, by John Laffin. Tap- rialism and economic success. ences, the new social and economic linger, (paper), $4.95. David Calleo, however, does re¬ mobility has created an atmosphere The cover of this book entices us consider German history although in which the older ideological dis¬ with “Why the Arabs behave the he treats only superficially internal cussions which figure so promi¬ way they do.” This is a German politics. His thesis is that nently in David Calleo’s elegant popularized attempt to deal with Germany’s history of aggression book have lost much of their rele¬ the question, but it is very readable should primarily be regarded within vance. For better or for worse the and offers something both for those the context of the evolution of the German problems today are the new to the area and for old hands. European nation states. This is a same problems the rest of the in¬ The attempt to deal with the sub¬ major flaw of the book. If there is dustrialized countries of Europe ject in less than 200 pages insures a historical continuity in German face. high degree of generalization which politics, a basic premise of Calleo’s Yet Germany continues to fasci¬ inevitably will provoke those with book, then it lies in the internal nate. The origin of the holocaust, considerable Arab World experi¬ political and social structure. The the World War I guilt question, in¬ ence to take issue with many of the

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34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 writers’ statements. The breadth the greatest pressures for change somewhat journalistically, drama¬ results in a few errors of fact. On ever. tizes the confusion, difficulties, the the other hand, Laffin provides a This book has been published crises and heroism inherent in the quick and easily digestible survey twice before, in 1975, under differ¬ feat of supplying a besieged city to¬ of some of the major areas in which ent titles: in the UK as The Arab tally by air. The genius of General Arab cultural attitudes differ from Mind and in the US in hardcover as Tunner, General Clay’s determina¬ American or European, and The Arab Mind Considered: the tion, Colonel (later General) How- provides some amusing and in¬ Need for Understanding. It’s ley’s public relations knack are all teresting illustrations of his own. worth reading, but not worth buy¬ there, as are the vital contributions All should find the book enjoyable ing three times. Be careful. of dozens of other less well-known and stimulating. It might best be —CHARLES O. CECIL actors in the drama. But most im¬ regarded as an appetizer to be pressive of all, perhaps, is still taken before the more rigorous President Truman’s uncomplicated Temperament and Character of Berlin Airlift courage in overruling the cautious the Arabs by Sania Hamady or advice of his staff, and Ernest Be- Raphael Patai’s The Arab Mind. BRIDGE ACROSS THE SKY by vin’s simple doggedness that makes Unlike the latter two, which at Richard Collier, McGraw Hill for nostalgia these days when the times are scathing in their indict¬ Once more, the saga of the Ber¬ choices are no longer so clear cut. ment of Arab failings, Laffin is less lin Airlift. The story is so familiar The author, unfortunately, detailed, therefore less harsh. He that it is sometimes difficult to amassed more material than he obviously likes the people he is try¬ realize it has been 30 years since could properly sort out. There are a ing to explain to us. The book we rallied to the task of saving two number of unnecessary factual mis¬ shares one failing common, so far, and a half million Berliners from takes which will tend to jar those to this genre in that Egypt and the our erstwhile Soviet allies. For who were on the scene. Strangely, Fertile Crescent provide most of those too young to remember, Col¬ Collier also fails to follow up on the the examples of contemporary lier’s book is an exciting account of crucial effects of an episode he de¬ Arab behavior, with examples lack¬ how determination and organiza¬ scribes most vividly, the mass rally ing from Saudi Arabia and the tional genius defeated what initially at the Reichstag building Sep¬ Gulf, where wealth and the physi¬ looked like a sure-fire scheme to tember 9, 1948. He effectively por¬ cal and cultural mobility it confers drive us out of Berlin. trays the emotion and drama of the may be subjecting Arab values to The author skillfully, albeit occasion and Mayor-elect Reuter’s

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April. 1979 35 rousing “Telling The World The Stagflation Explained ( Berliners Will Stand Firm” speech. TWsuit o|j indict But he fails to mention that the GETTING FROM HERE TO THERE, by crowd also presented a “we will W.W. Rostow. McGraw-Hill, $14.95. We're chasing you, Sun, hold out” petition to the western Walt Rostow has an explanation Towards our Western touchdown. military governors who were just for our present stagflation: we are But my goal is tailward, then meeting with their Soviet at the beginning of the “fifth Kon- Away from you, Sun. counterpart, under instructions to dratieff upswing,” marked by a My loved ones are there, In the land of Maharajahs find a “solution” to the Berlin dramatic increase in raw material Himalaya, the abode of snow, crisis. The loud and clear message prices and promising a long period Mother Ganga and the Taj Mahal. of those 300,000 people convinced of inflation. Kondratieff, Rostow Following the sun, the military governors that any tells us, was a Russian economist Up tight, at 35,000 feet. “solution” that smacked of even who, in 1926, thought he had dis¬ Some would say it's groovy. partial cave-in to Soviet demands covered the existence of long Vaulting the Aegean and Appennines, was impossible—and marked the waves of economic activity lasting A look at Fiumicino and Orly, beginning of the alliance between from 40 to 60 years. Rostow sys¬ Reconnaisancing the Atlantic, the Berliners and the West. tematically analyzes our current Ice floes and the gray and white Nevertheless, despite its flaws, economic problems and says he World of Labrador With its solid rivers; Bridge Across the Sky is the rous¬ wants vigorous and creative rem¬ Its eerie manless moonscape. ing picture of the days when we edies. But will he get us from here Don't flash your silver-gold smile were right. The exhilaration, to there? To solve our acute energy Off those jet-pads, Sun. camaraderie, the just plain satisfac¬ problem, “the price system can be That won’t make a new friend tion of having worked like the devil used to a substantial degree,” Or liven stony lips or dreaming eyes. to bring off a dramatic and decisive avoiding the dangers of rationing I know / won't,catch you, Sun. operation—it all becomes alive and direct controls. To bring infla¬ Wish I could continue the race again. tion under control, Rostow advo¬ Beyond duty to comfort and love. Yes, children, that was one we cates a voluntary wage-price Goodbye Sun! won. agreement. Rostow is less than Hello Boston and all you customs agents! —KARL F. MAUTNER convincing: Kondratieff seems to What’s the duty, please, have the upper hand. On a heavy heart? ^ —DAVID LINEBAUGH —DON WEAVER

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36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 TAKING A WALK from page 11 “We can keep the city in sight, and just go straight toward it.” “If only there are no more of those high fences.” But there were. We were blocked by one made of stout wire, high enough to keep deer from jumping over. As we stood looking at the fence in dismay one of the park guards came along on his way home. Shirley ex¬ plained our predicament, and asked if there was any way through. “Is there any place where we could get a taxi?” I asked, and Shirley translated. “I can take you to the main road. Follow me.” He knew a rough path through the fields and woods, and we followed closely. He jumped over a brook, and turned to give me a hand. Shirley leaped over. Robbie, tired from her afternoon of romping, panted along beside us. It was dark when we reached the main road. Car head¬ lights blinded us. We stood by the roadside, hoping to see a taxi headed toward Ankara. At last one swished by, then at our frantic gestures, backed up. Robbie was the first to enter, then we got in, stamping off our muddy overshoes. “We’ll get your car all dirty,” Shirley apologized in Turkish. “Istafalah]” (Think nothing of it.) When we reached home my family said, “ Where have you been?” “The Dissent Channel is not for those with hot tempered I answered, “Just taking Robbie for a walk.” ^1^ supervisors.’’

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38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 SCARING THE HELL gone mad. People don’t invent just the Collier’s issue? Only seven ap¬ OUT OF EVERYBODY anything, they don’t imagine just pear to have responded to an invi¬ from page 17 anything. When people begin to tation by The Nation to comment, dream aloud, they express frus¬ but they included some of the most General Eisenhower being interro¬ trated desires and unacknowledged important among them. The most gated by Red Army soldiers, ask¬ fears which come to the surface in unrepentant was Lowell Thomas ing what the reactions of Ameri¬ spite of themselves. . . In telling us who said he thought the purpose of cans might have been if they had about their dreams, the twenty- Collier’s, i.e., to warn against the seen such a picture in Ogonyok. It three Americans who collaborated devastation of a nuclear war, was is doubtful that Soviet readers held on this special issue of Collier’s to “conduct a propaganda for Stalin's son in the same esteem as have rendered a great service to the peace,” and concluded: “I pretend Americans held Eisenhower in people of our continent. Those who to be no expert on such matters as 1951, so the parallel was somewhat had forgotten that a chasm sepa¬ propaganda but think Collier’s strained.) rates the American from the Euro¬ fairly carried out the general idea In a lengthy and brilliantly writ¬ pean mentality are suddenly made they gave me.” Senator Margaret ten editorial in the same magazine, aware that that chasm has grown Chase Smith was quoted as reply¬ Gilles Martinet remarked, first, on even larger during these last years. ing with only one sentence, and if what he saw as a trivialization of “Those who saw only the power that was all she had written to The the sufferings of a Third World War of the United States tended to over¬ Nation she was certainly also un¬ by Collier’s, noting the phrase look its weaknesses. And those repentant: “I wrote the article for about Americans having greeted its who had confidence in American Collier's as I felt it might contri¬ outbreak with something like a feel¬ peaceful intentions now find an ir¬ bute to discouraging Russia from ing of relief. “I doubt,” wrote Mar¬ repressible desire to shout to those starting a third world war.” tinet, “that there are many people sleep-walkers that it is time to wake The others, however, showed on this continent who would derive up and to renounce their terrible varying degrees of doubt about a sense of ‘relief from the idea that dreams.” how the exercise had been exe¬ a ‘period of waiting’ was finally cuted. over.” Confronted with the shambles Robert Sherwood pointed out, “Let it not be said,” commented that had been created by their first, that when he had written his Martinet, “that the anticipations of exercise in futurology, what was fictional account of World War III Collier's stem from an imagination the reaction of the contributors to he had consulted neither directly

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 39 nor indirectly with any “high-level the editor to whom 1 talked. I still ously the assurance of Collier’s Washington officials—nor, I might believe that the aims and approach editors that they do not believe war add, with any low-level Washing¬ stated in the editorial are sound is inevitable and that they hope this ton officials. . . Nor did Collier’s ones, particularly the emphasis on issue will contribute to prevent it. editors ever tell me that they had the point that war is not inevitable Naturally I do not agree with all the consulted high-level officials or and its firm opposition to preven¬ techniques or viewpoints ex¬ that I was directed or urged to take tive war.” But then he went on: pressed in the issue. . .” any particular line in the article.” However, I must say in all honesty Most curious was the response He reported about how he had at¬ that the issue did not do what 1 ex¬ from Stuart Chase, the econo¬ tended one editorial meeting with pected it to do, and I am forced to agree mist-publicist. He said the purpose with many of the criticisms brought some of the other prestigious con¬ of the Collier’s issue had been to against it. . . The failure of Collier’s to tributors, and then concluded: achieve what I believe would have “spike the guns of the In answer to the question why did I been a worthy purpose was due in part preventive-war faction in Washing¬ do this, 1 can only reply that in 1935 I to the tone and content of some of the ton, and to suggest how a wedge wrote a play called “Idiot’s Delight” articles and in great measure to the ter¬ could be driven between the Rus¬ about the outbreak of the Second rifying and horrible scenes depicted in sian people and their masters in the World War. 1 hoped that this play the art work accompanying the arti¬ Kremlin. . . Whether the venture might help to inform some people that cles. . . I believe the editors of Col¬ such a catastrophe was possible, and produced the effect that the editors lier's had the best of intentions, and and contributors hoped for is perhaps impel them to take measures to certainly it was my intention to con¬ prevent it. When there is a widespread another question. Some say yes, tribute to the cause of world peace by other say no. It is too early to tell drift toward war, it seems to me advis¬ participating in this special issue. 1 be¬ able to call attention to it and its dread¬ lieve, however, that the issue fails of about that, for Collier’s was not ful implications. that objective and I sincerely regret talking to the intellectuals or the Walter P. Reuther, the promi¬ that it does. liberals, but to the people.” nent labor leader, recalled that he Edwjn D. Canham, the editor of As if the trivialization of the hor¬ had been reluctant at first to do the the Christian Science Monitor, rors of a nuclear war, and the pre¬ article and had raised questions wrote: “If the total issue has con¬ diction that it would end happily for about the tone and effect of the veyed to readers either the idea of all survivors, was somehow less ir¬ whole issue. “These questions the inevitability of a third world responsible when directed to “the were answered satisfactorily, both war or that victory would be easy, I people” than when addressed to in¬ by the precis of the editorial and by strongly dissent. But I took seri¬ tellectuals.

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Att: Ruth LoBianco, Mgr. Arlington Office realities of the country. forth innuendoes of “bucking” for LETTERS TO | Ms. Mathes’s observations a promotion, insinuations of poor about Brazil also apply to most taste (“It’s not done”)—even cyn¬ other Latin American nations. In ical comments from possibly, but A Fine Memorial... fact, Brazil is relatively better off not necessarily, out-distanced As one of the many who than the vast majority of its competitors in the sycophantic were lucky enough to be Spike neighbors. I’ve seen the girl from sweepstakes. Dubs’s friends, I would like to add Ipanema (or her sisters) on the ROBERT WATLAND RINDEN a word to all that has been said in beaches of Venezuela, Mexico and Oskaloosa, Iowa praise of him. Colombia, where the gap between The president, the secretary and the life style she represents and the An Orchid for the Journal many other prominent Americans standard of living of the mass of the Permit me to thank and praised Spike’s heroism in giving population is equally abysmal. congratulate you for the outstand¬ his life while serving abroad. All of Too many Americans, including ing issue of January 1979. I wish us in the Service take special pride a surprising number of Foreign the book essay by S. I. Nadler in that heroism, and in being col¬ Service officers, see only the girl could be brought to the widest pos¬ leagues of Spike’s. from Ipanema, or Acapulco, or sible audience. Perhaps through We will remember, however, not Cartagena. As Ms. Mathes points reprints in other publications. only Spike’s heroism, but the qual¬ out, however, . . the girls have Ray Thurston’s piece reflected ities that made him unique over a almost nothing in common with the his mellowness, and I enjoyed it, long career: his loyalty to subordi¬ larger (Latin American) reality, but particularly liked the quote nates, his unfailing benevolence, and most visitors don’t have the which appears at the top from his maintaining a good heart against interest to discover this truth.” Johann Lavater. all odds. Those of us who worked While there’s nothing wrong with EDWARD E. RICE for him are particularly, and last¬ enjoying beaches or admiring Tiburon, California ingly, grateful. He showed that it pretty girls, Foreign Service offi¬ was possible to remain a good man, cers can guard against becoming A Skunk Cabbage to FSJ in a hard calling, while getting the blinded by the tropical sun by sub¬ As an outsider I am con¬ job done. When tempted towards mitting honest, accurate reports to tinually struck by the lapses into cynicism, or compromise, or des¬ Washington. For despite the over¬ insensitivity displayed by so many pair, Foreign Service people can blown rhetoric of the Alliance for professional Foreign Service offi¬ remember Spike’s example, and Progress and occasionally optimis¬ cers in your journal’s pages. The take heart. That is a fine memorial tic interpretations of GNP and per most recent—and one of the more to leave. capita income statistics, the mod¬ egregious—examples is Karl F. JACK PERRY em reality of Latin America is Mautner's gratuitous reference to Washington cruel and depressing—a reality that “the Ellsberg generation” in a re¬ all the travel posters in the western view of Treason Was No Crime. A Special Sense of Loss hemisphere can’t paper over. In a review whose principal pur¬ Those of us who worked I admire Libbie Mathes for writ¬ pose seems to be to extoll the for¬ with “Spike" Dubs over the years ing such a penetrating article, and titude of men like Ludwick Beck in Soviet affairs feel a special sense the Journal for publishing it, when —however lately arrived at— of loss. In a business where tension yet another US administration is Mautner’s smear of an entire gen¬ and frustration are a way of life, his re-discovering Latin America for eration of Americans caught up in even temper and steady hand made the umpteenth time. Mercifully, the tragedy of the Vietnam war is him a model to follow. The greatest however, this administration has grossly unwarranted. Does Maut- irony is that this warm man who avoided catchy slogans and empty ner need reminding that that gener¬ had no enemies should have fallen promises so far in its dealings with ation numbered among its members victim to an act of violence. We Latin America. both those who honorably sup¬ will remember him for his profes¬ GUY W. FARMER ported the war and those who op¬ sional ability, his loyalty and most Alexandria, Va. posed it just as honorably? In addi¬ of all for his friendship. To us, tion there were those who, like Spike was a “nice guy” who The Sycophantic Sweeps Ellsberg, first supported our inter¬ finished first. In the February Journal, vention and only subsequently THE STAFF OF THE OFFICE “No Press Agentry,” by Martin came to oppose it. The latter cir¬ OF SOVIET UNION AFFAIRS Herz (letters to FSJ) implicitly cumstances strongly echo those of gave worldly-wise, tasteful coun¬ Ludwick Beck for whom Mautner “The Girl From Ipanema” sel: Let subordinates hold their has so much admiration. Why so? I wish to compliment the eulogies, encomia, panegyrics and Is Mautner equally privy to the Journal for publishing Libbie other adulatory tributes to their consciences of such disparate Mathes’s perceptive and well- current superiors until the latter are characters as he implies? Or are his written article, “The Girl from gone—if not to the Great Beyond, merely the confused preferences of Ipanema,” in its February issue. at least, to pasture. an old State Department soldier She painted a vivid word picture of Lack of such restraint might well who can no longer think—or feel. the shocking gap between the not only overcrowd the open-to-all JOHN J. RUMBARGER lovely travel poster image of Brazil columns of our favorite journal but Editor, Prologue and the economic and social might also, however wrongly, call Washington FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. April. 1979 41 AFSANI APRIL, 1979 AID—UNIFIED PERSONNEL SYSTEM (UPS) This portion of the JOURNAL is the re¬ In mid-February AID sent to the Here is a summary of AFSA com¬ sponsibility of the Governing Board of OMB a proposal to incorporate into the ments: AFSA and is intended to report on Code of Federal Regulations a Chapter • AID/W clerical and non-policy employee-management issues, condi¬ which would give the Administrator of support personnel should remain tions of employment and the policy and AID the legal authorities sought to im¬ GS employees. administration of AFSA, including its plement the UPS. After a delay, man¬ • Personnel with less than 15 years Board, Committees, and Chapters. agement made the proposed regulations of USG service who are assigned Members wishing to send letters on available to AFSA. A number of its to IDO positions should have two employment, working conditions or provisions are disappointing and/or un¬ years to accept IDO status and AFSA affairs should get them to AFSA acceptable to AFSA. Therefore, the obligations or be involuntarily by the 10th of the month preceding de¬ AID Standing Committee prepared separated. sired publication. AFSA News Commit¬ five pages of section by section com¬ • AD authority should be discon¬ tee, Room 3644, N.S. ments on the proposal which were sent tinued (the proposal would allow by letter from AFSA's President to the for the continuation of the cur¬ Director of the OMB on March 8th. rently authorized 110 AD posi¬ tions), since the Administrator could appoint five percent of the PERFORMANCE EVALUATION REPORTS Senior Foreign Service from out¬ side career ranks. Spring is fast approaching and with it ble. Most problems can be resolved in • Time-limited appointments should many chores at home and in the office. this manner. If no satisfactory resolu¬ not exceed five years and be non¬ Among the more important chores in tion can be reached, the employee has renewable. the office is the task of preparing an¬ the further option of making a rebuttal • Reconversion of IDOs to GS (or nual performance evaluation reports. which becomes part of the report. Such IDR) status should not be permit¬ This effort is important to the subject a rebuttal can be made immediately to ted. employee (ratee) but is equally impor¬ be an integral part of the report when it • AID should have commissioned tant to supervisors (rating and review clears through the regular completion Development Officers. officers) as a unique opportunity to process at post and eventually is sub¬ • All foreign affairs personnel help improve office efficiency. It mitted in the performance file. Alterna¬ should have uniform benefits. should therefore be obvious to all con¬ tively, the rebuttal can usually be made • All foreign affairs agencies should cerned that the process of completing at a subsequent time when the have personnel systems that, if not these reports has to be completed with employee submits the rebuttal directly identical, are at least compatible. care, accuracy and thoroughness. This to performance files following estab¬ • Some of the broad sweeping au¬ naturally requires time and effort and lished procedures. thorities requested by the Ad¬ should involve frank and constructive If an employee is considering the ministrator should be deleted as interchanges between and among the submission of a rebuttal, it is advisable they are subject to abuse. ratee, rater and review officer. to keep the rebuttal short (no three- • Various technical comments on When getting ready to prepare per¬ pager), adopt a positive, constructive labor relations provisions e.g., in¬ formance evaluation reports, the rating tone, and be sure to write a clear expla¬ tegrity of E.O. 11636 and appeal and review officers as well as the nation of why the statement or state¬ rights. employee concerned should review the ments are inaccurate, incomplete or The day our letter went to the OMB various guidelines provided. In addi¬ falsely prejudicial. (with copies to the various congres¬ tion to carefully reading the accom¬ However, any employee who sub¬ sional committees with which we are panying instruction sheets, it is helpful mits a rebuttal should keep in mind that maintaining contact), we heard that the to read the precepts given to the most once the rebuttal is included in the per¬ OMB had killed the UPS, a position recent Selection Boards which rank formance file, it may be difficult if not supported by the Under Secretary of order employees for promotion pur¬ impossible at a later date either to ef¬ State for Management in a letter of poses. These precepts provide impor¬ fect the removal of the rebuttal or to February 26th to the OMB (unfortu¬ tant information identifying what Selec¬ amend it. nately the compatibility of personnel tion Boards consider to be important In case an employee is confronted systems that the Department seeks when deciding which employees should with the submission of an objectionable would not necessarily cure AID’s be recommended for promotion. performance report and cannot per¬ major personnel system ills, such as the Drafters of performance reports suade the rating or review officers to bifurcated personnel system in AID/ naturally understand that the document amend it, the employee has the further W). However, subsequently, after is the basis for competing for pro¬ option of instituting a grievance against Messrs. Zablocki and Obey had motions. Keep in mind that the reports the report after its submission. This can weighed in, the OMB decided that a are also used as basic tools when de¬ be accomplished by following the in¬ UPS proposal would have to be sent to termining assignments, including the structions presented in 3 FAM 660. the Congress on March 15th as re¬ approving of training opportunities. Further guidance is available in the quired by law. We have been told by Should an employee disagree with or "AFSA Grievance Checklist” memo¬ the OM B that our letter was timely and object to what the rater or review offi¬ randum which is available as appendix was receiving consideration as the ad¬ cer places in a performance report, he in the AFSA Manual distributed to all ministration hammers out its final UPS or she has several options. First and AFSA Chapters at overseas posts and proposal. most obvious the employee should seek to AFSA Keypersons in Washington. If we don't get a fully acceptable an interview with the rater or review Copies of the Grievance checklist can product, and there is much reason to officer to explain why the remark, also be obtained from the AFSA of¬ believe that we won't, AFSA intends comment or evaluation is objectiona- fices in Room 3644, New State. to continue the fight on the Hill. 42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 VANCE V. BRADLEY Decision (Mandatory Retirement) STATE STANDING COMMITTEE The US Supreme Court issued a de¬ for determining whether a statute de¬ February was an extremely busy cision with an 8-1 majority February nied equal protection of law was month and March promises to be 22, 1979 reversing the June 28, 1977 whether Congress had a legitimate pur¬ equally so. The major item was, of District Court decision ruling uncon¬ pose in making the distinction and course, the proposal to restructure the stitutional section 632 of the Foreign chose a rational means of meeting its Foreign Service. By now, all active Service Act which provides for manda¬ purpose. The Court said “we will not employees should have had the oppor¬ tory retirement at age 60 for partici¬ overturn such a statute unless the vary¬ tunity to read Management’s proposal pants in the F.S. retirement system. ing treatment of different groups of per¬ and AFSA’s preliminary comments. The lower court in holding that man¬ sons is so unrelated to the achievement Chapter responses thus far have been datory retirement at age 60 was dis¬ of any combination of legitimate pur¬ very supportive of our position and criminatory did so on a broad and poses that we can only conclude that have provided us with much food for sweeping basis in which the distinction the legislature’s actions were irra¬ thought as well. We shall make every between the Foreign Service and the tional.” The Court then examined the effort to keep you as fully informed as Civil Service was all but eradicated. Congressional purposes in the estab¬ possible throughout the discussion and, AFSA felt then and continues to feel lishment of a separate retirement age if it should be required, negotiation now that such a decision could only for the Foreign Service and recognized stages. Quite frankly, we would much serve to exacerbate problems of the two articulated purposes: the need for a prefer to have Management put their Foreign Service and could result in the correctly balanced Foreign Service proposal away and start anew in con¬ dissolution of the Foreign Service as which provides incentives for superior sultation with us than to have to we now know it, for example the loss of performance by offering opportunities negotiate a package with so few re¬ such benefits as early retirement at age to compete for advancement, and the deeming qualities. 50 with 20 years or service and our need to minimize the risk of less than We have also been evaluating a pro¬ Pv Tsions from overseas service. superior performance by reason of poor posal to change (not again) the ubiqui¬ After seeking the views of the AFSA health or loss of vitality. The Court tous Office Evaluation Report form membership, AFSA had urged the Sec¬ found that these purposes were articu¬ (OER). The management concept for a retary to recommend an appeal of the lated by Congress and was unwilling to new style performance evaluation form Bradley decision by the District Court say the purposes were illegitimate or is derived from studies done by an out¬ and we urged the Solicitor General to the means were irrational. The Court, side consultant and, while not accept¬ take the appeal to the Supreme Court. therefore, declined to substitute its able in its present format, does offer AFSA also filed a brief amicus curiae judgment for that of the legislature and some interesting avenues for considera¬ with the Supreme Court on behalf of held the statute did not unconstitution¬ tion. We will have more information on the Government (see January Journal) ally deny the equal protection of law. this matter as events develop. and we are very pleased to find that It is understood that efforts are now Continuing to work on ways to im¬ AFSA’s arguments were reflected in being initiated in Congress to amend prove Foreign Service recruitment the Court’s decision. the Foreign Service Act so as to re¬ procedures, we are looking at a concept In its decision, the Supreme Court move any mandatory retirement for involving “assessment centers" to be ruled that the proper standard of law reasons of age. used in place of the “oral” exam given to officer candidates. It looks good and SALE OF PERSONAL PROPERTY may provide the seeds from which a The United States District Court, the employees claimed that as the con¬ true senior threshold assessment could Southern District of New York, re¬ ditions of the sale had failed the bank blossom. cently upheld again the authority of the holding the proceeds should return the We would end with an urgent note: foreign affairs agencies to impose re¬ money to them. AFSA as an organization can never be strictions on employees selling per¬ The Court repeated its decision in better than member support allows. We sonal property abroad at prices produc¬ Artwohl v. Chase Manhattan Bank that need your comments and criticisms on ing profits which resulted primarily the United States has the right to re¬ all issues and would ask you to make from import privileges derived from quire a personal car be brought back to clear to non-members the value to the their official status as employees of the the United States. The court also rec¬ Foreign Service of having a representa¬ United States government. ognized that the arrangements for the tive to stand before Management as an As provided in Foreign Affairs Man¬ sale of a car in the host country were equal. The need has never been greater ual #378 of February 1, 1966. sales of favorable to the employees. If the nor more clear. If anyone doubts this, personal property by Foreign Service employee had imported a new car and let them look at the restructure pro¬ employees abroad can be made at a used it for two years he could recover posal. profit but in no event may the profits be the entire new-car purchase price We were most pleased to announce retained by the employee. In an earlier whereas the same car if resold in the in the March issue of the Foreign Ser¬ case, a group of employees had brought United States would have suffered sub¬ vice Journal a new agreement with suit challenging the authority of an em¬ stantial depreciation. The seller's State Management for excursion tours. bassy to impose such restrictions. In interest in the transaction terminated Appropriate notices of the new proce¬ that case, the court decided in 1970 that upon the receipt of the formula price dures were circulated in late January. the sale of personal property was a for which the employee bargained. To our surprise, Management issued in privilege, not a right, and that the em¬ Consequently the seller relinquished February a further notice on excuri- bassy could establish procedures any right or claim to any excess pro¬ sons which appeared to be an attempt whereby all personal property, princi¬ ceeds over the generous formula price to unilaterally amend the A FSA/State pally automobiles, would be sold received and had no claim against he agreement so as to allow Civil Service through an embassy-controlled founda¬ funds being held by the bank. In its employees to compete for excursion tion. When turning property over to the order issued October 16, 1978, the tours in the Foreign Service and to limit foundation, the employee could desig¬ court ordered that the bank return con¬ the eligibility of domestic Foreign Ser¬ nate a charitable organization to which trol of the fund to the embassy’s foun¬ vice employees. We have strongly pro¬ all excess proceeds would be donated. dation and ordered the foundation to tested this action by Management and In the case at hand, the employees did designate charitable recipients to which as we go to press expect the February not designate a charitable recipient and the proceeds would be given. notice to be withdrawn. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 43 RESTRUCTURING THE FOREIGN SERVICE

On February 9, 1979, the Depart¬ mitted to remain in class without work be discounted? Would not real ment of State circulated throughout the promotion, and those not being so productivity and performance decline Foreign Service in Washington and promoted shall be retired. That sec¬ as a result of being cast into such abroad an 18-page paper entitled the tion does not mention time in multi¬ limbo? The time between cutoff and “Proposed Foreign Service Act” set¬ class. Management could readily re¬ “TIC" could be 9 years. D. We can support a single FS pay ting forth Management’s proposal for vise current guidelines to provide for schedule, but also see the end of this restructuring the Foreign Service. A separate “TIC” for 2s and Is. cable concerning Staff Corps employ¬ few days later AFSA similarly circu¬ • Another example of Management ees, provided that an additional FSO lated its initial reactions to manage¬ tools which have grown rusty with grade is not created, and the current ment's proposals as a means to stimu¬ disuse: section 519 of the act, which FSO-3 grade is not split on any basis. late debate and provide analysis, com¬ provides for retirement for returning As to details in the Management ments and criticism to the proposed re¬ chiefs of mission who do not have proposal: structuring. We have received and will such employment available within a 1. Foreign Service Careers Up To continue to welcome the views of all fixed time. Management has pre¬ Senior Threshold Categories: • We reserve comment pending further AFSA members and Foreign Service ferred to create corridor-walkers, information as to proposed methods employees on these proposals. Negoti¬ rather than thin the ranks. of implementation. We are hoping for ations with management are continu¬ As for the “major elements” in thoughtful reactions from senior offi¬ ing. For those who may not have seen Management's proposal, we heartily cers. AFSA’s initial reactions, a summary agree that the Foreign Service person¬ 2. Grade Structure: The single pay follows: nel system should be open only to per¬ theme makes sense to us insofar as Should the house be burned down to sons who are ready, able and needed to it eliminates the multiplicity of existing pay plans. We do not need solve the problems that might be rem¬ serve overseas. This is the heart of the FSO. FSR. FSRL, FSRU. FAS. edied by other means—including those matter—a unified personnel service is FSS to operate. However, we have available today in the Foreign Service needed. In fact, to the extent that simi¬ grave reservations about realign¬ Act? Should we not be cautious be¬ lar improvements can be designed for ment with the Civil Service rank by fore accepting an almost total rewrite of AID and ICA, the better for all. Our rank in a manner that would split the Foreign Service Act as appears to main problems are in these categories: officer class three and make a be recommended by management? We shambles of Staff Corps grades. A. The disposition of current CMs, believe that some of the problems could 3. Splitting at Class 3: We reject split¬ O-1 s, 0-2s—not wishing to be in Senior ting of class 3 on any basis. All be addressed by available remedies. Foreign Service. Would they be con¬ options for splitting class 3 are Further, there are two ways to improve verted to top-level GS jobs and block unacceptable. It cannot be on the the Foreign Service Act: section by positions for proper Washington rota¬ basis of seniority. Some O-3's in section revision or a total revision. tion of those senior officers who choose step I or 2 you have known might Each year a number of alterations, usu¬ to be in the SFS? seem to be more useful than some ally improvements, are enacted B. AFSA is on record as supporting a with longer time in grade. An op¬ through amendments to the Act. As senior threshold that has clear mean¬ tion for a separate Selection Board new issues arise and time and circum¬ ing, so that rational decisions can be would require the wisdom of Sol¬ stances change, so must changes in the made by the 3 to 2 Selection Board and omon, and those 0-3s placed in Act occur, but carefully. all personnel, rated and rating, know FSO-2 by the boards would be in a What are the problems? the standards by which candidates will very difficult position when later be measured. (This should have noth¬ being considered for any advance¬ • Overload at the Senior Ranks: Fol¬ ing to do with the number of persons ment. They would be under a lowing the US District Court deci¬ selected—but, of those vacancy oppor¬ cloud—damaged goods—having sion (Bradley v. Vance) mandatory tunities that would be available, the been found wanting. Demoting retirement at age 60 was suspended standard of selecting the best persons everyone is senseless and requires which contributed to an overload at in the competing pool, such as at the an additional and unnecessary hur¬ the senior ranks. While the Supreme Junior Threshold). dle, pay issues aside. Court has now reversed the lower C. AFSA has grave reservations 4. Pay Levels: We support the estab¬ court's decision, we expect that concerning a closed window from 3 to lishment of ten steps for every legislation is likely to be introduced 2, whatever such ranks might be Foreign Service grade. The review labeled in the future. We reject any of pay comparability referred to is to alter the mandatory retirement cutoff of opportunity for consideration required by section 413 of the age. This may involve a new manda¬ for promotion on the basis of time-in¬ Foreign Relations Act FY79; and tory age such as 65. grade. “TIC” for termination is ra¬ was drafted and initiated by AFSA. • Multiple “time-in-class" at Classes 2 tional and authorized by section 633, The study is now underway, and and I: In September 1976, Manage¬ but not “TIC” for promotion consid¬ AFSA is participating and con¬ ment unilaterally changed the multi¬ eration. Supply and demand change tributing to reduce the risk that it time in class for FSO-2s and Is to 22 and individuals and performances might be given a “tilt.” The report years for Class I officers, including change, especially as seen by different is to be submitted directly to Con¬ supervisors, under changing condi¬ the time spent in Class 2 which can¬ gress. Thereafter, OMB and tions. What does one do with an officer perhaps OPM (CSC) may care to not exceed 10 years. Section 633 of who is discontinued for further consid¬ comment, but cannot censor the the Act states that the Secretary shall eration for promotion? What should his original report: We propose FSO-3 prescribe regulations concerning the relationship be with his fellow workers, step one to be no less than GS-15; maximum period during which any subordinates, and seniors? Would he or step 1, with corresponding links FSO (other than CMs) shall be per- she be respected? Would his or her thereafter; i.e., FSO-4, step 1,

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 GS-14, step 1. 5. Tenure: The Tenure Board, in re¬ person, worldwide service, it would name designated persons, for con¬ viewing properly available doc¬ be extremely difficult to administer sideration for selection out on the umented performance material, performance pay. On the military basis of separate precepts approved work requirements statement, rat¬ pay scale, within-grade increases by AFSA. A review board should ing and reviewing officers’ state¬ are based solely on length of years. continue to be available. ment, plus rated officer statement, With inflation topping 10 percent, 13. Other Provisions: We initiated the and other safeguarded material, and with the October 1979 in¬ call for a legislative foundation for should not have available any spe¬ creases once again likely to be held labor-management relations. cial additional “recommendations” at 5.5 percent, any loss of step in¬ We have dealt thus far primarily with from “supervisors” (other than in crease to our people would not be officer concerns as Management's draft the proper rating form) or “Man¬ tolerated. We are also committed to devotes the bulk of its arguments to agement.” Such could lead to the protect the annual in-step increases that group. Nevertheless, there are destruction of the integrity of the of Staff Corps and Junior Office specific and serious concerns for Staff board's independence. Manage¬ personnel. Corps personnel and we will address ment controls membership on An alternative: them now. Three main points that we boards, and must not guide their We call instead for double step in¬ believe require an AFSA statement decisions. creases for those officers on a rank are: (a) grade structure; (b) transition- 6. Selection Out: order list to the extent of 20 percent conversion; and (c) selection out. • Substandard Performance: of the promotions available. For Creation of additional FS grade (s) at Selection Boards should, as at example, in a Selection Board's proposed levels would disadvantage present, continue to identify those rank order list of 300, there might FSO/R/RU-7—FSS-6 and below, add¬ in low ranges to performance stan¬ be promotions based on vacancy ing one more promotion hurdle and, in dards boards for consideration for opportunities of 30. The next six of¬ case of FSRU-7 and FSS-6 removing selection out under separate pre¬ ficers would be granted a double them one step from the “senior” level cepts. The standards for promotion step increase. That is merit pay, as they have now attained. Contrary to and termination must remain sepa¬ now available under section 625(b). Management's assertion, status would rate and distinct. Other formulations could be con¬ indeed be lost, and in periods of few • Time-in-Class rules should be re¬ sidered. promotions, particularly from these ferred to AFSA for consultation. 8. Assignments: Any length of service grades, severely depress morale. Fu¬ 7. Performance Pay: in addition to regulations should be submitted to ture monetary loss could not be ruled what we noted in the introduction AFSA for consultation, relating to out until further details are available. of this cable, we must point out an time in the US and overseas. Rights of DES employees and those apparent error in the Department's 9. Senior FS Threshold: We under¬ who must or may wish to limit their understanding of the matter. Man¬ stand that performance pay for the service to domestic assignments must agement states that the annual in¬ Senior Foreign Service would be be safeguarded. Protection must be step increase is for "merit." They from additional funds, not from sought against both present and future say they wish to discontinue in-step step increases. (Few senior officers loss. increases, at least at mid-career, now get step increases, being at the Based on consultations with AFSA, and use that money for perfor¬ present top of pay scale.) But how Staff Corps colleagues in Washington mance pay. However, section could a performance pay system be could support selection out for sub¬ 625(a) of the Act states that any implemented? The Air Force has standard performance for all FS per¬ FSO or FSR “whose services meet recently abandoned incentive or sonnel, with appropriate safeguards. the standards" (i.e., is not substan¬ performance pay as unworkable, We see potential problems in applica¬ dard) “required for the efficient and the Army now provides such tion of limited term renewable con¬ conduct of the work of the ser¬ bonuses only to whole categories; tracts to Staff Corps at ceiling of their vice . . . shall, on the first day of e.g., infantry, regardless of indi¬ category; i.e., secretaries at FSS-4. It the first pay period that begins on vidual performance. We are in is difficult to reconcile concept that or after July 1. each year receive an favor of increases in pay, but some only limited number of contracts are to increase in salary to the next higher senior officers think it is not suit¬ be allotted each year with equally clear rate for the class in which the offi¬ able. concept that selection out in these cer is serving.” And we do not 10. Career Ambassadors: The title categories will be only for substandard want that changed. should be available for officers on performance. We have reminded Man¬ Section 625 (B) states: active duty. agement that FSdonot have immediate “Without regard to any other law, 11. Time-in-Class: All time-in-class annuity rights that are available to the Secretary is authorized to grant provisions must be subject to con¬ senior FSOs under Foreign Service to any Foreign Service officer or sultation with AFSA. Act. We could not accept time limited reserve officer additional increases 12. Selection Boards: renewable contracts at ceiling levels in salary within the salary range es¬ Selection Boards should not re¬ unless accompanied by vested pension tablished for the class in which such ceive recommendations by Man¬ rights. officer is serving based upon spe¬ agement for promotions. The sanc¬ Conclusions: We do not believe that cially meritorious service." tity of the promotion process must we are indulging in hyperbole when we Thus, it is clear that the annual step be preserved in fact and in appear¬ say that the proposed reorganization is increase is not based on “merit,” ance. No material beyond properly the most serious issue to confront us in but merely not substandard per¬ safeguarded performance evalua¬ recent years. None of us will be unaf¬ formance. Management can and tion material may be made available fected should these changes go into ef¬ sometimes does provide double or to boards. No “extra" comments fect and the ability of the Service to additional step increases for or recommendations by “Manage¬ continue to serve the nation in the meritorious service. ment” may be provided to the years ahead might well be damaged. AFSA opposes the loss of annual Boards. We ask each of you, AFSA member or step increases. It would be fratri¬ Selection Boards select for promo¬ not, to give this proposal and our com¬ cidal, even cannibalistic, to take the tion. They may refer to a perfor¬ ments your most serious consideration small pay increase of all to be paid mance standards board a por¬ and provide us as soon as possible with to a favored few. With a rank-in¬ tion—generally 10 percent—or your comments.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 45 rn I SPECIAL rial contributions may be made to the |"QJ SERVICES American Cancer Society. ForeignScpnice Parelman. Samuel T. Parelman, FSO- In order to be of maximum assistance to retired, died on February 28, at the Na¬ Deaths AFSA members and Journal readers we are tional Institutes of Health Clinical Cen¬ accepting these listings until the 15th of Dubs. Adolph S. (Spike) Dubs, Am¬ ter. Mr. Parelman entered on duty at each month for publication in the issue bassador to Afghanistan, was kidnaped dated the following month. The rate is 40$ State in 1945, after previous govern¬ per word, less 2% for payment in advance, and murdered on February 14 in Kabul. ment experience. He served at Tokyo minimum 10 words. Mail copy for adver¬ Ambassador Dubs joined the Foreign and Bonn as political officer, was de¬ tisement and check to: Classified Ads, Service in 1949 and served at tailed to the Marshall Plan planning Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street, Frankfort, Monrovia, Ottawa, Mos¬ group, to the National War College, to N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. cow, Belgrade and as DCM in Moscow the White House and the Policy Plan¬ before this assignment. He received the ning Council. At the time of his retire¬ REAL ESTATE superior honor award in 1968. Secre¬ ment in 1973, he was special assistant T0RREM0LIN0S, MALAGA, SPAIN. Newly fur¬ tary Vance said, “This brutal act of in the Office of the Secretary of State. nished 2-BR, IV2 bath apartment includes lin¬ violence has taken the life of a dedi¬ Since then he has been chairman of the ens, cutlery, etc. (never occupied) in town’s envi¬ rons. Metro station nearby. Unbelievable value at cated public servant and a valued col¬ International Law Committee of the under $35,000 with nominal monthly con¬ league. Throughout his career, Spike Federal Bar Association and twice re¬ dominium fee. Paul A. Chadwell, 1211 Potomac Dubs demonstrated the highest stan¬ ceived that organization's Distin¬ St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007. (202) 338- dards of the Foreign Service.” Ambas¬ guished Service Award. He is survived 1111. sador Dubs is survived by his second by his wife, Anita S.. of 10602 Bucknell TAX RETURNS wife, the former Mary Ann Parsons, Dr., Silver Spring, Maryland 20902, 4940 Sentinel Dr., Sumner, Maryland, two daughters, Rhona Lee Jones, of TAX RETURNS and representation. T. R. and a daughter by his first marriage, Syracuse, N.Y. and Allison Parelman, McCartney (ex-foreign service). Write: Business Data Corporation, P.O. Box 57256, Washington, Lindsay Jane. The family suggests that of Los Angeles, four sisters and two D.C. 20037, for details. memorial contributions may be made to grandchildren. the AFSA Spike Dubs Memorial OUT OF PRINT Fund. FOREIGN SERVICE DAY Prosser, Ed. Sow the Wind: Heads of State Ad¬ Gannett. Charlotte Peeler Gannett, dress UN (Morrow, 1970) 2 vols. deluxe, boxed, wife of FSO-retired Michael R. Gan¬ Foreign Service Day 1979 will be numbered, originally $100, now $27. Prepaid/ nett, died on February 23 at her home held on Thursday May 3, 1979. The invoice. Mor Prosser, 1 Dawson’s Row, Char¬ change to Thursday from the nor¬ lottesville, VA 22903. in Chevy Chase. Mrs. Gannett was a member of the UNESCO relations mal and probably more convenient HOME LEAVE staff of the State Department at the Friday schedule was prompted by events beyond our control. Never¬ VACATION HOME EXCHANGES, rentals worldwide. time of her marriage in 1951. She ac¬ INTERSERVICE, Box 87, Glen Echo, Md. 20768. companied her husband on assignments theless, the festivities will be fes¬ to Iran, Italy and Germany. Mrs. Gan¬ tive and informative and all retirees VACATION TIME! Exchange or rent thru GLOBAL are encouraged to attend. CONDOMINUM EXCHANGE, P.O. Box 886-FS, Mon¬ nett was a dedicated environmentalist trose, Ca. 91020. and active in Montgomery County The festivities will include the civic affairs. At the time of her death traditional AFSA Breakfast, this ANSWER TO your home leave/hot summer prob¬ year to be held on Friday morning, lem. 3-br. mountain home on Deep Creek Lake in she was president of the Montgomery Western Maryland. Private dock. Monthly/weekly Environmental Coalition, a group that May 4. This will provide an oppor¬ summer rentals. Write Ramsay, 1705 Cedar Park she founded seven years ago. In addi¬ tunity to visit the Foreign Service Road, Annapolis, Md. 21401. (301) 267-8735. tion to her husband of 7310 Meadow Club (your club), meet old friends Lane, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20015, and hear what AFSA is doing to VACATION RENTALS she is survived by three sons, William, protect the interests of both active ADIRONDACK LODGES on Upper Saranac Lake. and retired Foreign Service em¬ Available for two weeks or a month, July through of the home, Lewis, of Boston, and September. Everything provided for comfortable Frederick, of Aspen, Colo., a daugh¬ ployees. In this latter context, we living in the quiet woods. Please write Bartlett ter, Margaret, of Boston, a stepson, are working with representatives of Carry Club, RD 1, Tupper Lake, NY 12986. Michael, Jr., of New York, her mother other interested organizations in and a brother. The family suggests that planning a defense against attempts SEASHORE RENTALS memorial contributions may be made to to impose new restrictions on our eligibility for cost-of-living in¬ BETHANY BEACH, DEL. 3-bedroom, 2-bath, CAC, the Montgomery Environmental Coali¬ attractively furnished, pools, tennis, $275 tion. creases for pensions and to social weekly. Penthouse 9, 18304 Gulf Blvd., Red- Huey. George Owen Huey, FSO- security benefits. ington Shores, FL 33708. (813) 391-6349. retired, died on February 5 in Okla¬ Learning Experience homa City. Mr. Huey began his career BOOKS in the Passport Office in Washington The Institute for Policy Studies, a and entered the Foreign Service in non-profit tax-exempt research associ¬ IF YOU ARE LOOKING for an out-of-print book, ation, has established the perhaps I can find it. Dean Chamberlin, FSIO- 1958, serving at Liverpool, Buenos Washington retired, Book Cellar, Freeport, Maine 04032. Aires, New Delhi and Panama. His School. This new college will be offer¬ last post was as Consul General in ing a series of evening classes in the PUBLISH YOUR BOOK! Join our successful au¬ Buenos Aires and he retired from there spring quarter with special emphasis on thors. Publicity, advertising, beautiful books. All in 1977. He is survived by his wife, Ad¬ foreign policy matters. subjects invited. Send for fact-filled booklet and rienne, 5920 N. Meridian Place, Okla¬ Classes begin April 16 and terminate free manuscript report. Carlton Press, Dept. FSP, homa City, Oklahoma 73122, four June 7. For further information contact 84 Fifth Avenue, New York 10011. daughters and three grandsons. Memo¬ Ralph L. Stavins, 234-9382. 46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1979 NO MATTER WHERE YOU ARE IN THE WORLD... YOU CAN SHOP ALL OVER THE WORLD...SIMPLY BY SHOPPING AT KITCHEN BAZAAR...BY MAIL! Our store is as near as your mail box! Your travels have Mail order is a specialty with us! Remember that each probably shown you that there aren’t many places mail order and request for information receives the where you can shop for hundreds of exciting gourmet .immediate personal attention of our special mail items, selected with care, from all over the world. So we’d like order service staff. And, if what you purchase doesn’t do every¬ to tell you about the four places you can count on to have such a thing we or the manufacturer claim, you can send it back. Your selection: the Kitchen Bazaar stores in Washington, D.C.; receipt is all you need to guarantee a refund or exchange. That Northern Virginia; Baltimore, Maryland...and wherever you goes for everything we sell. The point is... we really care about are in the world (via your mail box)! what happens after you buy from us. We plan to be around a long, long time. So...mail us your $1.00 and begin to discover the uniqueness that’s Kitchen Bazaar’s. Once you do...rest assured that you can buy with the full confidence that whatever you choose is backed by the known and respected Kitchen Bazaar name.

It’s like getting a letter from home! In exchange for $1.00 from you, we’ll send you five (5) Kitchen Bazaar publica¬ tions a year. In these exciting publications, we’ll show you, Excerpts from letters we’ve received from Foreign Service to the best of our ability, as many items of quality, practicality personnel billeted overseas: and, most of all, excellent value, as could possibly be put into From France:... “(you have) a number of articles each and every page. Think of almost anything, however, that which are not available in Europe... (like) a you, the creative cook and host or hostess, need. If you don’t see thermometer... and all kinds of electric gadget ly... ” it in our publications, we more than likely have it any way...so From Israel:... “we've missed the availability of just write and ask us! your kitchenwares and gadgets... having your catalog will enable us to order from you. " The Philippines:... “shopping(here) is rather limited... thanks for being the relief." From Lagos:... “please rush me your catalog...(so that / can) take advantage of your fantastic bargains. ” From Korea: “...I miss visiting your store... please send me the latest catalog... we 'll be back in July... first thing on my agenda is a visit to your store.

If you have an APO, FPO, FPBO address, we can ship to you SEND $1.00 TO: Dept. FSJ, Kitchen Bazaar, 4455 via PAL for only $1.00 more than our regular low shipping Conn. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008. (202) 363-4625. charges. Visa, Master Charge honored. If you’re connected with the foreign service, we can help protect you against the pinch of inflation. Take advantage of our Diplomatic Pur¬ chase Program, and buy your new car direct from Chrysler Corporation - at full diplo¬ matic discount. This exclusive program is of¬ fered to members of the diplomatic corps, foreign service, and various qualified international organiza¬ tions. Should you be eligible, you’ll get the Chrysler product of your choice, built to your exact specifications. Backed by service, parts and U°096 Ata, warranty protection - in the U.S. or over¬ 'Snun, seas. And at preferential prices that mean more car for less money. Chrysler Corporation’s Diplomatic Pur¬ chase Program. For details return the coupon below. Or call ourtollfree number-800-521-8900, Diplomatic Sales.

Chrysler Export Diplomatic Sales P.O. Box 1688 Detroit, Michigan 48288 Send information on your Diplomatic Purchase Program and these products: DODGE PLYMOUTH CHRYSLER □ Omni □ Horizon □ Le Baron □ Aspen □ Volare □ Cordoba □ Diplomat □ Newport □ Magnum XE □ New Yorker Ch'ysle Ne» *orke □ St. Regis

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